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Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality: The Interpretation of Adjectives and Nouns [Hardback]

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Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality: The Interpretation of Adjectives and NounsPalielināt
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Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781781902639.html
Keywords:
This book presents a study of the connections between vagueness and gradability, and their different manifestations in adjectives (morphological gradability effects) and nouns (typicality effects). It addresses two opposing theoretical approaches from within formal semantics and cognitive psychology. These approaches rest on different, apparently contradictory pieces of data. For example, for psychologists nouns are linked with vague and gradable concepts, while for linguists they rarely are. This difference in approach has created an unfortunate gap between the semantic and psychological studies of the concepts denoted by nouns, as well as adjectives. The volume describes a wide range of relevant facts and theories. Psychological notions such as prototypes and dimensions are addressed with formal rigor and explicitness. Existing formal semantic accounts are examined against empirically established cognitive data. The result is a comprehensive unified approach. The book will be of interest to students and researchers working on the semantics and pragmatics of natural languages and their cognitive basis, the psychology of concepts, and the philosophy of language.

Recenzijas

"Sassoon's book is a cornerstone for future work on predicate gradability and typicality, and more generally for all future researches aiming to bridge the gap between semantics and psychology." Luca Sbordone, Cambridge University, on: Linguist List

Acknowledgments xiii
Tables and Figures
xi
PART I DATA AND THEORIES, AN OVERVIEW
1 Introduction
3(18)
1.1 Basic Notions and Goals
3(3)
1.2
Chapter 2: Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality: Two Sets of Facts
6(1)
1.3
Chapter 3: The Linguistic Perspective on Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality
7(3)
1.4
Chapter 4: The Psychological Perspective on Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality
10(1)
1.5 Part 2: The New Proposal
11(10)
1.5.1
Chapters 5-6: Partial Information about Graded Structures
12(1)
1.5.2
Chapter 7: A Typology of Predicates by the Type of Their Degree Function
12(3)
1.5.3
Chapter 8: The Connections between Vagueness and Gradability
15(2)
1.5.4
Chapter 9: Polarity Effects
17(2)
1.5.5
Chapter 10: Conclusions and Beyond
19(2)
2 The Linguistic and Psychological Perspectives
21(44)
2.1 The Linguistic Data
21(17)
2.1.1 Vagueness
21(1)
2.1.2 Gradability
22(6)
2.1.3 Positive versus Negative Predicates: Polarity Effects
28(10)
2.2 The Psychological Data
38(24)
2.2.1 Vagueness in Nouns
38(1)
2.2.2 Entity Orderings in Nouns
39(3)
2.2.3 Dimensions in Nouns
42(5)
2.2.4 Typicality and Denotation Membership
47(4)
2.2.5 Typicality and Learning
51(4)
2.2.6 The Productive Nature of Typicality Effects
55(7)
2.3 Intermediate Conclusions and One Last Piece of Data
62(3)
3 An Overview of Linguistic Theories
65(64)
3.1 The Representation of Vagueness
65(3)
3.2 The Analysis of Gradability
68(45)
3.2.1 The Connection between Vagueness and Gradability
68(11)
3.2.2 The Nature of the Degrees: The Ordinal Scale versus Interval Scale Controversy
79(9)
3.2.3 Polarity
88(25)
3.3 Typicality in Linguistic Theories
113(16)
3.3.1 Background: Multi-Valued Semantics
114(6)
3.3.2 Supermodel Theory: Kamp and Partee (1995)
120(3)
3.3.3 Problems with Supermodel Theory
123(6)
4 An Overview of Psychological Theories
129(42)
4.1 Prototype Theory
130(8)
4.1.1 Dimension Sets, Mean Distance and Similarity
130(2)
4.1.2 Standard-Based Categorization
132(2)
4.1.3 Contrast-Based Categorization
134(3)
4.1.4 The Main Problem of Prototype Models: Linear Separability
137(1)
4.2 Exemplar Theory
138(4)
4.2.1 Exemplar-Based Similarity
138(1)
4.2.2 The Results of Exemplar Extension
139(1)
4.2.3 The Disadvantage of Eliminating Summary Representations
140(1)
4.2.4 Are Exemplar-Based and Prototype-Based Predictions Inconsistent?
141(1)
4.3 Objections to Truth Conditional Theories
142(7)
4.3.1 The Conjunction and Sub-Type Effects and Failures of Intersection Inferences
143(2)
4.3.2 A Composite-Prototype Representation
145(2)
4.3.3 Constituent-Based Predictions
147(2)
4.4 The Representation of Information about Prototypes
149(13)
4.4.1 The Probabilistic Criterion
149(5)
4.4.2 The Knowledge Criterion
154(8)
4.5 Apparent Dissociations between Judgments of Typicality and Membership Likelihood
162(4)
4.6 Conclusions
166(5)
PART II A COMPREHENSIVE SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
5 Information Structure with Degrees and Dimensions
171(26)
5.1 Modeling Partial Information about Degrees and Dimensions
171(4)
5.2 The Inhabitants of Vagueness Models: Representing Vagueness and Ignorance
175(3)
5.3 Numerical Degree Functions
178(3)
5.4 Negative Predicates: The Quantity Metaphor and Transformation Values
181(5)
5.5 Dimensions and Dimension Sets
186(3)
5.6 Nouns, Adjectives, and More
189(4)
