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E-grāmata: Usability of Complex Information Systems: Evaluation of User Interaction

Edited by (East Carolina University, Greenville), Edited by (Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA)
  • Formāts: 399 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Oct-2010
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781439828953
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  • Formāts: 399 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Oct-2010
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781439828953
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Why do enterprise systems have complicated search pages, when Google has a single search box that works better? Why struggle with an expense reimbursement system that is not as easy as home accounting software? Although this seems like comparing apples to oranges, as information and communication technologies increasingly reach into every industry the demand for easy-to-use work tools continues to grow. An exploration of cutting-edge approaches for evaluating the usability of complex user interaction, Usability of Complex Information Systems: Evaluation of User Interaction focuses on improving design and communicating content to the end user.

The book continues the conversation about the evolution of usability, asking how we can design and evaluate these complex systems and the complex work they support. It describes and analyzes approaches to teaching, testing, analyzing, or managing usability studiesapproaches that involve technical communicators making novel contributions to how we think about and evaluate increasingly complex systems. The book contains case studies on different types of complexity, including:











A complex work environment, requiring collaboration among different people or a goal sustained over time, and often in the face of distractions, interruptions, and planned pauses A complex information context, one with no single answer, where the data changes dynamically or where the best answer may rely on other aspects of a fluid environment A complex technology, in which people use many different applications in their work and collaboration A complex topic, requiring advanced technical or domain knowledge

Even systems that seem simple are, in fact, complex. The shopping interface for an e-commerce system may not be complex, but the databases, business processes, and logistics behind it certainly are. The examination of different aspects of designing and examining complexity presented in this book brings you a step further in developing a deeper understanding of what it takes to make complex systems work.

Recenzijas

"Taken as a whole, the papers in this book suggest a strong new direction for research in the user-centered design field. They highlight the importance of framing discussions of usability in an overall system, with all the complexity and potential framing that discussion entails." Cohn Birge, University of Washington, in Technical Communication, November 2011

