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E-grāmata: Urban Friendships and Community Youth Practice

(Professor, Boston University School of Social Work)
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There is no denying that friendship, however narrow or broad the definition, is dynamic and highly responsive to socio-cultural and environmental factors. Urban Youth Friendships and Community Practice highlights the greater importance of friendships in circumstances where youth have been marginalized and have limited access to instrumental resources that restrict geographical mobility or curtail their movement to limited public spaces (in which they are validated, and even liked or admired). Youth friendships are not limited to peer-networks; they can cross other social divides and involve adults of all ages. Indeed, community practice and asset assessment approaches are increasingly focusing on the relevance of strong peer relationships and networks as strengths upon which to build. Friendships, therefore, are a community asset and as such could be included as a key aspect of community asset assessments and interventions. Community organizations, schools, religious institutions, and other less-formal groups provide practitioners with ample opportunities to foster urban youth friendships.

This book seeks to accomplish four goals: (1) provide a state of knowledge on the definition, role, and importance of friendships in general and specifically on urban youth of color (African-American, Asia and Latinos); (2) draw implications for community practice scholarship and practice; (3) illustrate how friendships can be a focus of a community capacity enhancement assets paradigm through the use of case illustrations; and (4) provide a series of recommendations for how urban friendships can be addressed in graduate level social work curriculum but with implications for other helping professions. Urban Youth Friendships and Community Practice is a must-have for community practitioners, whether their focus be social work, recreation, education, planning, or out-of-school programming.
Acknowledgments xi
SECTION I Conceptual Foundation
1 Setting the Context
3(29)
Introduction
3(1)
Ontological Approaches
4(1)
Friendships and Animals
5(1)
Academic Views of Friendships
6(1)
Why a Focus on Friendships?
6(3)
Historical Understanding of Friendships
9(1)
Friends as Family?
10(2)
Grounding the Evolution of the Study of Friendships
12(3)
Urban Friendships as Community Assets
15(4)
Critical Place Theory
19(4)
Youth Community Social Work Practice
23(3)
Community Practice and Friendships
26(1)
Outstanding Books on Friendships
26(1)
My Interest in Urban Youth Friendships
27(1)
Book Goals
28(1)
Definition of Youth and Age Range Covered in this Book
29(1)
Book Outline
30(1)
Conclusion
30(2)
2 Urban Community Practice/Capacity Enhancement
32(30)
Introduction
32(1)
Urban Context
33(5)
Key Values
38(12)
Social Justice
39(2)
Assets-First
41(1)
Empowerment
42(2)
Reliance on Indigenous Knowledge
44(1)
Local Leadership Development
45(1)
Participatory Democracy
46(3)
Adultism
49(1)
Community Practice and Capacity Enhancement
50(1)
Positive Youth Development
51(7)
Youth-Adult Relationships: The Potential of Mentoring
58(2)
Conclusion
60(2)
3 Friendships
62(46)
Introduction
62(1)
Definition of Friendship
63(3)
Classification of Friendships Types
66(2)
Classifying Types of Friendships
68(1)
Life Satisfaction as a Backdrop to Friendship
69(3)
Elements of Friendships
72(3)
Benefits of Friendships
75(3)
Friendships Gone Bad
78(3)
Needs Met Through Friendship and Frameworks
81(3)
Contextualization of Friendship
84(3)
Friendship Groups
87(1)
Demographic Influences
88(2)
Key Factors in Friendships
90(10)
Reciprocity
92(1)
Intimacy
93(1)
Self-Disclosure
94(1)
Humor
95(1)
Advice
96(1)
Trust
96(1)
Homophily
97(2)
Availability/Access
99(1)
Fun
99(1)
Example of Gaps in Knowledge
100(1)
Community Practice and Friendships: Community Capacity