5.7 The Degree Function of Multidimensional Adjectives
193(4)
6 Partial Information about Gradability and Typicality
197(22)
6.1 The Syntax of the Language
197(1)
6.2 Vagueness Models with Degree Functions
198(21)
6.2.1 A Degree Ontology: D and Df
199(1)
6.2.2 The Context Structure: C, ≤, Co, and T
200(1)
6.2.3 The Extension Assigning Function Extension
201(1)
6.2.4 The Set of Assignment Functions G
202(1)
6.2.5 Semantic Values Relative to a Context t in T and an Assignment g in G
202(4)
6.2.6 Supersemantic Values Relative to a Context c in C and an Assignment g in G
206(6)
6.2.7 The Additional Elements in the Interpretation of Predicates, I
212(1)
6.2.8 The Superelements of the Interpretation of Predicates, I, Relative to c and g
213(6)
7 A Degree-Function Based Typology of Predicates
219(72)
7.1 Standard-Based Categorization
219(2)
7.2 Membership Standards as Domain-Based
221(13)
7.2.1 The Connections between Standards and Domains
221(5)
7.2.2 Domain-Dependent Standards of Absolute Predicates
226(3)
7.2.3 The Standards of Nominal Concepts
229(5)
7.3 Negative versus Positive Adjectives
234(2)
7.4 Nominal Concepts: A Prototype Theory
236(11)
7.4.1 Nominal Concepts Are Similarity-Based
237(2)
7.4.2 The Representation of Partial and Context-Dependent Information about Prototypes
239(2)
7.4.3 A Psychologically Realistic Representation of the Nominal Intension
241(2)
7.4.4 The Felicity of Nominal Concepts in Between-Predicate Comparisons
243(2)
7.4.5 The Dimension Reading of Typical
245(2)
7.5 Multidimensional Adjectives and Distance Predicates
247(40)
7.5.1 Rules versus Similarity-Based Categorization Criteria
247(2)
7.5.2 The Interpretation of Distance Predicates
249(7)
7.5.3 The Differences between Nominal and Adjectival Concepts
256(5)
7.5.4 The Double Nature of Negative Antonymy
261(1)
7.5.5 Evidence From Exception Phrases and Degree Modifiers
262(9)
7.5.6 Dimension Accessibility: The Licensing of with Respect to Phrases
271(10)
7.5.7 The Licensing of Comparative Morphemes
281(4)
7.5.8 Languages with a Closed Set of Adjectives (and Rule-Based Verbs)
285(2)
7.6 Intermediate Conclusions
287(4)
8 The Learning Principle and Complex Concepts
291(46)
8.1 An Ordering Principle Based on Vagueness Resolution (Order of Learning)
291(3)
8.2 Typicality is Tightly Coupled with Learning Order
294(1)
8.3 Acquisition of Predicate Interpretation Based on Entities Acquired Early
295(4)
8.4 Classification of Typical Entities by Inference
299(2)
8.5 Familiarity Effects
301(2)
8.6 Typicality and Proper Names: First Impression Effects
303(6)
8.7 Complex Concepts
309(16)
8.7.1 Negated Predicates
310(2)
8.7.2 Conjunction Effects and Fallacies
312(1)
8.7.3 Emergent Dimensions and Inheritance Failures
313(6)
8.7.4 The Ordering in Conjunctive Predicates, Compositionality and Its Limits
319(6)
8.8 Intermediate Conclusions
325(1)
8.9 Exemplars, Kinds, Typicality, and Genericity: Suggestions for Future Research
326(11)
8.9.1 Exemplar Effects
326(4)
8.9.2 Typicality and Genericity
330(7)
9 The Meaning and Distribution of Gradability Morphemes
337(56)
9.1 Dimensional Polarity
337(4)
9.2 A Typology of Predicates by Their Transformation Values and Additive Functions
341(6)
9.2.1 Ratio versus Interval Predicates
341(3)
9.2.2 Interval versus Ordinal Predicates
344(3)
9.3 Unit Names and Numerical Degree Predicates
347(20)
9.3.1 An Analysis Based on Measurement Theory
347(4)
9.3.2 Direct Consequences: Unit Names and Numerical Degree Relations in Polar Antonyms
351(6)
9.3.3 Between-Predicate Comparisons in Predicates with Conventional Unit Names
357(2)
9.3.4 Celsius
359(2)
9.3.5 Predicates That Can Never Occur with Numerical Degree Predicates
361(3)
9.3.6 Numerical Degree Predicates in Argument Position
364(2)
9.3.7 Complex Numerical Degree Relations
366(1)
9.4 Clausal Comparatives
367(11)
9.4.1 A Supremum Theory without Including a Supremum in the Interpretation of Predicates
367(6)
9.4.2 Clausal Comparisons with Negative Predicates
373(3)
9.4.3 Cross-Polar Anomalies and Nomalies
376(2)
9.5 The Distribution of Difference and Ratio Modifiers
378(15)
9.5.1 The Distribution of Ratio Modifiers
378(6)
9.5.2 The Distribution of Difference Modifiers
384(9)
10 General Conclusions
393(16)
10.1 Summary of Main Points
393(2)
10.2 This Model and Beyond
395(14)
10.2.1 Absolute Predicates---New Developments
395(2)
10.2.2 Ontological Primitives: Degrees or Entity Sets?
397(3)
10.2.3 Measurement Theory in Linguistics
400(3)
10.2.4 Learning Orders and Beyond: Tolerance Inferences and Semi-Orders
403(6)
Appendix
1 Proofs of Compositionality of Sets of Necessary Conditions (cf.,
Chapter 7)
409(2)
2 Sample of Proofs of the Predictions of the Learning Principle (cf.,
Chapter 8, cf. (21))
411(2)
References 413(14)
Index 427
Galit W. Sassoon (Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University) is senior lecturer at Bar Ilan University. She has a main interest in language and cognition, in particular formal semantics, the psycholinguistics of semantics and pragmatics, and the cognitive basis of semantic and pragmatic concepts. Her research stresses empirical approaches to evaluating the basis of formal semantic distinctions, concentrating on empirical work with large corpora, converged with experimental approaches, including, mainly, surveys of acceptability judgments.