| Preface to the Second Edition |
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xi | |
| Preface to the First Edition |
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xiii | |
| Foreword |
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xv | |
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xvii | |
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xxiii | |
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List of abbreviations and acronyms |
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xxv | |
| About the author |
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xxvii | |
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1 | (26) |
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Why does climate vary from one place to another? |
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2 | (4) |
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4 | (2) |
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Winds and currents: the atmosphere and oceans |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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Ocean gyres and the ``Roaring Forties'' (or Furious Fifties) |
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9 | (1) |
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Winds and ocean currents push against one another |
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10 | (1) |
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The thermohaline circulation |
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10 | (5) |
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The great heat-transporting machine |
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15 | (12) |
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The ``continental'' climate |
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17 | (1) |
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Patterns of precipitation |
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18 | (9) |
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From climate to vegetation |
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27 | (40) |
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Biomes: the broad vegetation types of the world |
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27 | (1) |
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An example of a biome or broad-scale vegetation type: tropical rainforest |
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28 | (3) |
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The world's major vegetation types |
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31 | (6) |
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Understanding the patterns |
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37 | (2) |
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What favors forest vegetation |
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39 | (4) |
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Why trees need more warmth |
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39 | (1) |
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Why trees need more water |
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40 | (3) |
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Deciduous or evergreen: the adaptive choices that plants make |
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43 | (5) |
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Cold-climate evergreenness |
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48 | (2) |
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The latitudinal bands of evergreen and deciduous forest |
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50 | (1) |
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Nutrients and evergreenness |
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50 | (2) |
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Other trends in forest with climate |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Biomes are to some extent subjective |
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54 | (1) |
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Humans altering the natural vegetation, shifting biomes |
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55 | (1) |
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``Predicting'' where vegetation types will occur |
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55 | (4) |
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Species distributions and climate |
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59 | (8) |
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Patterns in species richness |
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60 | (7) |
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67 | (30) |
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Vegetation can move as the climate shifts |
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67 | (1) |
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The Quaternary: the last 2.4 million years |
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67 | (8) |
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Biomes in the distant past |
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75 | (6) |
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Sudden changes in climate, and how vegetation responds |
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75 | (6) |
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The increasing greenhouse effect, and future vegetation change |
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81 | (1) |
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Response of vegetation to the present warming of climate |
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81 | (5) |
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Seasons as well as vegetation distribution are changing |
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86 | (2) |
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What will happen as the warming continues? |
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88 | (9) |
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Movement of biomes under greenhouse effect warming |
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92 | (5) |
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Microclimates and vegetation |
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97 | (24) |
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What causes microclimates? |
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97 | (20) |
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At the soil surface and below |
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98 | (1) |
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Above the surface: the boundary layer and wind speed |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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Microclimates of a forest canopy |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (2) |
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Big plants ``make'' the microclimates of smaller plants |
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108 | (2) |
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The importance of sun angle |
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110 | (2) |
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Bumps and hollows in the landscape have their own microclimate |
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112 | (2) |
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Life within rocks: endolithic lichens and algae |
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114 | (1) |
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Plants creating their own microclimate |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Protection against freezing |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Utilization of microclimates in agriculture |
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116 | (1) |
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From microclimates to macroclimates |
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117 | (4) |
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The desert makes the desert: Climate feedbacks from the vegetation of arid zones |
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121 | (32) |
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121 | (1) |
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But deserts make themselves |
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122 | (10) |
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The Sahel and vegetation feedbacks |
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127 | (5) |
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Have humans really caused the Sahelian droughts? |
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132 | (1) |
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Could the Sahara be made green? |
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132 | (4) |
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A human effect on climate? The grasslands of the Great Plains in the USA |
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136 | (3) |
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The Green Sahara of the past |
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139 | (4) |