101(4)
Enhancement
101(4)
Staff-Program Participant Friendships
105(1)
Conclusion
106(2)
4 Urban Youth of Color Friendships
108(31)
Introduction
108(3)
Anti-Urban Sentiments
111(3)
Urban Youth as a Focus
114(3)
Youth Living a Challenging Existence
117(6)
Demographic Characteristics
123(1)
Demographics and Youth of Color
124(2)
Distribution
126(2)
Future Projections
128(3)
Gangs and Friendships
131(4)
Conclusion
135(4)
SECTION II Case Illustrations
5 Enhancement and Tapping of Friendships In Youth Development and Community-Based Interventions
139(21)
Introduction
139(1)
Case 1 Camp CAMERA (Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota)
140(5)
Overview
140(1)
Brief Review of the Literature
141(1)
Description of the Youth Group and Organizational Setting
141(1)
How the Intervention Focused on Youth Friendship
142(1)
Research/Evaluation Implications
143(1)
Important Results and Lessons Learned
144(1)
Case 2 "Photovoice in Overtown" Miami, Florida
145
Overview
145(1)
Brief Review of the Literature
146(1)
Description of the Youth Group and Organizational Setting
147(1)
How the Intervention Focused on Youth Friendship
148(1)
Research/Evaluation Implications
149(1)
Important Results and Lessons Learned
149(2)
Case 3 Digital Storytelling and Newcomer Youth in Georgia
151(3)
Overview
151(1)
Brief Review of the Literature
151(1)
Description of the Youth Group and Organizational Setting
152(1)
How the Intervention Focused on Youth Friendships
153(1)
Research/Evaluation Implications
153(1)
Important Results and Lessons Learned
154(1)
Case 4 Youth Action, Midwestern City
154(6)
Overview
154(1)
Brief Review of the Literature
155(1)
Description of the Youth Group and Organizational Setting
156(1)
How the Intervention Focused on Youth Friendship
156(1)
Research/Evaluation Implications
157(1)
Important Results and Lessons Learned
158(1)
Conclusion
159(1)
6 Co-Production of Knowledge: Urban Youth of Color as Researchers of Friendships
160(29)
Introduction
160(1)
Community Participatory Research
161(3)
Community-Based Research Challenges
164(3)
Challenges and Limitations of Peer-Led Research
167(1)
Critique of Friendship Research Approaches and Methods
168(9)
Age-Specific
172(1)
Race/Ethnicity
172(1)
Geographic
173(1)
Gender, Gender Identity, and LGBTQ
173(1)
Intellectual/Physical Abilities
174(1)
Acculturation Level of Newcomers
175(1)
Socioeconomic Class
176(1)
Promising Emerging Methodologies
177(7)
Qualitative Interviewing
179(1)
Ethnographic Approaches
180(1)
Visual Methods
181(2)
Surveys
183(1)
Using Secondary Data
183(1)
Use of the Internet
184(1)
Youth Competencies and Interests
184(1)
Conclusion
185(4)
SECTION III Reflections
7 Cross-Cutting Themes from Field Examples and Scholarly Literature
189(6)
Introduction
189(5)
Recruitment of Youth Dyads
190(1)
Friendships Outside of Programming
191(1)
Data-Gathering on Peers and Friendships
191(1)
Friendship as a Programming Topic
192(1)
Connective Technology/Digital Youth
193(1)
Future Research Agenda
193(1)
Conclusion
194(1)
Conclusion
195(8)
Introduction
195(1)
Youth of Color Are Not Monolithic
196(1)
Youth Friendships Are an Understudied Area
196(1)
A Deficit/Problem Perspective Continues to Be Alive and Well
197(1)
Values Are the DNA of Community Youth Practice
197(1)
Can We Be Friends?
198(1)
Anti-Urban Sentiments Are Alive and Well
199(1)
The United States in 2050
200(1)
Youth/Young African-American/Black Men and Race Relations
200(1)
Who Controls Knowledge Production?
201(1)
Community Practice Is an Expanding Universe
202(1)
Conclusion
202(1)
References 203(94)
Author Index 273(24)
Subject Index 297
Melvin Delgado, PhD, Professor of Social Work & Co-Director, Center on Addictions Research and Services (CARS), Boston University School of Social Work. Dr. Delgado has an extensive practice and scholarly interest in the nation's urban centers with a specific focus on identifying and mobilizing community assets in service to these communities.