| List Of Illustrations |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| Introduction |
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xix | |
| Chapter One The Scandinavian Homelands |
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1 | (16) |
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1 The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan |
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2 | (4) |
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2 Description of the Islands of the North |
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6 | (11) |
| Chapter Two Scandinavian Society |
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17 | (26) |
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3 The Lay of Rig (Rigsibula) |
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18 | (10) |
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4 Politics in Harald Finehair's Norway |
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28 | (10) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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a Hjorleif's Slaves Revolt |
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39 | (2) |
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b A Slave Revolt in Egil's Saga |
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41 | (1) |
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7 How the Hersir Erling Treated His Slaves |
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41 | (2) |
| Chapter Three Early Religion And Belief |
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43 | (42) |
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8 The Norse Creation Myth |
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44 | (9) |
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9 Ragnarok:The Doom of the Gods |
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53 | (5) |
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10 Odin Welcomes Eirik Bloodax to Valhalla |
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58 | (4) |
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11 Odin Hangs on Yggdrasil 6o |
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52 Odin and Human Sacrifice |
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62 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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b The Deaths of Domaldi and OlafTretelgja |
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64 | (1) |
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13 Sigurd, the Earl of Lade, Sacrifices to the Gods |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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16 Norse Funeral Practices |
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69 | (5) |
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a Snorri's History of Burial Practices |
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69 | (1) |
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b Odin Orders Cremation and Becomes a God |
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70 | (1) |
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c The Death of Baldur the Good |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (11) |
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a Gunnar's Posthumous Poem |
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74 | (1) |
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b Grettir's Fight with Glam |
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75 | (10) |
| Chapter Four Gender In The Viking Age |
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85 | (70) |
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86 | (5) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (5) |
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a Deadly Insults from Gragas |
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91 | (1) |
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b A Flyting between Sinfiodi and Gudmund |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (8) |
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a Unn the Deep-Minded Takes Control of Her Life |
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96 | (4) |
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b The Goading of Hildigunn |
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100 | (2) |
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c The Prowess of Freydis, Daughter of Eirik the Red |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (7) |
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a Gudrun Drives Her Sons to Take Revenge |
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104 | (5) |
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b Gudrun Osvifrsdottir's Incitement of Her Sons |
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109 | (2) |
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22 Making and Breaking Marriages |
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111 | (9) |
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a Betrothals from the Sagas |
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111 | (4) |
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i The Betrothal of Olaf Hoskuldsson |
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111 | (2) |
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ii How Unn Mordsdottir Found Herself Betrothed |
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113 | (2) |
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b Divorces from the Sagas |
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115 | (5) |
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i How Gudrun Divorced Thorvald |
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115 | (1) |
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ii Vigdis Divorces Thord Goddi |
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116 | (4) |
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120 | (5) |
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a Housework in Laxdale Saga |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (4) |
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i The Greenland Prophetess |
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121 | (2) |
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ii A Phallic Ritual: Passing the Penis |
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123 | (2) |
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24 Men and Women Behaving Badly |
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125 | (7) |
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a Queen Gunnhild Has Her Way with Hrut |
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125 | (4) |
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b Gisli Sursson Defends the Family Honor |
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129 | (1) |
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c On the Penalties for Poetry |
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130 | (1) |
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d Hallfred the Troublesome Poet and Kolfinna |
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131 | (1) |
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e Grettir the Strong Puts a Woman in Her Place |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (6) |
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a Penitential of Saint Thorlak |
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132 | (1) |
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b Civil Penalties in Early Norwegian Law |
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133 | (1) |
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c Njal Gives a Garment to Flosi |
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133 | (1) |
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d King Harald Gormsson and the Land-Spirits |
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134 | (2) |
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e Gisli Sursson Fights Skeggi the Berserk |
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136 | (2) |
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26 Gender Instability:Trans-Gender and Gender-Shifting |
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138 | (5) |
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a From Gulathing Law: On Seriously Insulting Speech |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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c From Loki's Flyting (Lokasenna) |