List of Figures
vii
List of Tables
xi
Foreword xiii
About the Editors xvii
Contributors xix
About the Contributors xxi
Section I Comprehending Complexity: Solutions for Understanding the Usability of Information
1 Usability of Complex Information Systems
3(14)
Michael J. Albers
Examining the Definition of Usability
8(3)
Syntactic, Lexiconal, and Pragmatic (How-To Layers)
11(1)
Semantic (Functionality Layer)
12(1)
Conceptual Layer
13(1)
Conclusions
14(1)
References
15(2)
2 Combining Rhetorical Theory with Usability Theory to Evaluate Quality of Writing in Web-Based Texts
17(30)
David Hailey
Introduction
18(4)
Even the Software We Use Has Evolved
19(1)
A Need for More Effective Metrics
19(2)
The Problem as I See It
21(1)
Relationship between Usability and Writing
22(3)
But
22(1)
A Test of Writers' Ability to Evaluate Texts
23(1)
The Subjects Began by Discussing Design
23(1)
The Subjects Moved to Discussing Navigation
23(1)
Eventually... They Discussed Writing Quality
23(1)
Effectively Discussing Writing Quality
24(1)
How It Could Happen
24(1)
Incomplete Rhetorical Filters
24(1)
Genres and Filters in Websites
25(1)
Applying Genre Theory to Content Evaluation
25(1)
A More Extended Theory of Genres
26(1)
A Genre-Based Heuristic
26(1)
Combining the Components into a Schema
27(12)
Exigency and Purpose
28(1)
Knowing the Exigency and Purpose of a Text Is Critical for Describing Its Genre
29(1)
Exigency, Purpose, and Audience in Complex Information Systems
30(1)
Individual Pages with Independent Exigencies, Purposes, and Audiences
31(1)
Audience Need and Expectation Follow Naturally from Purpose
32(1)
Rhetorical Expectations
32(1)
Even More Subtle: Rhetorical Need
32(1)
Complexity of Audience Analysis
33(1)
Redish's Solution
34(1)
Conceptual Structure of the Text
35(1)
Conceptual Structures in Web Design
36(1)
Conceptual Structures in Complex Information Systems
37(1)
Physical Structure, including Medium
38(1)
Expectations and Demands on the Author
38(1)
Social Demands
38(1)
Applying the Heuristic
39(4)
Cognitive Walkthrough
40(1)
Post-Test Interviews
40(1)
Practical Application: At Page Level
41(1)
NASA Does It Right
42(1)
Final Point
43(1)
Reader Take-Aways
43(1)
References
44(3)
3 Language Complexity and Usability
47(20)
Nathan Jahnke
Introduction
48(1)
Language as a Complex System
48(1)
Language Complexity in Writer's Help
49(8)
Tasks
50(2)
Test Environment and Procedure
52(1)
Results
53(1)
Task 3
54(2)
Discussion
56(1)
Formal Written English
57(4)
Language Acquisition
58(1)
Comprehensible Input
59(1)
Cognitive Load Learning Theory and Language Acquisition
60(1)
Composition Instruction at Texas Tech
61(3)
Course Redesign
62(1)
Usability and the Complex System
63(1)
Conclusion
64(1)
Reader Take-Aways
65(1)
References
65(2)
4 Innovation and Collaboration in Product Development: Creating a New Role for Usability Studies in Educational Publishing
67(22)
Tharon W. Howard
Michael Greer
Introduction
68(1)
Background of the Product
68(2)
Finding Opportunity in "Failures"
70(3)
Unexpected Complexity
73(6)
Test Methodology
74(2)
Selected Results
76(2)
Implications
78(1)
Collaboration and Rhetoric
79(3)
Driving Innovation in Product Development
82(2)
Conclusion
84(1)
Reader Take-Aways
85(1)
References
86(3)
Section II Theorizing Complexity: Ideas for Conceptualizing Usability and Complex Systems
5 Mapping Usability: An Ecological Framework for Analyzing User Experience
89(20)
Brian Still
Introduction
90(3)
Usability and Ecology
93(10)
The User Web
93(2)
Mapping the User Experience
95(2)
Embracing the Hypothetical
97(3)
Making the Business Case for Evaluating Complexity
100(1)
Repurposing the Small-Scale Usability Test
101(2)
Discount Testing versus the Ecological Approach
103(2)
Other Methods for the Ecological Approach
103(2)
Conclusion
105(1)
Reader Take-Aways
106(1)
References
107(2)
6 Usability and Information Relationships: Considering Content Relationships and Contextual Awareness When Testing Complex Information
109(24)
Michael J. Albers
Introduction
110(10)
