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Unlocking Torts 5th edition [Mīkstie vāki]

(City University, UK), (University of Wolverhampton, UK)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 552 pages, height x width: 246x189 mm, weight: 1060 g, 43 Tables, color; 47 Line drawings, color
  • Sērija : Unlocking the Law
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1138036501
  • ISBN-13: 9781138036505
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Unlocking Torts 5th editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 552 pages, height x width: 246x189 mm, weight: 1060 g, 43 Tables, color; 47 Line drawings, color
  • Sērija : Unlocking the Law
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1138036501
  • ISBN-13: 9781138036505
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Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781138036505.html
Keywords:
Tort law is a core element of every law degree in England and Wales. Unlocking Torts will ensure you grasp the main concepts with ease. This book explains in detailed, yet straightforward, terms:











Negligence and negligence related torts including occupiers' liability and employers' liability;





Land based torts such as trespass, nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher;





Trespass to the person;





Defamation and other torts relating to reputation;





Economic torts, breach of a statutory duty, vicarious liability, defences and remedies.

The fifth edition is fully up to date with key case law including the recent decision of Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018] UKSC and Darnley v Croydon Health Services NHS Trust [ 2018] UKSC 50 amongst others.

The Unlocking the Law series is designed specifically to make the law accessible. Each chapter opens with a list of aims and objectives and contains diagrams to aid learning. Cases and judgments are prominently displayed, as are primary source quotations. Summaries help check your understanding of each chapter, there is a glossary of legal terminology. New features include problem questions with guidance on answering, as well as essay questions and answer plans, plus cases and materials exercises. All titles in the series follow the same formula and include the same features so students can move easily from one subject to another. The series covers all the core subjects required by the Bar Council and the Law Society for entry onto professional qualifications as well as popular option units.
Guide to the book xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Preface xvi
List of figures xviii
List of tables xix
Table of cases xx
Table of statutes and other instruments xxxv
1 The Origins And Character Of Tortious Liability 1(24)
1.1 The origins of tort
1(1)
1.2 General principles of liability
2(8)
1.2.1 The character of torts
2(1)
1.2.2 The functions and purposes of torts
3(1)
1.2.3 The interests protected by the law of torts
4(1)
1.2.4 The parties to an action in tort
5(2)
1.2.5 Tort and mental state
7(1)
1.2.6 Alternative methods of obtaining compensation
8(1)
1.2.7 Relationships with other areas of law
9(1)
1.3 Fault and no-fault liability
10(2)
1.3.1 Fault liability
10(1)
1.3.2 Strict liability
10(1)
1.3.3 No-fault schemes
11(1)
1.4 Joint and several tortfeasors
12(1)
1.4.1 Joint and several liability
12(1)
1.4.2 Contributions between tortfeasors
12(1)
1.5 Tort and human rights
13(12)
1.5.1 An innovation in English law?
13(1)
1.5.2 The Human Rights Act 1998
14(2)
1.5.3 Incorporation of human rights into the law of tort
