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E-grāmata: Using Judgments in Second Language Acquisition Research

(Michigan State University),
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Synthesizing the theory behind and methodology for conducting judgment tests, Using Judgments in Second Language Acquisition Research aims to clarify the issues surrounding this method and to provide best practices in its use. The text is grounded on a balanced and comprehensive background of the usage of judgment data in the past up through its present-day applications. SLA researchers and graduate students will find useful a chapter serving as a "how-to" guide for a variety of situations to conduct research using judgments, including ways to optimize task design and examples from successful studies. Lucid and practical, Using Judgments in Second Language Acquisition Research offers guidance on a method widely used by SLA researchers, both old and new to the field.

Recenzijas

"[ T]he book fills an existing gap in the literature of grammaticality judgment tasks. [ ] It is commendable that the authors are well-seasoned in the relevant research and researchers can immensely benefit. [ T]he book can be taught at an MA level in applied linguistics programs." - Mohammad Salehi, Sharif University of Technology, in International Journal of Applied Linguistics

List of Figures xi
Preface xii
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Judgment Data in Linguistic Research 1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Judgment Data in Linguistics
2(15)
1.2.1 Terminology and Underlying Constructs: Grammaticality and Acceptability
3(3)
1.2.2 Usefulness of Judgment Data
6(1)
1.2.3 Reliability
7(2)
1.2.4 Disconnects
9(1)
1.2.5 Rigor in Research Methods
10(1)
1.2.6 In Defense of Acceptability Judgments
11(2)
1.2.7 Gradience of Linguistic Data
13(3)
1.2.8 Who Are Judgments Collected From?
16(1)
1.2.9 Acceptability Judgments as Performance: Confounding Variables
16(1)
1.3 Conclusion
17(2)
2 Judgment Data in L2 Research: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives 19(22)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Judgment Data in Second Language Research
19(5)
2.2.1 Terminology: Grammaticality Versus Acceptability Judgments
19(2)
2.2.2 L2 Versus L1 Knowledge
21(3)
2.3 L2 Judgment Data: A Brief History
24(7)
2.3.1 The Value of Judgment Data
24(2)
2.3.2 Indeterminacy
26(1)
2.3.3 The Comparative Fallacy
26(1)
2.3.4 Use as Sole Measure or One of Many
27(1)
2.3.5 Judgment Data and Empirical Research
28(3)
2.4 What Knowledge is Being Measured?
31(6)
2.4.1 Measuring Knowledge of Form
31(1)
2.4.2 Implicit and Explicit Knowledge
32(5)
2.5 What Are Judgment Tasks Used for?
37(1)
2.6 Intervening Variables
37(2)
2.7 Conclusion
39(2)
3 Uses of Judgments in L2 Research 41(16)
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 Frameworks
41(8)
3.2.1 Formal Approaches
41(2)
3.2.2 Usage-Based Approaches
43(1)
3.2.3 Skill Acquisition Theory
44(1)
3.2.4 Input Processing/Processing Instruction
45(1)
3.2.5 Processability Theory
46(1)
3.2.6 Interactionist Approaches
47(1)
3.2.7 Sociocultural Theory
48(1)
3.3 Knowledge Types
49(1)
3.3.1 Implicit and Explicit Knowledge
49(1)
3.3.2 Procedural/Declarative Knowledge
49(1)
3.4 Specific Constructs
50(1)
3.4.1 Critical/Sensitive Period
50(1)
3.4.2 Working Memory
50(1)
3.5 Additional Research Areas
51(3)
3.5.1 Neurolinguistic Processing
51(1)
3.5.2 Neurocognitive Disorders
52(1)
3.5.3 Pragmatics
52(2)
3.6 What Languages Have Been Used?
54(1)
3.7 Proficiency Levels
55(1)
3.8 Conclusion
56(1)
4 A Guide to Using Judgment Tasks in L2 Research 57(36)
4.1 Introduction
57(2)
4.2 Design Features
59(30)
4.2.1 Total Number of Sentences to Be Judged
59(1)
4.2.2 Number of Grammatical and Ungrammatical Tokens per Grammatical Form/Structure
60(2)
4.2.3 Target and Non-Target Stimuli
62(2)
4.2.4 Instructions and Practice Items
64(4)
4.2.5 Constructing Grammatical and Ungrammatical Pairs
68(1)
4.2.6 Randomization
69(1)
4.2.7 Ratings and Scales
70(4)
4.2.8 Gradience of Judgments: Alternative Approaches
74(3)
4.2.9 Confidence Ratings and Source Ratings
77(1)
4.2.10 Identifying and Correcting Errors
78(3)
4.2.11 Modality
81(2)
4.2.12 Time Limits
83(2)
4.2.13 Participants
85(2)
4.2.14 Sentences in Context
87(2)
4.3 Other Considerations
89(3)
4.3.1 Age
89(1)
4.3.2 Complexity
90(1)
4.3.3 Proficiency Level
91(1)
4.4 Data Sharing
92(1)
4.5 Conclusion
92(1)
5 Variations on Judgment Tasks 93(20)
5.1 Introduction
93(1)
5.2 Interpretation Tasks
93(4)
5.3 Pragmatic Tasks
97(1)
5.4 Preference Tasks
98(6)
5.5 Error Correction Tasks
104(2)
5.6 Multiple-Choice Tasks
106(1)
5.7 Judgment Tasks in Combination With Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Measures
106(3)
5.8 Many Task Types in One
109(2)
5.9 Conclusion
111(2)
6 Analyzing Judgment Data 113(31)
6.1 Introduction
113(1)
6.2 Cleaning the Data
113(4)
6.2.1 Stimuli
113(1)
6.2.2 Participants
114(2)
6.2.3 Reliability
116(1)
6.3 Scoring Responses to Binary and Scalar Judgments
117(3)
6.3.1 Binary Judgments
117(1)
6.3.2 Scalar Responses
118(2)
6.4 Scoring Corrections
120(2)
6.5 Basic Inferential Statistics With Judgment Data
122(7)
6.5.1 Descriptive Statistics
122(2)
6.5.2 Comparisons Between Groups: t-Tests and ANOVAs
124(2)
6.5.3 Effect Sizes
126(1)
6.5.4 Regressions
126(1)
6.5.5 Mixed-Effects Models
127(2)
6.6 Reporting Individual Results
129(1)
6.7 Rasch Analysis
130(2)
6.8 Analyzing Likert Scale Data: z-Scores
132(5)
6.9 Binary Judgments: d-Prime Scores
137(1)
6.10 Analyzing Magnitude Estimation Scores
138(1)
6.11 Using Response Time Data
139(2)
6.12 Using Judgment Data Results in Conjunction With Other Measures
141(2)
6.13 Conclusion
143(1)
References 144(20)
Index 164
Patti Spinner is Associate Professor at Michigan State University. Her work focuses on the acquisition of grammar by second language learners. She has published numerous articles in journals such as Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, Applied Linguistics, and more.

Susan M. Gass is University Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University. She has published widely in the field of Second Language Acquisition, including the textbook Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course (Routledge), co-authored with Jennifer Behney and Luke Plonsky. She co-edits (with Alison Mackey) the Routledge series on Second Language Acquisition Research.
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