Guide to the book |
|
xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xv | |
Preface |
|
xvi | |
List of figures |
|
xviii | |
List of tables |
|
xix | |
Table of cases |
|
xx | |
Table of statutes and other instruments |
|
xxxv | |
1 The Origins And Character Of Tortious Liability |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 General principles of liability |
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2 | (8) |
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1.2.1 The character of torts |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.2 The functions and purposes of torts |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.3 The interests protected by the law of torts |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.4 The parties to an action in tort |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.5 Tort and mental state |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.6 Alternative methods of obtaining compensation |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.7 Relationships with other areas of law |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3 Fault and no-fault liability |
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10 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4 Joint and several tortfeasors |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4.1 Joint and several liability |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Contributions between tortfeasors |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5 Tort and human rights |
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13 | (12) |
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1.5.1 An innovation in English law? |
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13 | (1) |
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1.5.2 The Human Rights Act 1998 |
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14 | (2) |
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1.5.3 Incorporation of human rights into the law of tort |
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16 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Human rights and trespass to the person |
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16 | (2) |
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1.5.5 Human rights and negligence |
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18 | (1) |
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1.5.6 Human rights and nuisance |
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19 | (3) |
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1.5.7 Human rights and other torts |
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22 | (3) |
2 Negligence: Duty Of Care |
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25 | (30) |
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25 | (10) |
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2.1.1 The origins of negligence and the neighbour principle |
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25 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Development in defining duty and the two-part test in Anns |
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28 | (2) |
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2.1.3 The retreat from Anns and the three-part test from Caparo |
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30 | (5) |
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2.2 Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police - the evolution of the imposition of a duty of care and policy based reasoning in negligence |
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35 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Policy and the three-part test |
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35 | (4) |
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2.3 The problem of policy |
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|
39 | (12) |
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2.3.1 Policy factors considered by judges |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (5) |
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45 | (6) |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
3 Negligence: Breach Of Duty |
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55 | (32) |
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3.1 The standard of care and the 'reasonable man' test |
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55 | (3) |
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3.1.1 The standard of care |
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55 | (1) |
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3.1.2 The 'reasonable man' test |
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56 | (2) |
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3.2 Determining the standard of care |
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58 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Foreseeability of risk |
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58 | (1) |
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3.2.2 The magnitude of the risk |
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58 | (2) |
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3.2.3 The extent of the possible harm (the 'thin skull' rule) |
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60 | (1) |
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3.2.4 The practicability of precautions |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2.5 The social utility of the activity |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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3.3 The standard of care and different classes of defendant |
|
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62 | (8) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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3.3.4 People engaged in sport |
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65 | (2) |
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3.3.5 People lacking specialist skills |
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67 | (1) |
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3.3.6 People using equipment |
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67 | (3) |
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3.4 The standard of care appropriate to experts and professionals |
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70 | (13) |
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3.4.1 Breach of the duty of care and medical negligence claims |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (5) |
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3.4.4 The Bolam principle and professionals generally |
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78 | (2) |
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3.4.5 Criticism of the 'Bolam test' |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (2) |
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3.5 Fault liability and the need for reform |
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|
85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
4 Negligence: Causation |
|
87 | (40) |
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87 | (1) |
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4.2 Causation in fact and the 'but for' test |
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88 | (2) |
