Foreword |
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xii | |
About the Author |
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xv | |
Preface to The Second Edition |
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xvi | |
About the Companion Website |
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xix | |
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1 Introduction and Background |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Maintenance Strategies |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Condition Monitoring Methods |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Performance Analysis |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Types and Benefits of Vibration Analysis |
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6 | (3) |
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1.4.1 Benefits Compared with Other Methods |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Permanent vs Intermittent Monitoring |
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7 | (2) |
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1.5 Vibration Transducers |
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9 | (10) |
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1.5.1 Absolute vs Relative Vibration Measurement |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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1.5.5 Velocity Transducers |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (4) |
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1.5.5 Dual Vibration Probes |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.6 Torsional Vibration Transducers |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Torsional Laser Vibrometers |
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20 | (1) |
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1.7 Condition Monitoring -- The Basic Problem |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (2) |
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2 Vibration Signals from Rotating and Reciprocating Machines |
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25 | (38) |
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2.1 Signal Classification |
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25 | (5) |
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2.1.1 Stationary Deterministic Signals |
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28 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Stationary Random Signals |
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28 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Cyclostationary Signals |
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29 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Cyclo-non-stationary Signals |
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30 | (1) |
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2.2 Signals Generated by Rotating Machines |
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30 | (25) |
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2.2.1 Low Shaft Orders and Subharmonics |
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30 | (9) |
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2.2.2 Vibrations from Gears |
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39 | (7) |
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2.2.3 Rolling Element Bearings |
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46 | (4) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Electrical Machines |
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51 | (4) |
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2.3 Signals Generated by Reciprocating Machines |
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55 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Time-Frequency Diagrams |
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55 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Torsional Vibrations |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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3 Basic Signal Processing Techniques |
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63 | (60) |
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63 | (4) |
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3.1.1 Probability and Probability Density |
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63 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Moments and Cumulants |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (26) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Fourier Integral Transform |
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68 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Sampled Time Signals |
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70 | (1) |
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3.2.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) |
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70 | (2) |
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3.2.5 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Convolution and the Convolution Theorem |
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73 | (10) |
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83 | (1) |
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3.2.8 Practical FFT Analysis |
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84 | (9) |
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3.3 Hilbert Transform and Demodulation |
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93 | (8) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (7) |
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101 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Realisation of Digital Filters |
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102 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Comparison of Digital Filtering with FFT Processing |
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103 | (1) |
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3.5 Time/Frequency Analysis |
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104 | (7) |
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3.5.1 The Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) |
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104 | (1) |
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3.5.2 The Wigner-Ville Distribution |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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3.5.4 Empirical Mode Decomposition |
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108 | (3) |
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3.6 Cyclostationary Analysis and Spectral Correlation |
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111 | (8) |
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3.6.1 Spectral Correlation |
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112 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Spectral Correlation and Envelope Spectrum |
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114 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Wigner-Ville Spectrum |
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114 | (2) |
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3.6.4 Cyclo-non-stationary Analysis |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (4) |
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123 | (24) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (12) |
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123 | (4) |
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4.2.2 Use of Frequency Spectra |
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127 | (1) |
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4.2.3 CPB Spectrum Comparison |
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128 | (7) |
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4.3 Reciprocating Machines |
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135 | (11) |
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4.3.1 Vibration Criteria for Reciprocating Machines |
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135 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Time/Frequency Diagrams |
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136 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Torsional Vibration |
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139 | (7) |
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146 | (1) |
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5 Some Special Signal Processing Techniques |
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147 | (52) |
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147 | (16) |
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5.7.7 Comparison of Methods |
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147 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Computed Order Tracking (COT) |
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148 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Phase Demodulation Based COT |
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151 | (5) |
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5.1.4 COT Over a Wide Speed Range |
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156 | (7) |
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5.2 Determination of Instantaneous Machine Speed |
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163 | (14) |
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5.2.7 Derivative of Instantaneous Phase |
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163 | (5) |
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5.2.2 Teager Kaiser and Other Energy Operators |
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168 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Comparison of Time and Frequency Domain Approaches |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (3) |
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5.3 Deterministic/Random Signal Separation |
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177 | (10) |
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5.3.1 Time Synchronous Averaging |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Adaptive Noise Cancellation |
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183 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Self Adaptive Noise Cancellation |
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183 | (2) |
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5.3.5 Discrete/Random Separation (DRS) |
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185 | (2) |
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5.4 Minimum Entropy Deconvolution |
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187 | (2) |
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5.5 Spectral Kurtosis and the Kurtogram |
