To the Student |
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xxiii | |
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Unit 1 Scientific Foundations of Psychology |
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1 | (77) |
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Part I Psychology's History and Approaches |
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1 | (1) |
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Module 1 Psychology and Its History |
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2 | (11) |
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2 | (1) |
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Thinking Critically About: The Scientific Attitude |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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Psychological Science Is Born |
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7 | (3) |
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Psychological Science Matures |
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10 | (3) |
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Module 2 Today's Psychology and Its Approaches |
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13 | (11) |
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13 | (3) |
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The Biopsychosocial Approach and Psychology's Theoretical Perspectives |
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16 | (3) |
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Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person---and a Better Student |
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19 | (5) |
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Module 3 Subfields in Psychology |
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24 | (12) |
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Basic and Applied Psychology |
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24 | (2) |
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Psychology's Main Subfields |
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26 | (10) |
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Part II Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science |
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36 | (2) |
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Module 4 The Need for Psychological Science |
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38 | (4) |
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Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Perceiving Order in Random Events |
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40 | (2) |
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Module 5 The Scientific Method and Description |
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42 | (8) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (6) |
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Module 6 Correlation and Experimentation |
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50 | (9) |
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50 | (2) |
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Thinking Critically About: Correlation and Causation |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (5) |
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Module 7 Research Design and Ethics in Psychology |
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59 | (7) |
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59 | (1) |
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Understanding Everyday Behavior |
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60 | (1) |
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Psychology's Research Ethics |
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60 | (6) |
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Module 8 Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life |
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66 | (12) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (4) |
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70 | (8) |
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Unit 2 Biological Bases of Behavior |
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78 | (124) |
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Part I Biological Bases of Behavior |
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78 | (2) |
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Module 9 Biological Psychology and Neurotransmission |
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80 | (11) |
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Biology, Behavior, and Mind |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (10) |
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Module 10 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
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91 | (7) |
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91 | (4) |
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95 | (3) |
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Module 11 Studying the Brain, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System |
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98 | (11) |
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The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (5) |
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Module 12 The Cerebral Cortex |
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109 | (11) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (4) |
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Thinking Critically About: Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (4) |
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Module 13 Brain Hemisphere Organization and the Biology of Consciousness |
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120 | (9) |
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120 | (3) |
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The Biology of Consciousness |
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123 | (6) |
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Module 14 Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences |
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129 | (12) |
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Genes: Our Codes for Life |
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129 | (2) |
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Twin and Adoption Studies |
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131 | (4) |
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135 | (2) |
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Gene-Environment Interaction |
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137 | (4) |
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Module 15 Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature |
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141 | (15) |
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Natural Selection and Adaptation |
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141 | (1) |
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Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities |
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142 | (1) |
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An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality |
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143 | (4) |
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Reflections on Nature, Nurture, and Their Interaction |
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147 | (9) |
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Part II States of Consciousness |
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156 | (2) |
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Module 16 Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories |
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158 | (10) |
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Biological Rhythms and Sleep |
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158 | (6) |
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164 | (4) |
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Module 17 Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams |
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168 | (12) |
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Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders |
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168 | (6) |
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174 | (6) |
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Module 18 Psychoactive Drugs |
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180 | (13) |
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Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders |
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180 | (1) |
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Thinking Critically About: Tolerance and Addiction |
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181 | (1) |
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Types of Psychoactive Drugs |
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182 | (11) |
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Module 19 Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis |
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193 | (9) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (9) |
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Unit 3 Sensation and Perception |
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202 | (66) |
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Module 20 Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception |
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204 | (11) |
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Processing Sensation and Perception |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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Thinking Critically About: Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (4) |
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Module 21 Influences on Perception |
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215 | (7) |
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215 | (3) |
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ESP---Perception Without Sensation? |
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218 | (4) |