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4.3 Problems in proving causation |
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|
90 | (13) |
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4.3.1 The problem of multiple causes |
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90 | (4) |
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4.3.2 Multiple concurrent causes |
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94 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Multiple consecutive causes |
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95 | (8) |
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4.4 Novus actus interveniens |
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|
103 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Breaking the chain of causation |
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103 | (2) |
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4.4.2 An intervening act of the claimant |
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105 | (1) |
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4.4.3 An intervening act of nature |
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106 | (1) |
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4.4.4 An intervening act of a third party |
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107 | (3) |
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4.5 Causation in law and testing remoteness of damage |
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|
110 | (8) |
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4.5.1 The tests of remoteness |
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110 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Applying the reasonable foreseeability test |
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111 | (5) |
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4.5.3 Points for discussion |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (6) |
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4.6.1 Pleading res ipsa loquitur |
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118 | (1) |
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4.6.2 The effects of the doctrine |
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118 | (1) |
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4.6.3 The criteria for claiming res ipsa loquitur |
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119 | (3) |
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4.6.4 Strict liability in negligence |
|
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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|
125 | (2) |
5 Negligence: Defences |
|
127 | (26) |
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127 | (1) |
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5.2 Defences and the relationship with causation |
|
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127 | (1) |
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5.3 Voluntary assumption of risk (Volenti non fit injuria) |
|
|
128 | (7) |
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5.4 Contributory negligence |
|
|
135 | (7) |
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5.5 Illegality (ex turpi causa non oritur actio) |
|
|
142 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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|
146 | (1) |
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|
146 | (1) |
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|
147 | (1) |
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|
147 | (2) |
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|
149 | (3) |
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|
152 | (1) |
6 Negligence: Specific Duty Situations |
|
153 | (46) |
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6.1 Nervous shock (psychiatric injury) |
|
|
154 | (20) |
|
6.1.1 The historical background |
|
|
154 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Nervous shock, psychiatric injury and the type of recoverable damage |
|
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154 | (1) |
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6.1.3 The development of a test of liability |
|
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155 | (3) |
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6.1.4 Restrictions on the scope of the duty |
|
|
158 | (13) |
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6.1.5 The problem of policy |
|
|
171 | (3) |
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|
174 | (5) |
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6.2.1 The traditional position |
|
|
174 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Pure economic loss under Anns |
|
|
175 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Pure economic loss after Anns |
|
|
176 | (3) |
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6.3 Negligent misstatement |
|
|
179 | (10) |
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6.3.1 The origins of liability |
|
|
179 | (2) |
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6.3.2 The criteria for imposing liability |
|
|
181 | (4) |
|
6.3.3 The current state of the law |
|
|
185 | (4) |
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6.4 Liability for omissions |
|
|
189 | (6) |
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|
195 | (3) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
7 Occupiers' Liability And Liability For Defective Premises |
|
199 | (30) |
|
7.1 Origins and general character |
|
|
199 | (3) |
|
7.1.1 Introduction and origins |
|
|
199 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Definition of occupier - potential defendants |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
7.1.3 Definition of 'premises' |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
7.2 Liability to lawful visitors under the 1957 Act |
|
|
202 | (16) |
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7.2.1 Potential claimants |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
7.2.2 The scope of the Act - the common duty of care |
|
|
204 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Liability to children |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
7.2.4 Liability to persons entering to exercise a calling |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
7.2.5 Liability for the torts of independent contractors |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
|
213 | (5) |
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7.3 Liability to trespassers and non-visitors under the 1984 Act |
|
|
218 | (5) |
|
7.3.1 Common law and the duty of common humanity |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
7.3.2 When the Act applies |
|
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219 | (1) |
|
7.3.3 The nature of the duty |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
7.3.4 Avoiding liability under the 1984 Act |
|
|
221 | (2) |
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7.4 Liability for defective premises and the Defective Premises Act 1972 |
|
|
223 | (2) |
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|
225 | (2) |
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|
227 | (2) |
8 Trespass To Land |
|
229 | (14) |
|
8.1 The origins and character of trespass to land |
|
|
229 | (1) |
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|
230 | (1) |
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|