16(1)
1.5.4 Human rights and trespass to the person
16(2)
1.5.5 Human rights and negligence
18(1)
1.5.6 Human rights and nuisance
19(3)
1.5.7 Human rights and other torts
22(3)
2 Negligence: Duty Of Care 25(30)
2.1 Duty of care
25(10)
2.1.1 The origins of negligence and the neighbour principle
25(3)
2.1.2 Development in defining duty and the two-part test in Anns
28(2)
2.1.3 The retreat from Anns and the three-part test from Caparo
30(5)
2.2 Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police - the evolution of the imposition of a duty of care and policy based reasoning in negligence
35(4)
2.2.1 Policy and the three-part test
35(4)
2.3 The problem of policy
39(12)
2.3.1 Policy factors considered by judges
40(1)
2.3.2 Police
40(5)
2.3.3 Local authorities
45(6)
Sample essay question
51(3)
Further reading
54(1)
3 Negligence: Breach Of Duty 55(32)
3.1 The standard of care and the 'reasonable man' test
55(3)
3.1.1 The standard of care
55(1)
3.1.2 The 'reasonable man' test
56(2)
3.2 Determining the standard of care
58(4)
3.2.1 Foreseeability of risk
58(1)
3.2.2 The magnitude of the risk
58(2)
3.2.3 The extent of the possible harm (the 'thin skull' rule)
60(1)
3.2.4 The practicability of precautions
61(1)
3.2.5 The social utility of the activity
61(1)
3.2.6 Common practice
62(1)
3.3 The standard of care and different classes of defendant
62(8)
3.3.1 Children
63(1)
3.3.2 The disabled
64(1)
3.3.3 Motorists
64(1)
3.3.4 People engaged in sport
65(2)
3.3.5 People lacking specialist skills
67(1)
3.3.6 People using equipment
67(3)
3.4 The standard of care appropriate to experts and professionals
70(13)
3.4.1 Breach of the duty of care and medical negligence claims
70(2)
3.4.2 The 'Bolam test'
72(1)
3.4.3 Applying the test
73(5)
3.4.4 The Bolam principle and professionals generally
78(2)
3.4.5 Criticism of the 'Bolam test'
80(3)
Sample essay question
83(2)
3.5 Fault liability and the need for reform
85(1)
Further reading
86(1)
4 Negligence: Causation 87(40)
4.1 Introduction
87(1)
4.2 Causation in fact and the 'but for' test
88(2)
4.3 Problems in proving causation
90(13)
4.3.1 The problem of multiple causes
90(4)
4.3.2 Multiple concurrent causes
94(1)
4.3.3 Multiple consecutive causes
95(8)
4.4 Novus actus interveniens
103(7)
4.4.1 Breaking the chain of causation
103(2)
4.4.2 An intervening act of the claimant
105(1)
4.4.3 An intervening act of nature
106(1)
4.4.4 An intervening act of a third party
107(3)
4.5 Causation in law and testing remoteness of damage
110(8)
4.5.1 The tests of remoteness
110(1)
4.5.2 Applying the reasonable foreseeability test
111(5)
4.5.3 Points for discussion
116(2)
4.6 Proving negligence
118(6)
4.6.1 Pleading res ipsa loquitur
118(1)
4.6.2 The effects of the doctrine
118(1)
4.6.3 The criteria for claiming res ipsa loquitur
119(3)
4.6.4 Strict liability in negligence
122(2)
Sample essay question
124(1)
Further reading
125(2)
5 Negligence: Defences 127(26)
5.1 Introduction
127(1)
5.2 Defences and the relationship with causation
127(1)
5.3 Voluntary assumption of risk (Volenti non fit injuria)
128(7)
5.4 Contributory negligence
135(7)
5.5 Illegality (ex turpi causa non oritur actio)
142(4)
5.6 Inevitable accident
146(1)
5.7 Act of God
146(1)
5.8 Necessity
146(1)
5.9 Statutory authority
147(1)
5.10 Self-help
147(2)
Sample essay question
149(3)
Further reading
152(1)
6 Negligence: Specific Duty Situations 153(46)
6.1 Nervous shock (psychiatric injury)
154(20)
6.1.1 The historical background
154(1)
6.1.2 Nervous shock, psychiatric injury and the type of recoverable damage