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Module 22 Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing |
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222 | (11) |
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Light Energy and Eye Structures |
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222 | (2) |
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Information Processing in the Eye and Brain |
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224 | (9) |
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Module 23 Visual Organization and Interpretation |
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233 | (11) |
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233 | (7) |
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Perceptual Interpretation |
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240 | (4) |
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244 | (7) |
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The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location |
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247 | (4) |
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Module 25 The Other Senses |
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251 | (17) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (2) |
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Body Position and Movement |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (8) |
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268 | (56) |
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Module 26 How We Learn and Classical Conditioning |
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270 | (13) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (11) |
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Module 27 Operant Conditioning |
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283 | (11) |
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283 | (8) |
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291 | (3) |
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Module 28 Operant Conditioning's Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning |
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294 | (6) |
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Applications of Operant Conditioning |
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294 | (3) |
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Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning |
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297 | (3) |
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Module 29 Biology, Cognition, and Learning |
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300 | (12) |
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Biological Constraints on Conditioning |
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300 | (3) |
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Cognition's Influence on Conditioning |
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303 | (3) |
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Learning and Personal Control |
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306 | (6) |
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Module 30 Observational Learning |
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312 | (12) |
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Mirrors and Imitation in the Brain |
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313 | (2) |
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Applications of Observational Learning |
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315 | (2) |
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Thinking Critically About: The Effects of Viewing Media Violence |
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317 | (7) |
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Unit 5 Cognitive Psychology |
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324 | (116) |
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324 | (2) |
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Module 31 Studying and Encoding Memories |
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326 | (13) |
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326 | (4) |
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330 | (9) |
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Module 32 Storing and Retrieving Memories |
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339 | (11) |
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339 | (5) |
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344 | (6) |
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Module 33 Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory |
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350 | (15) |
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350 | (6) |
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Memory Construction Errors |
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356 | (4) |
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Thinking Critically About: Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered? |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (3) |
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Module 34 Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity |
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365 | (5) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (4) |
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Module 35 Solving Problems and Making Decisions |
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370 | (11) |
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Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles |
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370 | (2) |
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Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments |
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372 | (2) |
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Thinking Critically About: The Fear Factor |
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374 | (7) |
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Module 36 Thinking and Language |
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381 | (19) |
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381 | (1) |
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Language Acquisition and Development |
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382 | (5) |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (11) |
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Part II Testing and Individual Differences |
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400 | (2) |
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Module 37 Introduction to Intelligence |
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402 | (6) |
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Is Intelligence One General Ability? |
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402 | (1) |
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Theories of Multiple Intelligences |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (3) |
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Module 38 Assessing Intelligence |
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408 | (8) |
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Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities |
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408 | (3) |
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Principles of Test Construction |
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411 | (5) |
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Module 39 The Dynamics of Intelligence |
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416 | (7) |
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416 | (1) |
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Thinking Critically About: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (4) |
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Module 40 Studying Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence |
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423 | (6) |
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Twin and Adoption Studies |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (4) |
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Module 41 Group Differences and the Question of Bias |
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429 | (11) |
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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores |
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429 | (3) |
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432 | (8) |
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Unit 6 Developmental Psychology |
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440 | (92) |
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Module 42 Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn |
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442 | (8) |
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Developmental Psychology's Major Issues |
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442 | (2) |
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn |
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444 | (6) |
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Module 43 Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development |
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450 | (4) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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Brain Maturation and Infant Memory |
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451 | (3) |
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Module 44 Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development |
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454 | (11) |
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Piaget's Theory and Current Thinking |
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455 | (4) |
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An Alternative Viewpoint: Lev Vygotsky and the Social Child |
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459 | (1) |
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Reflecting on Piaget's Theory |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (4) |