231 | (1) |
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8.4 Parties to the action |
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|
232 | (1) |
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|
232 | (1) |
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|
232 | (1) |
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8.5 Actions amounting to trespass |
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|
233 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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|
233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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|
235 | (1) |
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|
235 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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|
236 | (1) |
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|
236 | (1) |
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|
237 | (3) |
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8.7.1 Damages or injunction? |
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|
237 | (2) |
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|
239 | (1) |
|
8.7.3 Action for the recovery of land |
|
|
240 | (1) |
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|
240 | (3) |
9 Nuisance |
|
243 | (38) |
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|
243 | (2) |
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|
245 | (1) |
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|
245 | (1) |
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|
245 | (1) |
|
9.2.3 A balancing act between competing interests |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
9.3 The parties to an action in private nuisance |
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|
246 | (6) |
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|
246 | (1) |
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|
247 | (5) |
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9.4 Identifying private nuisance |
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|
252 | (6) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
9.4.2 Unlawful use of land |
|
|
252 | (5) |
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9.4.3 Indirect interference |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
9.4.4 The use and enjoyment of land |
|
|
257 | (1) |
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|
258 | (7) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
9.5.2 Statutory authority |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
9.5.3 Planning permission |
|
|
260 | (3) |
|
9.5.4 Coming to the nuisance |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
9.5.6 The nuisance results from the acts of many people |
|
|
264 | (1) |
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|
265 | (6) |
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|
265 | (2) |
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|
267 | (1) |
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|
267 | (4) |
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|
271 | (4) |
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|
271 | (1) |
|
9.7.2 Elements of the tort |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
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|
275 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
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|
275 | (1) |
|
9.8.3 What action can be taken? |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
9.9 Nuisance in relation to other parts of the law |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
9.9.1 Nuisance in relation to negligence |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
9.9.2 Nuisance in relation to Rylands v Fletcher |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
9.9.3 Nuisance in relation to human rights |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
9.10 Other remedies for nuisance behaviour |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
|
278 | (3) |
10 Strict Liability And Land - Rylands V. Fletcher |
|
281 | (22) |
|
10.1 Purpose and character of the tort |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
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10.3 Elements of the tort |
|
|
283 | (7) |
|
10.3.1 Bringing on to land and keeping there |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
10.3.2 Something likely to do mischief if it escapes |
|
|
284 | (3) |
|
10.3.3 The thing must escape |
|
|
287 | (1) |
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|
288 | (2) |
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10.4 Parties to the action |
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|
290 | (2) |
|
10.4.1 Potential claimants |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
10.4.2 Potential defendants |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
10.5.1 Statutory authority |
|
|
292 | (1) |
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|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
10.5.5 Default of the claimant |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
10.6 Problems with the rule |
|
|
294 | (5) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
10.6.2 Effective to protect the environment? |
|
|
294 | (5) |
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|
299 | (4) |
11 Liability For Animals |
|
303 | (16) |
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|
303 | (1) |
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|
304 | (8) |
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|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
11.2.3 Which animals are dangerous? |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
11.2.4 Liability for dangerous animals |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
11.2.5 Liability for non-dangerous animals |
|
|
305 | (5) |
|
11.2.6 Statutory defences |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
11.2.7 Liability for livestock |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
11.2.8 Liability for injury to livestock caused by dogs |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
11.3 Liability at common law |
|
|
312 | (3) |
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|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
11.3.3 Trespass to the person |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (2) |
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|
314 | (1) |
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|
315 | (1) |
|
11.4 Other statutory provision |
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|
315 | (1) |
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|
315 | (4) |
12 Torts Relating To Goods |
|
319 | (22) |
|
12.1 Common law liability for defective products |
|
|
319 | (6) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
12.1.2 Liability in contract and consumer law |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
12.1.3 Liability in negligence |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
12.1.4 The scope of liability |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
12.1.5 Bringing a claim in negligence for damage caused by defective products |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
12.1.6 Potential claimants |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
12.1.7 Potential defendants |
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