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Could other arid regions show the same amplification of change by vegetation cover? |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (5) |
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Sudden climate switches and dust |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (28) |
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Finding out what forests really do to climate |
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155 | (6) |
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What deforestation does to climate within a region |
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161 | (8) |
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169 | (1) |
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The remote effects of deforestation |
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169 | (1) |
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The role of forest feedback in broad swings in climate |
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170 | (6) |
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Deforestation and the Little Ice Age |
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170 | (3) |
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Deforestation around the Mediterranean and drying in North Africa |
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173 | (1) |
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Forest feedbacks during the Quaternary |
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173 | (3) |
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Volatile organic compounds and climate |
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176 | (1) |
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Forest-climate feedbacks in the greenhouse world |
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177 | (4) |
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Plants and the carbon cycle |
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181 | (40) |
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183 | (2) |
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Plants as a control on CO2 and O2 |
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185 | (2) |
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Methane: the other carbon gas |
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187 | (11) |
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Carbon and the history of the earth's temperature |
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188 | (1) |
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Plants, weathering and CO2 |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (5) |
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Humans and the carbon store of plants |
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198 | (3) |
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The present increase in CO2 |
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201 | (9) |
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The oceans as a carbon sink |
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204 | (1) |
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Seasonal and year-to-year wiggles in CO2 level |
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205 | (5) |
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The signal in the atmosphere |
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210 | (2) |
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The strength of the seasonal ``wiggle'' in CO2 |
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212 | (1) |
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Accounting errors: the missing sink |
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213 | (2) |
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Watching forests take up carbon |
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215 | (6) |
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Predicting changes in global carbon balance under global warming |
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217 | (4) |
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The direct carbon dioxide effect on plants |
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221 | (40) |
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The two direct effects of CO2 on plants: photosynthesis and water balance |
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221 | (1) |
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Increased CO2 effects at the scale of a leaf |
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222 | (1) |
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Modeling direct CO2 effects |
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223 | (1) |
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What models predict for increasing CO2 and global vegetation |
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224 | (1) |
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Adding climate change to the CO2 fertilization effect |
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225 | (2) |
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Experiments with raised CO2 and whole plants |
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227 | (6) |
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The sort of results that are found in CO2 enrichment experiments |
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230 | (3) |
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A decline in response with time |
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233 | (1) |
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Temperature and CO2 responses interacting |
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233 | (1) |
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A few examples of what is found in FACE experiments |
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234 | (8) |
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234 | (2) |
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Semi-desert and dry grassland vegetation |
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236 | (1) |
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Will C4 plants lose out in an increased CO2 world? |
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237 | (5) |
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242 | (2) |
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FACE studies on agricultural systems |
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242 | (2) |
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Some conclusions about FACE experiments |
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244 | (1) |
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Will a high CO2 world favor C3 species over C4 species? |
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244 | (1) |
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What factors tend to decrease plant responses to CO2 fertilization? |
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245 | (1) |
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There are other effects of enhanced CO2 on plants apart from growth rate |
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245 | (1) |
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CO2 fertilization and soils |
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246 | (1) |
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CO2 fertilization effects across trophic levels |
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247 | (6) |
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Looking for signs of a CO2 fertilization effect in agriculture |
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248 | (1) |
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Looking for signs of a CO2 fertilization effect in natural plant communities |
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249 | (3) |
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The changing seasonal amplitude of CO2 |
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252 | (1) |
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CO2 levels and stomata out in nature |
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253 | (1) |
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Direct CO2 effects and the ecology of the past |
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253 | (5) |
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Direct CO2 effects on longer geological timescales |
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256 | (1) |
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Ancient moist climates or high CO2 effects? |
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257 | (1) |
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Other direct CO2 effects: in the oceans |
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258 | (1) |
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The future direct CO2 effect: a good or a bad thing for the natural world? |
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259 | (1) |
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Conclusion: The limits to what we can know |
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260 | (1) |
| Bibliography |
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261 | (4) |
| Index |
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265 | |
