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E-grāmata: Vehicle Feedback and Driver Situation Awareness

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Vehicle Feedback and Driver Situation AwarenessPalielināt
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A potentially troubling aspect of modern vehicle design some would argue - is a trend for isolating the driver and reducing vehicle feedback, usually in the name of comfort and refinement but increasingly because of automation. There is little doubt cars have become more civilised over the years, yet despite this, the consequences of driver behaviour remain to a large extent anecdotal. Readers will have heard such anecdotes for themselves. They usually take the form of drivers of a certain age recalling their first cars from the 1970s or 80s, in which "doing 70 mph really felt like it". The question is whether such anecdotes actually reflect a bigger, more significant issue that could be better understood. Related questions have been explored in other domains such as aviation, where the change to fly-by-wire did indeed bring about some occasionally serious performance issues that were not anticipated. Despite some clear parallels, automotive systems have been left relatively unstudied. The research described in this book aims to explore precisely these issues from a Human Factors perspective. This means connecting the topics of vehicle feel, vehicle dynamics, and automotive engineering with the latest research on driver situation awareness. The problem is explored experimentally from a variety of theoretical viewpoints but the outcomes are consistently practical. Here we have a promising new avenue along which the driver experience can be enhanced in novel and insightful ways. Tools and templates are provided so that engineers and designers can try different ways to boost vehicle safety, efficiency and enjoyment from a human-centered perspective.