154(1)
6.1.3 The development of a test of liability
155(3)
6.1.4 Restrictions on the scope of the duty
158(13)
6.1.5 The problem of policy
171(3)
6.2 Pure economic loss
174(5)
6.2.1 The traditional position
174(1)
6.2.2 Pure economic loss under Anns
175(1)
6.2.3 Pure economic loss after Anns
176(3)
6.3 Negligent misstatement
179(10)
6.3.1 The origins of liability
179(2)
6.3.2 The criteria for imposing liability
181(4)
6.3.3 The current state of the law
185(4)
6.4 Liability for omissions
189(6)
Sample essay question
195(3)
Further reading
198(1)
7 Occupiers' Liability And Liability For Defective Premises 199(30)
7.1 Origins and general character
199(3)
7.1.1 Introduction and origins
199(2)
7.1.2 Definition of occupier - potential defendants
201(1)
7.1.3 Definition of 'premises'
202(1)
7.2 Liability to lawful visitors under the 1957 Act
202(16)
7.2.1 Potential claimants
202(2)
7.2.2 The scope of the Act - the common duty of care
204(3)
7.2.3 Liability to children
207(2)
7.2.4 Liability to persons entering to exercise a calling
209(1)
7.2.5 Liability for the torts of independent contractors
210(3)
7.2.6 Avoiding the duty
213(5)
7.3 Liability to trespassers and non-visitors under the 1984 Act
218(5)
7.3.1 Common law and the duty of common humanity
218(1)
7.3.2 When the Act applies
219(1)
7.3.3 The nature of the duty
219(2)
7.3.4 Avoiding liability under the 1984 Act
221(2)
7.4 Liability for defective premises and the Defective Premises Act 1972
223(2)
Sample essay question
225(2)
Further reading
227(2)
8 Trespass To Land 229(14)
8.1 The origins and character of trespass to land
229(1)
8.2 Definition
230(1)
8.3 What is 'land'?
231(1)
8.4 Parties to the action
232(1)
8.4.1 Who can sue?
232(1)
8.4.2 Who can be sued?
232(1)
8.5 Actions amounting to trespass
233(2)
8.5.1 Airspace
233(1)
8.5.2 Highways
233(1)
8.5.3 Subsoil
234(1)
8.5.4 Trespass ab initio
235(1)
8.6 Defences
235(2)
8.6.1 Consent
235(1)
8.6.2 Lawful authority
236(1)
8.6.3 Necessity
236(1)
8.7 Remedies
237(3)
8.7.1 Damages or injunction?
237(2)
8.7.2 Re-entry
239(1)
8.7.3 Action for the recovery of land
240(1)
Sample essay question
240(3)
9 Nuisance 243(38)
9.1 Nuisance generally
243(2)
9.2 Private nuisance
245(1)
9.2.1 Definition
245(1)
9.2.2 Interference
245(1)
9.2.3 A balancing act between competing interests
245(1)
9.3 The parties to an action in private nuisance
246(6)
9.3.1 Who can sue?
246(1)
9.3.2 Who can be sued?
247(5)
9.4 Identifying private nuisance
252(6)
9.4.1 Introduction
252(1)
9.4.2 Unlawful use of land
252(5)
9.4.3 Indirect interference
257(1)
9.4.4 The use and enjoyment of land
257(1)
9.5 Defences
258(7)
9.5.1 Prescription
258(1)
9.5.2 Statutory authority
259(1)
9.5.3 Planning permission
260(3)
9.5.4 Coming to the nuisance
263(1)
9.5.5 Social utility
264(1)
9.5.6 The nuisance results from the acts of many people
264(1)
9.6 Remedies
265(6)
9.6.1 Injunction
265(2)
9.6.2 Damages
267(1)
9.6.3 Abatement
267(4)
9.7 Public nuisance
271(4)
9.7.1 Definition
271(1)
9.7.2 Elements of the tort
272(2)
9.7.3 Remedies
274(1)
9.8 Statutory nuisance
275(1)
9.8.1 Introduction
275(1)
9.8.2 Definition
275(1)
9.8.3 What action can be taken?
275(1)
9.9 Nuisance in relation to other parts of the law
275(1)
9.9.1 Nuisance in relation to negligence
275(1)
9.9.2 Nuisance in relation to Rylands v Fletcher
276(1)
9.9.3 Nuisance in relation to human rights
276(1)
9.10 Other remedies for nuisance behaviour
276(2)
Sample essay question
278(3)
10 Strict Liability And Land - Rylands V. Fletcher 281(22)
10.1 Purpose and character of the tort
