Acknowledgements |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (4) |
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17 | (6) |
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1.1 Verbs and the Expression of COMMUNICATION |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.3 Structure of This Study |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (54) |
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2.1 Elements of a COMMUNICATION Frame |
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23 | (4) |
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2.2 Mapping Semantics to Syntax |
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27 | (24) |
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2.2.1 The Syntactic Realizations of the Semantic Roles in the Linguistic Expression of COMMUNICATION |
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27 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Representing COMMUNICATION in Language: Definitions |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2.2.1 The Reported Words |
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29 | (2) |
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2.2.2.2 The Reporting Clause |
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31 | (2) |
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2.2.3 MESSAGE/TOPIC Realizations |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2.3.1 Phrases as MESSAGE/TOPIC |
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33 | (2) |
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2.2.3.2 Clauses as MESSAGE/TOPIC |
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35 | (3) |
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2.2.3.3 Quotations as MESSAGE/TOPIC |
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38 | (6) |
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2.2.4 ADDRESSEE Realizations |
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44 | (1) |
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2.2.4.1 The Syntactic Status of ADDRESSEE Realizations |
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44 | (1) |
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2.2.4.2 Nominal-Prepositional ADDRESSEE Contrasts |
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45 | (6) |
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2.3 Construction Grammar and the Linguistic Expression of COMMUNICATION |
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51 | (26) |
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2.3.1 Argument-Structure Constructions |
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52 | (3) |
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2.3.2 The Communication Construction |
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55 | (1) |
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2.3.2.1 The Composition of the Communication Construction |
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55 | (1) |
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2.3.2.2 The Realization of Argument Roles |
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56 | (4) |
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2.3.2.3 The Relationship between Verbs and the Construction |
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60 | (2) |
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2.3.3 The Direct-Speech Construction |
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62 | (1) |
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2.3.3.1 The Composition of the Direct-Speech Construction |
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62 | (2) |
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2.3.3.2 Verbs in the Direct-Speech Construction: R-Relations |
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64 | (7) |
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2.3.3.3 The Conceptualization of Verb Meaning |
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71 | (2) |
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2.3.3.4 A Constructionist View on `Verbs of Speaking' |
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73 | (4) |
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3 CWEPAN, SAY, SPEAK, TALK, and TELL in Old and Middle English |
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77 | (106) |
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3.1 Verb Characterization and Selection |
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77 | (28) |
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3.1.1 Verb Characterization: Etymology, Cognates, and Forms |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (9) |
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86 | (5) |
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91 | (5) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (5) |
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3.1.2 Selection of CWEPAN, SAY, SPEAK, TALK, and TELL |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (15) |
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3.4.1 The Historical Textual Record of English |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (4) |
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113 | (3) |
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3.4.2 The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts |
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116 | (1) |
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3.4.2.1 Chronological Grouping of Text Samples |
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116 | (5) |
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3.4.2.2 Sample Selection and Representativeness |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (12) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (9) |
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3.5.3 Linguistic Analysis |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (45) |
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135 | (1) |
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3.6.1.1 Overall Frequencies |
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135 | (3) |
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3.6.1.2 Verb Frequencies in Individual Texts |
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138 | (2) |
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3.6.1.3 Verbs of Speaking in Prose and Verse |
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140 | (4) |
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3.6.1.4 CWEPAN in Later Middle English |
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144 | (4) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (6) |
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154 | (6) |
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160 | (6) |
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166 | (8) |
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3.6.3 Attested Verb Forms |
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174 | (6) |
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180 | (3) |
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4 The Direct-Speech Construction in Old and Middle English |
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183 | (62) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (17) |
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4.3.1 Material, Token Retrieval, and Post-Processing |
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186 | (6) |
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4.3.2 Semantic Classification of Verbs |
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192 | (2) |
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4.3.2.1 Verb Meaning in Dictionary Definitions |
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194 | (2) |
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4.3.2.2 Ambiguous Cases: OE CLIPIAN, ME wepen, and ME sorwen |
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196 | (4) |
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4.3.2.3 Verb-Complement Combinations |
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200 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Usage-Pattern Analysis and Etymological Analysis |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (39) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (9) |
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212 | (7) |
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4.4.2 Usage Patterns of CWEPAN and say in Old and Middle English |
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219 | (5) |
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4.4.3 The Verb Slot of the Direct-Speech Construction from a Diachronic Perspective |
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224 | (5) |
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4.4.4 Etymological Composition of the Verb Inventories |
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229 | (1) |
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4.4.4.1 Old English Inventories |
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230 | (6) |
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4.4.4.2 Middle English Inventories |
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236 | (6) |
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242 | (3) |
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5 The Structure and Functions of Medial Reporting Clauses in the Direct-Speech Construction in Middle English |
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245 | (38) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (10) |
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5.2.1 Structure and Syntactic Status of Medial Reporting Clauses |
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249 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Functions of Medial Reporting Clauses |
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252 | (1) |
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5.2.2.1 Quoting, Evidentiality, Speaker Stance, and Epistemicity |
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252 | (2) |
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5.2.2.2 Discourse and Information Structure |
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254 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Structural Analysis |
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259 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Functional Analysis |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (17) |
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5.5.1 Structural Properties of Medially Placed Reporting Clauses |
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262 | (1) |
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5.5.1.1 Verb Lexemes and Grammatical Forms |
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262 | (3) |
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5.5.1.2 Syntactic Complexity |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Functions of Medial Reporting Clauses in Chaucer's Boece |
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269 | (1) |
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5.5.2.1 Quotative-Evidential and Epistemic-Attitudinal Functions |
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269 | (2) |
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5.5.2.2 Position-Sensitive Discourse- and Information-Structural Functions |
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271 | (8) |
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279 | (4) |
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283 | (4) |
References |
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287 | (18) |
Appendix |
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305 | (2) |
List of Figures |
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307 | (4) |
List of Tables |
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311 | (2) |
Word Index |
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313 | (2) |
Subject and Name Index |
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315 | |