Association of American Publishers (AAP) Finalist for the 2019 PROSE Award

Features











Diagnosis of how vehicle feel impacts driver situation awareness, and how this could aid future vehicle designs Multi-theory approach to driver situation awareness, and how different views of this important concept give rise to different insights Comprehensive analysis of situation awareness in driving, the information requirements of drivers, and how these needs can be supported Practical descriptions of how state-of-science Human Factors methods have been applied in practice
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Glossary xxi
About the authors xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 When 70 mph Really Felt Like It
1(6)
1.2 Vehicle Dynamics
7(3)
1.3 Driver Situation Awareness
10(3)
1.4 Lapping the Driver Feedback Test Track
13(8)
Chapter 2 What's Happened to Car Design?
21(24)
2.1 Introduction
21(6)
2.1.1 Where Does the Feedback Come From and Who Is It For?
21(3)
2.1.2 The Eurofighter Effect
24(3)
2.2 What Was Done
27(5)
2.2.1 Design
27(1)
2.2.2 Participants
28(1)
2.2.3 Materials
29(1)
2.2.3.1 Vehicles
29(1)
2.2.3.2 Apparatus
30(1)
2.2.3.3 Other Materials
30(1)
2.2.3.4 The Test Route
31(1)
2.2.4 Procedure
31(1)
2.3 What Was Found
32(10)
2.3.1 Treatment of the Data
32(1)
2.3.2 Analysis of Control Measures
33(1)
2.3.3 Analysis of Concurrent Verbal Protocol Data
34(1)
2.3.3.1 Individual Driver SA
35(3)
2.3.3.2 Systemic Driver SA
38(3)
2.3.4 Do the Findings Matter?
41(1)
2.4 Summary
42(3)
Chapter 3 Feedback Properties of Vehicle Controls
45(32)
3.1 Introduction
45(2)
3.1.1 Manual Control
45(1)
3.1.2 The Tracking Loop
46(1)
3.2 Powertrains
47(7)
3.2.1 Engine Basics
47(3)
3.2.2 Vehicle Speed Control as a Tracking/Manual Control Task
50(1)
3.2.3 Driver Feedback and Powertrain Design
51(3)
3.3 Transmission Systems
54(4)
3.3.1 Gearbox Basics
54(1)
3.3.2 Gear Changing as a Tracking/Manual Control Task
55(1)
3.3.3 Driver Feedback and Transmission Design
56(2)
3.4 Braking Systems
58(3)
3.4.1 Braking System Basics
58(1)
3.4.2 Braking as a Tracking/Manual Control Task
59(1)
3.4.3 Driver Feedback and Braking System Design
60(1)
3.5 Steering Systems
61(7)
3.5.1 Steering Basics
61(1)
3.5.2 Vehicle Steering as a Tracking/Manual Control Task
62(1)
3.5.3 Driver Feedback and Steering System Design
63(5)
3.6 Chassis Design
68(7)
3.6.1 Chassis Basics
68(1)
3.6.1.1 Rear-Wheel Drive
68(1)
3.6.1.2 Front-Wheel Drive
69(1)
3.6.1.3 Four-Wheel Drive
70(2)
3.6.2 Vehicle Control as a Tracking/Manual Control Task
72(1)
3.6.3 Driver Feedback, Chassis Design and Vehicle Handling
73(2)
3.7 Summary
75(2)
Chapter 4 Situation Awareness Requirement Analysis
77(28)
4.1 Introduction
77(1)
4.2 Methods for Extracting SA Requirements
78(11)
4.2.1 The Individual SA Lens
78(1)
4.2.2 The Team SA Lens
79(4)
4.2.3 The System SA Lens
83(6)
4.3 What Was Done
89(9)
4.3.1 Design
89(1)
4.3.2 Methodology
89(1)
4.3.2.1 Task Analysis
89(1)
4.3.2.2 Hierarchical Task Analysis
90(2)
4.3.2.3 The Hierarchical Task Analysis of Driving (HTAoD)
92(4)
4.3.2.4 Validation of the Task Analysis
96(1)
4.3.3 SA Requirements
97(1)
4.4 What Was Found
98(4)
4.5 Summary
102(3)
Chapter 5 The Ironies of Vehicle Feedback
105(20)
5.1 Introduction
105(4)
5.1.1 Ironies (and Problems)
105(2)
5.1.2 Measuring Situation Awareness
107(2)
5.2 What Was Done
109(6)
5.2.1 Design
109(1)
5.2.2 Participants
110(1)
5.2.3 Materials and Methodology
111(1)
5.2.3.1 Driving Simulator
111(1)
5.2.3.2 Simulation Road Course
112(1)
5.2.3.3 Objective States for the SA Probes
112(1)
5.2.3.4 Probes for SA Subjective States
112(1)
5.2.4 Procedure
113(1)
5.2.5 Data Reduction
113(2)
5.3 What Was Found
115(7)
5.3.1 `Objective' Situation Awareness (Probed Recall)
115(1)
5.3.1.1 Calculation of Sensitivity Measures
115(1)
5.3.1.2 Statistical Tests on D-Prime versus Feedback Condition
115(1)
5.3.1.3 Comparisons with the Visual Baseline
116(3)
5.3.1.4 Multiple Comparisons
119(1)
5.3.1.5 Do the Findings Matter?
120(1)
5.3.2 `Subjective' Situation Awareness (Self-Report)
120(1)
5.3.2.1 Proving the Null Hypothesis
121(1)
5.4 Summary
122(3)
Chapter 6 Comparing Car Driver and Motorcyclist Situation Awareness
125(18)
6.1 Introduction
125(4)
6.1.1 Human Factors and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
125(1)
6.1.2 Cars versus Motorbikes
126(1)
6.1.3 Distributed Situation Awareness
127(2)
6.2 What Was Done
129(4)
6.2.1 Design
129(1)
6.2.2 Participants
130(1)
6.2.3 Materials
131(1)
6.2.4 Procedure
132(1)
6.3 What Was Found
133(7)
6.3.1 Analysis of Control Measures
133(1)
6.3.2 Analysis of Concurrent Verbal Protocol Data
134(1)
6.3.2.1 Data Reduction
134(1)
6.3.2.2 Rate of Verbalisations
134(1)
6.3.3 Results of Systemic SA
135(1)
6.3.3.1 SA Content
135(2)
6.3.3.2 SA Quantity
137(1)
6.3.3.3 Conversion of Information into Knowledge
138(2)
6.3.4 Effect Size Summary
140(1)
6.4 Summary
140(3)
Chapter 7 Cognitive Compatibility
143(24)
7.1 Introduction
143(6)
7.1.1 Gulfs of Evaluation
143(2)
7.1.2 Less Could Be More
145(1)
7.1.3 SA as a Network
146(2)
7.1.4 Exploratory Analysis
148(1)
7.2 What Was Done
149(1)
7.2.1 Design
149(1)
7.2.2 Procedure
150(1)
7.3 What Was Found
150(14)
7.3.1 Extracting Semantic Content from the Concurrent Verbal Protocols
150(2)
7.3.2 Propositional Networks: Analysis of Structure
152(3)
7.3.3 Propositional Networks: Phenotype and Genotype Schemata
155(4)
7.3.4 Propositional Networks: Thematic Analysis
159(5)
7.4 Summary
164(3)
Chapter 8 Driver Training and Situation Awareness
167(28)
8.1 Introduction
167(11)
8.1.1 The Normative Gold Standard
167(2)
8.1.2 Advanced Driving
169(2)
8.1.3 Predictive SA
171(4)
8.1.4 Normative versus Formative SA
175(2)
8.1.5 Measuring and Representing Driver SA
177(1)
8.2 What Was Done
178(5)
8.2.1 Design
178(1)
8.2.2 Participants
179(1)
8.2.3 Materials
179(1)
8.2.3.1 Experimental Booklet
179(3)
8.2.3.2 Test Route
182(1)
8.2.4 Procedure
182(1)
8.2.4.1 Development of the Participant Pool
182(1)
8.2.4.2 Procedure for the Advanced Driver Group
182(1)
8.2.4.3 Procedure for the Control groups
183(1)
8.3 What Was Found
183(10)
8.3.1 Data Reduction and the Creation of the Networks
183(1)
8.3.2 Hypothesis #1: Quantity of Information
184(2)
8.3.3 Hypothesis #2: Structure of Information
186(1)
8.3.4 Hypothesis #3: New Information Elements
186(2)
8.3.5 Hypothesis #4: Old Information Elements (But Increased Importance)
188(2)
8.3.6 Hypothesis #5: Behaviour
190(3)
8.4 Summary
193(2)
Chapter 9 Driver SA and the Future City
195(26)
9.1 Introduction
195(8)
9.1.1 Journey into Mega-City One
195(2)
9.1.2 Intelligent Transport Systems
197(1)
9.1.3 Street Patterns and Network Types
198(2)
9.1.4 Network Metrics
200(2)
9.1.5 The Problem
202(1)
9.2 What Was Done
203(5)
9.2.1 Design
203(1)
9.2.2 Real-Life Urban Networks
203(1)
9.2.3 Development of Network Models
204(2)
9.2.4 Driver SA
206(2)
9.2.5 Network Demand
208(1)
9.3 What Was Found
208(9)
9.3.1 Driver SA versus Journey Duration
211(1)
9.3.2 Driver SA versus Journey Length
212(1)
9.3.3 Driver SA versus Journey Cost
213(1)
9.3.4 SA and Carbon Emissions
214(1)
9.3.5 Optimisation of Driver SA
215(2)
9.4 Summary
217(4)
Chapter 10 Conclusions
221(20)
10.1 Implications for the Study of Situation Awareness
222(5)
10.1.1 Entering the Mainstream
222(2)
10.1.2 The First and Second `Cognitive Revolutions'
224(1)
10.1.3 Contention and Controversy
225(2)
10.2 Implications for Future Vehicle Design
227(14)
10.2.1 The Final Frontier
227(1)
10.2.2 The SA Design Process
227(3)
10.2.3 SA Design Principles
230(8)
10.2.4 Principles in Practice
238(3)
Appendix 241(82)
Further Reading 323(2)
References 325(22)
Index 347
Dr Guy Walker is an Associate Professor within the Centre for Sustainable Road Freight at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh. He lectures on transportation engineering and human factors and is the author/co-author of over one hundred peer reviewed journal articles and thirteen books. He has been awarded the Institute for Ergonomics and Human Factors (IEHF) Presidents Medal for the practical application of Ergonomics theory and Heriot-Watts Graduates Prize for inspirational teaching. Dr Walker has a BSc Honours degree in Psychology from the University of Southampton, a PhD in Human Factors from Brunel University, is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, and a member of the Royal Society of Edinburghs Young Academy of Scotland. His research has featured in the popular media, from national newspapers, TV and radio through to an appearance on the Discovery Channel. He has previously owned a Suzuki SC100 Whizzkid, two MkI Ford Fiesta XR2s, two Suzuki TL1000R superbikes, and currently drives an Audi S1.