281(1)
10.2 Definition
282(1)
10.3 Elements of the tort
283(7)
10.3.1 Bringing on to land and keeping there
283(1)
10.3.2 Something likely to do mischief if it escapes
284(3)
10.3.3 The thing must escape
287(1)
10.3.4 Non-natural use
288(2)
10.4 Parties to the action
290(2)
10.4.1 Potential claimants
290(1)
10.4.2 Potential defendants
291(1)
10.5 Defences
292(2)
10.5.1 Statutory authority
292(1)
10.5.2 Consent
292(1)
10.5.3 Act of a stranger
292(1)
10.5.4 Act of God
293(1)
10.5.5 Default of the claimant
294(1)
10.6 Problems with the rule
294(5)
10.6.1 Strict liability?
294(1)
10.6.2 Effective to protect the environment?
294(5)
Sample essay question
299(4)
11 Liability For Animals 303(16)
11.1 Introduction
303(1)
11.2 Statutory liability
304(8)
11.2.1 Generally
304(1)
11.2.2 Who is liable?
304(1)
11.2.3 Which animals are dangerous?
304(1)
11.2.4 Liability for dangerous animals
305(1)
11.2.5 Liability for non-dangerous animals
305(5)
11.2.6 Statutory defences
310(1)
11.2.7 Liability for livestock
311(1)
11.2.8 Liability for injury to livestock caused by dogs
311(1)
11.3 Liability at common law
312(3)
11.3.1 Trespass to land
312(1)
11.3.2 Trespass to goods
312(1)
11.3.3 Trespass to the person
312(1)
11.3.4 Defamation
312(2)
11.3.5 Negligence
314(1)
11.3.6 Nuisance
315(1)
11.4 Other statutory provision
315(1)
Sample essay question
315(4)
12 Torts Relating To Goods 319(22)
12.1 Common law liability for defective products
319(6)
12.1.1 Introduction
319(1)
12.1.2 Liability in contract and consumer law
319(1)
12.1.3 Liability in negligence
320(1)
12.1.4 The scope of liability
321(1)
12.1.5 Bringing a claim in negligence for damage caused by defective products
322(1)
12.1.6 Potential claimants
322(1)
12.1.7 Potential defendants
322(3)
12.2 Strict liability under the Consumer Protection Act 1987
325(8)
12.2.1 Background
325(1)
12.2.2 Potential defendants under the Act
325(1)
12.2.3 Products covered by the Act
326(1)
12.2.4 The nature of the damage
326(3)
12.2.5 Defences
329(2)
12.2.6 Limitation of actions
331(1)
12.2.7 A problem
331(2)
12.3 Interference with goods
333(4)
12.3.1 Trespass to goods
333(1)
12.3.2 Conversion
334(1)
12.3.3 Defences to trespass and to conversion
335(1)
12.3.4 Remedies
335(2)
Sample essay question
337(4)
13 Trespass To The PERSON 341(30)
13.1 The origins and character of trespass
341(2)
13.1.1 Historical origins
341(1)
13.1.2 Direct
342(1)
13.1.3 Forcible
342(1)
13.1.4 Injury
342(1)
13.1.5 The tort
343(1)
13.2 Assault
343(3)
13.2.1 Definition
343(1)
13.2.2 Ingredients of the tort
344(2)
13.3 Battery
346(4)
13.3.1 Definitions
346(1)
13.3.2 Ingredients of the tort
347(3)
13.4 Defences to assault and battery
350(6)
13.4.1 Lawful authority
350(1)
13.4.2 Consent
351(3)
13.4.3 Necessity
354(1)
13.4.4 Parental authority
355(1)
13.4.5 Self-defence
355(1)
13.5 False imprisonment
356(4)
13.5.1 Definition
356(1)
13.5.2 Ingredients of the tort
356(3)
13.5.3 Defences
359(1)
13.6 Intentional indirect harm and protection from harassment
360(6)
13.6.1 Acts intended to cause harm
360(4)
13.6.2 Protection from Harassment Act 1997
364(1)
13.6.3 A developing tort of harassment?
364(2)
Sample essay question
366(5)
14 Defamation 371(44)
14.1 Introduction
371(1)
14.2 The distinction between libel and slander
372(1)
14.3 The elements of defamation
373(11)
14.3.1 The statement must be defamatory
374(3)
14.3.2 Innuendo
377(1)
14.3.3 The statement must have caused serious harm to the reputation of the claimant
378(2)
14.3.4 The statement must refer to the claimant
380(1)