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Module 45 Infancy and Childhood: Social Development |
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465 | (11) |
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465 | (1) |
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Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting |
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466 | (3) |
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Deprivation of Attachment |
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469 | (2) |
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Developing a Self-Concept |
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471 | (1) |
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471 | (1) |
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Culture and Child Raising |
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472 | (1) |
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Thinking Critically About: Parenting Styles---Too Hard, Too Soft, Too Uncaring, and Just Right? |
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473 | (3) |
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Module 46 Gender Development |
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476 | (9) |
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Similarities and Differences |
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476 | (3) |
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Thinking Critically About: Gender Bias in the Workplace |
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479 | (1) |
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The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences |
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480 | (5) |
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Module 47 Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences |
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485 | (4) |
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Experience and Brain Development |
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485 | (1) |
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How Much Credit or Blame Do Parents Deserve? |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
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Module 48 Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development |
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489 | (6) |
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489 | (2) |
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491 | (4) |
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Module 49 Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood |
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495 | (6) |
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495 | (2) |
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Parent and Peer Relationships |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (3) |
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Module 50 Sexual Development |
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501 | (13) |
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The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex |
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501 | (2) |
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Sexually Transmitted Infections |
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503 | (1) |
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Sexual Risk Taking and Teen Pregnancy |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (9) |
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Module 51 Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development |
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514 | (18) |
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514 | (3) |
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517 | (3) |
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520 | (12) |
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Unit 7 Motivation, Emotion, and Personality |
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532 | (132) |
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Part I Motivation, Emotion, and Stress |
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532 | (2) |
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Module 52 Motivational Concepts |
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534 | (6) |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (5) |
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Module 53 Hunger Motivation |
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540 | (10) |
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541 | (2) |
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543 | (4) |
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Thinking Critically About: The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control |
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547 | (3) |
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Module 54 Sexual Motivation |
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550 | (5) |
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550 | (2) |
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552 | (3) |
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Module 55 Affiliation and Achievement |
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555 | (9) |
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555 | (5) |
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560 | (4) |
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Module 56 Theories and Physiology of Emotion |
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564 | (10) |
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Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition |
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564 | (5) |
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569 | (2) |
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Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection |
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571 | (3) |
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Module 57 Expressing Emotion |
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574 | (8) |
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Detecting Emotion in Others |
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574 | (1) |
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Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior |
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575 | (1) |
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Culture and Emotional Expression |
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576 | (3) |
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The Effects of Facial Expressions |
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579 | (3) |
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Module 58 Stress and Illness |
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582 | (14) |
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Stress: Some Basic Concepts |
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582 | (11) |
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Thinking Critically About: Stress and Health |
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593 | (3) |
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Module 59 Health and Happiness |
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596 | (20) |
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596 | (2) |
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598 | (6) |
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604 | (12) |
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616 | (2) |
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Module 60 Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theories |
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618 | (13) |
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618 | (1) |
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618 | (7) |
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Evaluating Freud's Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious |
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625 | (6) |
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Module 61 Humanistic Theories |
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631 | (5) |
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Abraham Maslow's Self-Actualizing Person |
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631 | (1) |
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Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Perspective |
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632 | (1) |
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633 | (1) |
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Evaluating Humanistic Theories |
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633 | (3) |
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636 | (10) |
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636 | (2) |
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Thinking Critically About: The Stigma of Introversion |
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638 | (1) |
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638 | (1) |
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639 | (3) |
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Evaluating Trait Theories |
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642 | (4) |
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Module 63 Social-Cognitive Theories |
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646 | (5) |
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646 | (1) |
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Assessing Behavior in Situations |
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647 | (1) |
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Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories |
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648 | (3) |
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Module 64 Exploring the Self |
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651 | (13) |
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The Benefits of Self-Esteem |
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652 | (1) |
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653 | (3) |
