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|
xv | |
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|
xix | |
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|
xxiii | |
| Acronyms |
|
xxv | |
| Glossary |
|
xxix | |
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|
xxxv | |
Acknowledgments for
Chapter 9 |
|
xxxvii | |
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1 | (2) |
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Drinking water - Potential health effects caused by wastewater disposal |
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3 | (18) |
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3 | (1) |
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Direct and indirect wastewater reuse |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Risk reduction of pathogens in drinking water |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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Treated wastewater in surface waters |
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10 | (3) |
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The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water |
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13 | (1) |
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Risk management of microbial and chemical hazards |
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14 | (1) |
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Implementation of Water Safety Plans |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (4) |
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Microbial health risks and water quality |
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21 | (32) |
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22 | (2) |
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The traditional icons of water-borne disease |
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24 | (9) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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Emerging diseases and zoonotic pathogens |
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33 | (6) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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Risk assessment and control of water-borne pathogens |
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39 | (6) |
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Use of quantitative microbial risk assessment |
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40 | (1) |
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Interventions to reduce enteric diseases |
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41 | (3) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Conclusions and recommendations |
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45 | (8) |
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53 | (60) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (4) |
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An overview on exposure factors |
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55 | (1) |
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Human exposure in urban water cycle |
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56 | (2) |
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Risk sources and risk compounds in urban water cycle |
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58 | (6) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (4) |
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Inorganic chemical risk agents: sources and human diseases of concern |
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64 | (7) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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Organic chemical risk agents: sources and human diseases of concern |
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71 | (10) |
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71 | (1) |
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Chlorinated organic compounds |
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72 | (2) |
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Volatile organic compounds |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Persistent organic pollutants |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
|
Chemical risks in urban cities in developed countries |
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81 | (9) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Volatile organic compounds |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
|
Chemical risks in urban cities in developing countries |
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|
90 | (9) |
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|
90 | (1) |
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|
90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
|
United Republic of Tanzania |
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|
93 | (1) |
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|
93 | (1) |
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|
93 | (1) |
|
Bangladesh - West Bengal, India |
|
|
94 | (1) |
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|
94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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|
95 | (1) |
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|
95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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|
96 | (1) |
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|
96 | (1) |
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|
97 | (1) |
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|
97 | (1) |
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|
97 | (1) |
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|
97 | (1) |
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|
98 | (1) |
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|
98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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|
98 | (1) |
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|
99 | (1) |
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|
99 | (1) |
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Chemical risk management in urban water cycle |
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|
99 | (14) |
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Chemical risks identification in urban water cycle |
|
|
99 | (1) |
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|
99 | (2) |
|
Other water-related chemical risks |
|
|
101 | (1) |
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Vulnerability and variability |
|
|
102 | (1) |
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|
103 | (10) |
|
Risk management in the urban water cycle: climate change risks |
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|
113 | (24) |
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113 | (5) |
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|
113 | (3) |
|
Global climate change and hydrological cycle |
|
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116 | (1) |
|
Mitigation of GHG emissions |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Water in an urbanized world |
|
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118 | (4) |
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119 | (3) |
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|
122 | (5) |
|
Water availability and glacial melt |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Sea level rise and extreme events |
|
|
123 | (1) |
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|
124 | (1) |
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Changes in the past decades related to global climate change |
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|
124 | (2) |
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Risks for urban settlements |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Adaptation and integration of climate change into urban water resource management |
|
|
127 | (4) |
|
Adaptation and sustainable development |
|
|
127 | (1) |
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Planning under uncertainties |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Supply and demand options |
|
|
129 | (1) |
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|
129 | (2) |
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|
|
131 | (1) |
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|
|
131 | (1) |
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|
131 | (6) |
|
Water source and drinking-water risk management |
|
|
137 | (14) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Security, reliability and risk |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
Uncertainty, threats and effects |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
Prevention, mitigation and resolution |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
Scarcity and drought, an operational example |
|
|
144 | (4) |
|
Conclusions and recommendations |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
Methodological considerations |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Operational considerations |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
Wastewater risks in the urban water cycle |
|
|
151 | (50) |
|
|
|
151 | (1) |
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|
151 | (14) |
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|