Professor Neville A. Stanton is a Charted Psychologist, Chartered Ergonomist and Chartered Engineer and holds a Chair in Human Factors Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. He has published over 300 peer-reviewed journal papers and 40 books on human factors and ergonomics. In 1998, he was awarded the Institution of Electrical Engineers Divisional Premium Award for a co-authored paper on engineering psychology and system safety. The Institute for Ergonomics and Human Factors awarded him the Sir Frederic Bartlett medal in 2012, the Presidents Medal in 2008 and the Otto Edholm medal in 2001 for his original contribution to basic and applied ergonomics research. In 2007, the Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him the Hodgson Medal and Bronze Award, with colleagues, for their work on flight deck safety. He is also the recipient of the Vice Chancellors Award for postgraduate research supervisor of the year in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. Professor Stanton is an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Human Machine Systems and is on the editorial board of Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. Professor Stanton is a Fellow and Chartered Occupational Psychologist registered with the British Psychological Society, a Fellow and Chartered Ergonomist registered with the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors Society, and a Chartered Engineer registered with the Institution of Engineering and Technology. He has a BSc in Occupational Psychology from the University of Hull, an MPhil in Applied Psychology, a PhD in Human Factors Engineering from Aston University in Birmingham, and a DSc in Human Factors Engineering awarded by the University of Southampton. He has previously owned a 1978 Mini 1000, a Mark 1 Ford Escort, a Saab 900, a Yamaha FS1E, a Honda 400/4, a Honda CB750K, and a Honda CBR1100XX Super Blackbird. He now owns a Toyota Landcruiser, Mazda MX5 and Triumph Bonneville T100.

Paul Salmon is a Professor in Human Factors and leader of the USCAR (University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research) team at the University of the Sunshine Coast. He holds an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship in the area of road safety and has over 13 years experience in applied human factors research in a number of domains, including military, aviation, road and rail transport. Paul has co-authored 10 books, over 90 peer review journal articles, and numerous conference articles and book chapters. Paul has received various accolades for his research to date, including the 2007 Royal Aeronautical Society Hodgson Prize for best paper and the 2008 Ergonomics Societys Presidents Medal. Paul was also recently named as one of three finalists in the 2011 Scopus Young Australian Researcher of the Year Award. He has previously owned a Fiat Cinquecento Sporting, two MkIII Ford Escort Cabriolets, and currently drives a Jeep Wrangleroften on the beach.
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