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656 | (8) |
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Unit 8 Clinical Psychology |
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664 | (102) |
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664 | (2) |
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Module 65 Introduction to Psychological Disorders |
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666 | (11) |
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Defining Psychological Disorders |
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666 | (1) |
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Understanding Psychological Disorders |
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667 | (1) |
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Classifying Disorders---and Labeling People |
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668 | (3) |
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Thinking Critically About: ADHD---Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior? |
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671 | (1) |
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Does Disorder Equal Danger? |
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672 | (1) |
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Rates of Psychological Disorders |
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673 | (4) |
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Module 66 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
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677 | (9) |
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677 | (2) |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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679 | (1) |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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680 | (1) |
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Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD |
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681 | (5) |
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Module 67 Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Suicide, and Self-Injury |
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686 | (13) |
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Major Depressive Disorder |
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687 | (1) |
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687 | (2) |
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Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder |
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689 | (5) |
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694 | (5) |
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699 | (8) |
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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699 | (1) |
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Onset and Development of Schizophrenia |
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|
700 | (1) |
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Understanding Schizophrenia |
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|
701 | (6) |
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Module 69 Other Disorders |
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707 | (13) |
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Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders |
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|
707 | (1) |
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708 | (2) |
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710 | (2) |
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712 | (8) |
|
Part II Treatment of Abnormal Behavior |
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|
720 | (2) |
|
Module 70 Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies |
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|
722 | (7) |
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Treating Psychological Disorders |
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|
722 | (1) |
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Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies |
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|
723 | (2) |
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|
725 | (4) |
|
Module 71 Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies |
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729 | (12) |
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729 | (4) |
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733 | (4) |
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Group and Family Therapies |
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|
737 | (4) |
|
Module 72 Evaluating Psychotherapies |
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|
741 | (10) |
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Is Psychotherapy Effective? |
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|
741 | (3) |
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Which Psychotherapies Work Best? |
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|
744 | (1) |
|
Evaluating Alternative Therapies |
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|
745 | (1) |
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How Do Psychotherapies Help People? |
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|
746 | (1) |
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Culture and Values in Psychotherapy |
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|
747 | (1) |
|
Finding a Mental Health Professional |
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|
748 | (3) |
|
Module 73 The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders |
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751 | (15) |
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751 | (1) |
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Thinking Critically About: Therapeutic Lifestyle Change |
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752 | (7) |
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Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience |
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759 | (7) |
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766 | (2) |
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Module 74 Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions |
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768 | (1) |
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The Fundamental Attribution Error |
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768 | (2) |
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770 | (5) |
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Module 75 Conformity and Obedience |
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775 | (9) |
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Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures |
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775 | (3) |
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Obedience: Following Orders |
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778 | (3) |
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Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies |
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781 | (3) |
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784 | (8) |
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784 | (1) |
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785 | (1) |
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785 | (2) |
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787 | (1) |
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Thinking Critically About: The Internet as Social Amplifier |
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788 | (1) |
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|
788 | (1) |
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789 | (3) |
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Module 77 Prejudice and Discrimination |
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792 | (9) |
|
Explicit and Implicit Prejudice |
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792 | (1) |
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793 | (3) |
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796 | (5) |
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801 | (7) |
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The Biology of Aggression |
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|
801 | (2) |
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Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression |
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|
803 | (5) |
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808 | (8) |
|
The Psychology of Attraction |
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808 | (4) |
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812 | (4) |
|
Module 80 Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking |
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816 | (13) |
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816 | (3) |
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819 | (9) |
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828 | (1) |
|
Module 81 Influences on Drug Use |
|
|
829 | (4) |
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|
829 | (1) |
|
Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences |
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|
830 | (3) |
|
Module 82 Psychology at Work |
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|
833 | (15) |
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|
833 | (2) |
|
Industrial-Organizational Psychology |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
836 | (4) |
|
Organizational Psychology |
|
|
840 | (4) |
|
|
844 | (4) |
|
Module 83 Animal Thinking and Language |
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills? |
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
Do Other Species Have Language? |
|
|
849 | |
Appendix A Practice AP®-Style Exam |
|
1 | (1) |
Appendix B AP® Exam Tips |
|
1 | (1) |
Appendix C Psychological Science's Key Contributors |
|
1 | (1) |
Appendix D Preparing for Further Psychology Studies |
|
1 | (1) |
Appendix E Answers to Test Yourself Questions |
|
1 | (1) |
Glossary/Glosario |
|
1 | (1) |
References |
|
1 | (1) |
Name Index |
|
1 | (1) |
Subject Index |
|
1 | |