Importance of Relationships and Contextual Awareness
112(5)
Usability Tests for Relationships and Contextual Awareness
117(3)
Building a Test Plan for Contextual Awareness Usability
120(4)
Factors to Consider When Building the Test Plan
121(1)
Mental Models
122(1)
Information Salience
123(1)
Information Relationships
123(1)
Contextual Awareness
124(1)
Collecting Data
124(2)
Tests While a Person Is Still Developing Contextual Awareness
125(1)
Tests of the Quality of a Person's Contextual Awareness
125(1)
Data Analysis
126(1)
Conclusion
126(2)
Reader Take-Aways
128(1)
References
129(4)
7 Continuous Usability Evaluation of Increasingly Complex Systems
133(24)
Vladimir Stantchev
Introduction
134(1)
Overview of Usability Evaluation Methodology
135(3)
Process Evaluation of Domain Service
136(1)
Evaluation of the Existing Information Systems
136(1)
Identification of Decision Paths and Actions That Can Benefit from Increasingly Complex Systems
137(1)
Implementation
137(1)
Usability Evaluation of Increasingly Complex Systems in Health Care
138(4)
Usability Evaluation Techniques
138(1)
Design of the System
138(2)
ASUR Model of the System
140(1)
Overview of Evaluation Results
140(2)
Usability Evaluation in Increasingly Complex Systems for Project Portfolio Management
142(11)
Tasks and Activities in Project Portfolio Management
144(1)
Increasingly Complex Systems for Project Portfolio Management
145(1)
Continuous Evaluation of PPM Systems
146(3)
Experimental Usability Evaluation
149(1)
Assumptions
150(1)
Domain Services of an Increasingly Complex PPM System
151(1)
Service Coverage
151(2)
Conclusion
153(1)
Reader Take-Aways
153(1)
References
154(3)
8 Design Considerations for Usability Testing Complex Electronic Commerce Websites: A Perspective from the Literature
157(24)
Julie Fisher
Introduction
158(1)
Usability and Complex E-Commerce Websites
158(2)
Website Usability Testing
159(1)
Reliability and Validity in Usability Testing Research
160(1)
Research Approach
160(2)
Designing a Reliable and Valid Usability Test
162(10)
Selecting Websites
162(2)
Design of the Scenario and/or Task
164(1)
Identifying and Recruiting Participants
165(1)
Number of Participants
165(1)
Selecting Participants
166(5)
Research Instrument
171(1)
Conducting the Usability Test and the Setting
171(1)
Conclusion
172(2)
Reader Take-Aways
174(1)
References
175(6)
Section III Designing for Complexity: Methods of Conceptualizing Design Needs of Complex Systems
9 An Activity-Theoretical Approach to the Usability Testing of Information Products Meant to Support Complex Use
181(26)
Heather Shearer
Introduction
182(3)
Activity Theory: Operationalizing Context
185(8)
Overview of Activity Theory (e.g., Rubinstein, 1957)and Cultural-Historical Activity Theory
187(6)
The USDA Food Guide Pyramids: Overview and Re-View
193(10)
Overview
193(2)
Re-View: Activity-Theoretical Approach to the Usability Testing of MyPyramid
195(1)
Understand and Accommodate the Object of Users' Activity
196(3)
Choose Methods That Capture Data about All Levels of Activity in the System
199(2)
Commit to a Time Frame That Is Long Enough to Observe Changes in the Activity System
201(2)
Reader Take-Aways
203(1)
Notes
203(1)
References
204(3)
10 Designing Usable and Useful Solutions for Complex Systems: A Case Study for Genomics Research
207(16)
R. Stanley Dicks
Introduction
208(2)
Usability Issues in Designing Usability into the Genome Project
210(10)
The Necessity for a Single, Unified User Interface
211(1)
The Need for Domain Expertise and Field Testing and Observation
212(1)
Acquiring the Necessary Domain Expertise
213(1)
The Necessity for Field Studies and Observation
213(1)
Developmental Methodology
213(1)
Requirements for Design
214(1)
Usability Analysis through Field Studies and Contextual Inquiries
214(1)
Primary Design and Usability Challenges
215(1)
The Necessity for Supporting Collaborative, Complex Work
215(1)
The Necessity for Supporting the Paradox of Structure for Complex System Design
216(2)
Design and Usability Methodologies
218(1)
Field Observation