152 | (1) |
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|
152 | (1) |
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|
153 | (1) |
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|
153 | (4) |
|
Non-point pollutant sources |
|
|
157 | (1) |
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|
157 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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|
160 | (3) |
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|
163 | (2) |
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|
165 | (3) |
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|
166 | (1) |
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|
166 | (1) |
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|
166 | (2) |
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|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Content in surface and groundwater |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
|
|
168 | (11) |
|
Changing the concept of pollution sources |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Gathering useful information |
|
|
172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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|
173 | (1) |
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|
173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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|
174 | (1) |
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|
174 | (2) |
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|
176 | (1) |
|
Urban infrastructure and urban activities |
|
|
176 | (1) |
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|
176 | (2) |
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|
178 | (1) |
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|
179 | (8) |
|
|
|
179 | (1) |
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|
|
180 | (4) |
|
Criteria for selecting wastewater treatment processes |
|
|
184 | (3) |
|
|
|
187 | (4) |
|
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Soil disposal and aquifer storage |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Soil disposal and agriculture |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
Coupling wastewater disposal with water reuse |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (10) |
|
Risks associated with biosolids reuse in agriculture |
|
|
201 | (20) |
|
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Nutrient and agronomic value |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
|
|
204 | (6) |
|
Potentially toxic elements |
|
|
210 | (2) |
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|
|
212 | (3) |
|
|
|
215 | (6) |
|
`Closing the Urban Water Cycle' integrated approach towards water reuse in Windhoek, Namibia |
|
|
221 | (16) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Water sources in Windhoek |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Reuse options implemented in Windhoek |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
Future water supply augmentation to Windhoek |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Various process modifications from 1968 to 1995 |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Process design for the new Goreangab water reclamation plant |
|
|
225 | (4) |
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Raw water quality profile |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Determination of treatment objectives |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
The multiple-barrier concept |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
Experiments and pilot studies to determine process design criteria |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Selection of final process train |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Operational experience to date |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Water quality and monitoring |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Quality concerns with the present process configuration |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Public acceptance of direct potable reuse |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
New research and development options |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Process-related refinements |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
Reducing risk from wastewater use in urban farming - a case study of Accra, Ghana |
|
|
237 | (18) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (7) |
|
Urban water use and wastewater management |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Irrigated urban vegetable farming |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Quality of vegetables in urban markets in Accra |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Numbers of consumers at risk |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Risk assessment to farmers and consumers |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (4) |
|
Explore alternative farmland, tenure security and safer water sources |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Promote safer irrigation methods |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Influence the choice of crops grown |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Avoid post-harvest contamination |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Assist post-harvest decontamination |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
Improve institutional coordination to develop integrated policies |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (6) |
|
Drinking water - potential health effects caused by infiltration of pollutants from solid waste landfills |
|
|
255 | (8) |
|
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
Pollutants in landfill leachates |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
The exposure pathways and mechanisms |
|
|
257 | (4) |
|
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Exploding sewers: the industrial use and abuse of municipal sewers, and reducing the risk - the experience of Louisville, Kentucky US |
|
|
263 | (14) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Industrial waste and hazardous spills |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
About the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD) |
|
|
266 | (3) |
|
Reasons for doing permitting and pretreatment compliance programmes |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Components of the permitting and pretreatment compliance programme |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
Commercial/industrial process plan review |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Unusual discharge requests (UDR) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Compliance and enforcement |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Chemical spill prevention and response - The hazardous materials incident response team |
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
Sampling and monitoring to reduce risk - the collection system monitoring programme |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Data management and computerization |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Conclusions: need for strong local programmes to reduce risk |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Lessons learned: a response and recovery framework for post-disaster scenarios |
|
|
277 | (16) |
|
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Response and recovery framework |
|
|
279 | (8) |
|
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
Immediate aftermath (0-7 Days) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Short term (next 60 days) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Initial evaluation of impacted areas |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Mobilization of human, capital, and physical resources |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Technical support/guidance |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Medium term (next 3-12 months) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Reconstruction assistance |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Capacity building - implementing institutions |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Capacity building - local/community level |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Data collection/evaluations |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Medium- to long-term responses |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Lessons learned from other disasters |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Managing urban water risks: managing drought and climate change risks in Australia |
|
|
293 | (12) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Adapting to climate change impacts |
|
|
294 | (3) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Water reforms and environmental flows |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Adapting with water savings and water reuse |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (3) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
The Sydney Metropolitan Water Plan 2006 |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Enhanced stochastic analyses |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Additional drought security issues |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Building diverse water portfolios |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (3) |
| Index |
|
305 | (4) |
| Plates |
|
309 | |