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189 | (8) |
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5.5.7 Spectral Kurtosis -- Definition and Calculation |
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190 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Toe of SKas a Filter |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (2) |
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6 Cepstrum Analysis Applied to Machine Diagnostics |
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199 | (32) |
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6.1 Cepstrum Terminology and Definitions |
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199 | (3) |
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6.7.7 Brief History of the Cepstrum and Terminology |
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199 | (3) |
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67.2 Cepstrum Types and Definitions |
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202 | (3) |
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6.2 Typical Applications of the Real Cepstrum |
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205 | (11) |
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6.2.7 Practical Considerations with the Cepstrum |
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205 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Detecting and Quantifying Harmonic/Sideband Families |
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208 | (6) |
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6.2.3 Separation of Forcing and Transfer Functions |
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214 | (2) |
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6.3 Modifying Time Signals Using the Real Cepstrum |
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216 | (12) |
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6.3.7 Removing Harmonic/Sideband Families |
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217 | (5) |
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6.3.2 Enhancing/Removing Modal Properties |
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222 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Cepstrum Pre-whitening |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (3) |
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7 Diagnostic Techniques for Particular Applications |
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231 | (78) |
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7.1 Harmonic and Sideband Cursors |
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231 | (5) |
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231 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Examples of Cursor Application |
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232 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Combination with Order Tracking |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (34) |
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7.2.7 Techniques Based on the TSA |
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236 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Transmission Error as a Diagnostic Tool |
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238 | (16) |
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7.2.3 Cepstrum Analysis for Gear Diagnostics |
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254 | (9) |
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7.2.4 Separation of Spalls and Cracks |
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263 | (4) |
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7.2.5 Diagnostics of Gears with Varying Speed and Load |
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267 | (3) |
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7.3 Rolling Element Bearing Diagnostics |
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270 | (25) |
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7.3.1 Signal Models for Bearing Faults |
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273 | (4) |
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7.3.2 A Semi-Automated Bearing Diagnostic Procedure |
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277 | (6) |
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7.3.3 Alternative Diagnostic Methods for Special Conditions |
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283 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Diagnostics of Bearings with Varying Speed and Load |
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285 | (10) |
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7.4 Reciprocating Machine and IC Engine Diagnostics |
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295 | (9) |
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7.4.1 Time/Frequency Methods |
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295 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Cylinder Pressure Identification |
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297 | (6) |
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7.4.3 Mechanical Fault Identification |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (5) |
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309 | (46) |
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8.1 Background and Justification |
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309 | (1) |
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8.2 Simulation of Faults in Gears |
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310 | (14) |
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8.2.1 Lumped Parameter Models of Parallel Gears |
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310 | (6) |
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8.2.2 Separation of Spalls and Cracks |
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316 | (4) |
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8.2.3 Lumped Parameter Models of Planetary Gears |
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320 | (2) |
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8.2.4 Interaction of Faults with Ring and Sun Gears |
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322 | (2) |
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8.3 Simulation of Faults in Bearings |
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324 | (14) |
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8.3.1 Local Faults in LPM Gearbox Model |
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325 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Extended Faults in LPM Gearbox Model |
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327 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Reduced FE Casing Model Combined with LPM Gear Model |
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329 | (9) |
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8.4 Simulation of Faults in Engines |
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338 | (16) |
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338 | (9) |
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347 | (4) |
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351 | (3) |
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354 | (1) |
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9 Fault Trending and Prognostics |
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355 | (38) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (17) |
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9.2.1 Trending of Simple Parameters |
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356 | (5) |
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9.2.2 Trending of `Impulsiveness' |
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361 | (3) |
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9.2.3 Trending of Spall Size in Bearings |
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364 | (8) |
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372 | (15) |
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9.3.1 Physics-Based Models |
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372 | (3) |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (3) |
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9.3.4 Simulation-Based Prognostics |
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380 | (7) |
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387 | (3) |
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387 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Advances in Data Analytics |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (3) |
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Appendix: Exercises and Tutorial Questions |
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393 | (30) |
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393 | (1) |
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A.1 Introduction and Background |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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A.2 Vibration Signals from Machines |
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394 | (2) |
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394 | (2) |
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A.3 Basic Signal Processing |
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396 | (12) |
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A.3.1 Tutorial and Exam Questions |
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396 | (12) |
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408 | (6) |
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A.4.1 Tutorial and Exam Questions |
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408 | (5) |
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413 | (1) |
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A.6 Cepstrum Analysis Applied to Machine Diagnostics |
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414 | (1) |
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A.6.1 Tutorial and Exam Questions |
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414 | (1) |
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A.7 Diagnostic Techniques for Particular Applications |
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415 | (7) |
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A.7.1 Tutorial and Exam Questions |
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415 | (3) |
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418 | (4) |
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422 | (1) |
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A.9.1 Tutorial and Exam questions |
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422 | (1) |
Index |
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423 | |