12.2 Strict liability under the Consumer Protection Act 1987 |
|
|
325 | (8) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 Potential defendants under the Act |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
12.2.3 Products covered by the Act |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
12.2.4 The nature of the damage |
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|
326 | (3) |
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|
329 | (2) |
|
12.2.6 Limitation of actions |
|
|
331 | (1) |
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|
331 | (2) |
|
12.3 Interference with goods |
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|
333 | (4) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
12.3.3 Defences to trespass and to conversion |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
|
337 | (4) |
13 Trespass To The PERSON |
|
341 | (30) |
|
13.1 The origins and character of trespass |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
13.1.1 Historical origins |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
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|
342 | (1) |
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|
343 | (1) |
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|
343 | (3) |
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|
343 | (1) |
|
13.2.2 Ingredients of the tort |
|
|
344 | (2) |
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|
346 | (4) |
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|
346 | (1) |
|
13.3.2 Ingredients of the tort |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
13.4 Defences to assault and battery |
|
|
350 | (6) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
13.4.4 Parental authority |
|
|
355 | (1) |
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|
355 | (1) |
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|
356 | (4) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
13.5.2 Ingredients of the tort |
|
|
356 | (3) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
13.6 Intentional indirect harm and protection from harassment |
|
|
360 | (6) |
|
13.6.1 Acts intended to cause harm |
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
13.6.2 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
13.6.3 A developing tort of harassment? |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
|
366 | (5) |
14 Defamation |
|
371 | (44) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
14.2 The distinction between libel and slander |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
14.3 The elements of defamation |
|
|
373 | (11) |
|
14.3.1 The statement must be defamatory |
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
14.3.3 The statement must have caused serious harm to the reputation of the claimant |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
14.3.4 The statement must refer to the claimant |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
14.3.5 The statement must be published |
|
|
381 | (3) |
|
14.3.6 The statement is false |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (19) |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
|
386 | (4) |
|
14.4.3 Publication on matters of public interest |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
14.4.4 Absolute privilege |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
14.4.5 Qualified privilege |
|
|
395 | (4) |
|
14.4.6 Operators of websites |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
14.4.7 Peer reviewed statements in scientific or other academic journals |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
14.4.8 Innocent publication |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
14.4.11 The role of 'malice' |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (3) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
14.6 Privacy, confidentiality and human rights |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (6) |
15 The Economic Torts |
|
415 | (24) |
|
|
415 | (6) |
|
|
421 | (4) |
|
|
425 | (6) |
|
15.4 Interference with trade |
|
|
431 | (7) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
15.4.3 Inducing a breach of contract |
|
|
433 | (5) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
16 Breach Of A Statutory Duty |
|
439 | (14) |
|
16.1 Statutes creating civil liability |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (6) |
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
|
451 | (2) |
17 Employers' Liability |
|
453 | (24) |
|
17.1 Origins of liability |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
17.2 The employer's non-delegable duty |
|
|
455 | (8) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
17.2.2 The different aspects of the duty |
|
|
455 | (7) |
|
17.2.3 The character of the duty |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
17.3 Developments in the common law duty |
|
|
463 | (6) |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
17.5 The importance of statutory protection and EU law |
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
18 Vicarious Liability |
|
477 | (34) |
|
18.1 Origins, purposes and criticisms |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
18.2 Tests of employment status |
|
|
478 | (10) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
18.2.3 The integration or organisation test |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
18.2.4 The economic reality or multiple test |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
18.2.5 Akin to employment |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
18.2.6 Irregular situations |
|
|
484 | (4) |
|
18.3 The test of liability |
|
|
488 | (17) |
|
18.3.1 Torts committed in the course of employment |
|
|
488 | (4) |
|
18.3.2 Torts committed outside the course of employment |
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
18.3.3 Liability for the intentional torts of an employee |
|
|
495 | (8) |
|
18.3.4 The employer's indemnity |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
18.3.5 Liability for the torts of independent contractors |
|
|
503 | (2) |
|
18.4 Vicarious liability of lenders of cars |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
19 Remedies And Limitations |
|
511 | (23) |
|
|
511 | (11) |
|
19.1.1 Nature and purpose of damages |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
19.1.2 Types of damages - general and special |
|
|
511 | (5) |
|
19.1.3 Damages for personal injury |
|
|
516 | (5) |
|
19.1.4 Damages for damage to property |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
19.1.5 Damage to land and buildings |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
19.1.6 Some general principles |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
19.1.7 The problem of death |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
19.2.3 Types of injunctions available |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (9) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
19.4.3 Latent damage to property |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
19.4.5 Other statutory provisions |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
19.4.6 The court's power to extend the limitation period |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
19.4.8 Fraud and concealment |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
529 | (5) |
Appendix 1 |
|
534 | (3) |
Appendix 2 |
|
537 | (4) |
Glossary of legal terminology |
|
541 | (2) |
Index |
|
543 | |