14.3.5 The statement must be published
381(3)
14.3.6 The statement is false
384(1)
14.4 Defences
384(19)
14.4.1 Truth
384(2)
14.4.2 Honest opinion
386(4)
14.4.3 Publication on matters of public interest
390(3)
14.4.4 Absolute privilege
393(2)
14.4.5 Qualified privilege
395(4)
14.4.6 Operators of websites
399(1)
14.4.7 Peer reviewed statements in scientific or other academic journals
400(1)
14.4.8 Innocent publication
400(1)
14.4.9 Consent
401(1)
14.4.10 Offer of amends
402(1)
14.4.11 The role of 'malice'
402(1)
14.5 Remedies
403(3)
14.5.1 Injunction
403(1)
14.5.2 Damages
404(2)
14.6 Privacy, confidentiality and human rights
406(3)
14.6.1 Introduction
406(1)
14.6.2 Privacy
406(1)
14.6.3 Confidentiality
407(1)
14.6.4 Human rights
408(1)
14.6.5 Conclusion
409(1)
Sample essay question
409(6)
15 The Economic Torts 415(24)
15.1 Deceit
415(6)
15.2 Malicious falsehood
421(4)
15.3 Passing off
425(6)
15.4 Interference with trade
431(7)
15.4.1 Introduction
431(1)
15.4.2 Conspiracy
432(1)
15.4.3 Inducing a breach of contract
433(5)
Further reading
438(1)
16 Breach Of A Statutory Duty 439(14)
16.1 Statutes creating civil liability
439(1)
16.2 Proving liability
440(6)
16.3 Defences
446(3)
Sample essay question
449(2)
Further reading
451(2)
17 Employers' Liability 453(24)
17.1 Origins of liability
453(2)
17.2 The employer's non-delegable duty
455(8)
17.2.1 Introduction
455(1)
17.2.2 The different aspects of the duty
455(7)
17.2.3 The character of the duty
462(1)
17.3 Developments in the common law duty
463(6)
17.4 Defences
469(4)
17.5 The importance of statutory protection and EU law
473(3)
Further reading
476(1)
18 Vicarious Liability 477(34)
18.1 Origins, purposes and criticisms
477(1)
18.2 Tests of employment status
478(10)
18.2.1 Introduction
478(1)
18.2.2 The control test
479(1)
18.2.3 The integration or organisation test
480(1)
18.2.4 The economic reality or multiple test
480(1)
18.2.5 Akin to employment
481(3)
18.2.6 Irregular situations
484(4)
18.3 The test of liability
488(17)
18.3.1 Torts committed in the course of employment
488(4)
18.3.2 Torts committed outside the course of employment
492(3)
18.3.3 Liability for the intentional torts of an employee
495(8)
18.3.4 The employer's indemnity
503(1)
18.3.5 Liability for the torts of independent contractors
503(2)
18.4 Vicarious liability of lenders of cars
505(3)
Sample essay question
508(2)
Further reading
510(1)
19 Remedies And Limitations 511(23)
19.1 Damages
511(11)
19.1.1 Nature and purpose of damages
511(1)
19.1.2 Types of damages - general and special
511(5)
19.1.3 Damages for personal injury
516(5)
19.1.4 Damages for damage to property
521(1)
19.1.5 Damage to land and buildings
521(1)
19.1.6 Some general principles
521(1)
19.1.7 The problem of death
522(1)
19.2 Injunction
522(3)
19.2.1 Generally
522(1)
19.2.2 Damages in lieu?
522(1)
19.2.3 Types of injunctions available
523(2)
19.3 Other remedies
525(1)
19.4 Limitation periods
525(9)
19.4.1 Generally
525(1)
19.4.2 The basic periods
525(1)
19.4.3 Latent damage to property
525(1)
19.4.4 Personal injuries
526(1)
19.4.5 Other statutory provisions
527(1)
19.4.6 The court's power to extend the limitation period
528(1)
19.4.7 Legal disability
529(1)
19.4.8 Fraud and concealment
529(1)
19.4.9 The future?
529(5)
Appendix 1 534(3)
Appendix 2 537(4)
Glossary of legal terminology 541(2)
Index 543
Sanmeet Kaur Dua is a Senior Lecturer in law and Associate Dean of Student Experience at The City Law School, London.

Chris Turner, LLM, is a qualified barrister and Senior Lecturer in Law at Wolverhampton University, UK.