218(1)
User Involvement
218(1)
Extended Contextual Analysis
219(1)
Conclusion
220(1)
Reader Take-Aways
221(1)
References
221(2)
11 Incorporating Usability into the API Design Process
223(30)
Robert Watson
Introduction
224(2)
API Usability
226(14)
What Is an API?
226(1)
API Terms
227(1)
API Examples
228(1)
Using an API in an Application
228(2)
Why is API Usability Important?
230(3)
What Makes an API Usable?
233(1)
Measuring API Usability
234(1)
What Makes an API Difficult to Use?
235(5)
API Design, Development, and Usability
240(5)
Technical Writers Can Help with Usability
241(1)
Usability Fundamentals
241(1)
Heuristic Evaluations
242(1)
API Usability Peer Reviews
242(2)
Technical Writers Should Help with Usability
244(1)
Conclusion
245(1)
Reader Take-Aways
246(1)
References
246(2)
Additional References
248(5)
Section IV Practical Approaches: Methods for Evaluating Complexity
12 Tapping into Desirability in User Experience
253(28)
Carol M. Barnum
Laura A. Palmer
Introduction
254(1)
You Can Lead a Horse to Water, but You Can't Make It Drink
254(3)
Satisfaction Ratings in Self-Rated Questionnaires
255(1)
Post-Test Questionnaries in Comparative Studies
256(1)
How (and Why) Microsoft Created (and Used) Product Reaction Cards
257(4)
Product Reaction Cards
257(1)
Creation and Use in 2002
257(2)
Application and Use in 2004
259(2)
How Others Have Used the Product Reaction Cards
261(2)
Other Methods Used to Study Affect
263(1)
Our Use of Product Reaction Cards
263(2)
Learning to Use the Cards
264(1)
Designing Methods to Show the Results
265(1)
Results from Our Studies, from Simple to Complex Systems
265(10)
Moving toward Complexity
265(2)
Hotel Group Study on Loyalty Program Enrollment
267(1)
Website for Teacher Professional Development
268(1)
Network Monitoring and Management
269(1)
A Major Hotel Group Reservation Study
270(4)
Call Center Application
274(1)
Conclusion
275(2)
Reader Take-Aways
277(1)
Acknowledgment
278(1)
References
278(3)
13 Novel Interaction Styles, Complex Working Contexts, and the Role of Usability
281(24)
David Golightly
Mirabelle D'Cruz
Harshada Patel
Michael Pettitt
Sarah Sharples
Alex W. Stedmon
John R. Wilson
Introducing Complexity
282(4)
Defining Complexity
282(1)
Technical Complexity
283(1)
Contextual Complexity
283(3)
Case Domain 1 Collaborative Work Environments
286(3)
Case Domain 2 Virtual Environments
289(5)
Case Domain 3 Sociotechnical Systems
294(3)
The Implications of Complexity
297(2)
Conclusion
299(1)
Reader Take-Aways
300(1)
Acknowledgments
300(1)
References
301(4)
14 Information Usability Testing as Audience and Context Analysis for Risk Communication
305(28)
Donna J. Kain
Menno de Jong
Catherine F. Smith
Introduction
306(1)
Communicating about Risks and Emergencies
307(4)
Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC)
308(2)
Audiences for Risk and Emergency Information
310(1)
Usability Evaluation of Documents
311(2)
Feedback-Driven Audience Analysis
312(1)
Testing with the Hurricane Survival Guide
313(15)
Pilot Study Participants
314(1)
Document Usability Evaluation Protocol
315(1)
Document Analysis
316(2)
Comments about Use
318(2)
Comments about Design and Writing
320(3)
Comments about Information
323(5)
Conclusion: Document Usability Evaluation as Audience Analysis
328(1)
Reader Take-Aways
329(1)
References
330(3)
15 Usability Testing, User Goals, and Engagement in Educational Games
333(30)
Jason Cootey
Introduction
334(3)
Games Studied
337(1)
Aristotle's Assassins
337(1)
Avalanche Software
338(1)
Usability of Education Games
338(8)
Good and Bad Educational Games
338(2)
Gameplay and Engagement
340(1)
Usability and Game Testing
341(1)
Usability Testing Defined
342(1)
Playtesting Defined
343(2)
Quality Assurance Defined
345(1)
Methodology
346(4)
Observation Methods
347(1)
Survey Methods
348(2)
Findings
350(4)
Observation Findings
350(1)
Survey Findings
351(3)
Results
354(4)
Discussion
358(1)
Conclusion
359(1)
Reader Take-Aways
359(1)
Acknowledgments
360(1)
References
360(3)
Index 363
East Carolina University, Greenville