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140 | (1) |
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d Loki and Svadilfari: Loki's Adventure as a Mare |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (12) |
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143 | (8) |
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b How Aud Dealt with Her Humiliating Divorce |
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151 | (4) |
| Chapter Five Viking Warriors And Their Weapons |
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155 | (32) |
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28 The Accomplishments of a Viking Warrior |
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156 | (2) |
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a Earl Rognvald Kali on Being a Gentleman |
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156 | (1) |
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b Gunnar Hamundarson, the Ideal Warrior |
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156 | (1) |
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c Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (8) |
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158 | (1) |
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b The Waking of Angantir (The Lay of Hervor, Hervararkviria) |
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159 | (7) |
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166 | (7) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (4) |
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31 Berserkers and the Berserk Rage |
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173 | (4) |
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173 | (1) |
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b Egil Skallagrimsson Fights a Berserk |
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173 | (4) |
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177 | (10) |
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a King Magnus Barelegs Dresses to Kill |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (7) |
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i Hrolf Kraki and Skofnung |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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iv Thorkel Eyolfsson and Skofnung |
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182 | (3) |
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v Gellir Thorkelsson and Skofnung |
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185 | (1) |
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c Saint Olaf 's Sword, Hneitir |
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185 | (2) |
| Chapter Six Fjord-Serpents: Viking Ships |
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187 | (16) |
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33 King Olaf Tryggvason Builds the Long Serpent |
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188 | (1) |
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34 Harald Sigurdarson's Splendid Ship |
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189 | (2) |
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35 Animal Heads on the Prows of Ships |
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191 | (1) |
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36 A Sea-Battle from the Sagas: Olaf Tryggvason at the Battle of Svold |
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191 | (12) |
| Chapter Seven "Sudden And Unforeseen Attacks Of Northmen" |
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203 | (42) |
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37 On the Causes of the Viking Expansion |
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204 | (2) |
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38 Viking Raids on England, 789-850/1 |
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206 | (2) |
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39 Alcuin's Letter to King Athelred, 793 |
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208 | (2) |
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40 An English Gospel Book Ransomed from the Vikings |
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210 | (1) |
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41 Viking Raids on Ireland, 795-842 |
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211 | (5) |
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42 The Martyrdom of Blathmac, 825 |
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216 | (2) |
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43 The Life of Saint Findan |
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218 | (3) |
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44 Irish Resistance to the Norsemen |
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221 | (3) |
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45 Franks and Vikings, 800-829 |
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224 | (7) |
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46 The Northmen in France, 843-865 |
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231 | (8) |
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47 An Account of the Siege of Paris, 885-886 |
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239 | (3) |
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48 Vikings in the Iberian Peninsula |
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242 | (3) |
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a Ibn al-Kutia.Year 230 (17 September 844-1 October 845) |
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242 | (1) |
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b Ibn Adhari.Year 229 (30 September 843-17 September 844) |
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243 | (2) |
| Chapter Eight "The Heathens Stayed": From Raiding To Settlement |
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245 | (30) |
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49 Viking Activities in England, 851-900 |
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246 | (7) |
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50 The Martyrdom of Saint Edmund |
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253 | (3) |
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51 The Vikings in Ireland, 845-917 |
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256 | (7) |
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52 Ketil Flatnose and His Descendants in the Hebrides |
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263 | (2) |
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53 Earl Sigurd and the Establishment of the Earldom of Orkney |
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265 | (1) |
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54 Runic Inscriptions from Maes Howe, Mainland, Orkney |
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266 | (1) |
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55 Runic Inscriptions from the Isle of Man |
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267 | (1) |
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56 Rollo Obtains Normandy from the King of the Franks |
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268 | (7) |
| Chapter Nine Austrveg: The Viking Road To The East |
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275 | (30) |
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277 | (1) |
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58 The Ras Attack Constantinople |
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277 | (5) |
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59 On the Arrival of the Varangians |
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282 | (7) |
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60 A Muslim Diplomat Meets Ras Merchants on the Volga River |
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289 | (5) |
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61 River Routes to Constantinople |
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294 | (2) |
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62 A Norwegian Soldier of Fortune in the East |
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296 | (5) |
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63 Ras Expeditions to the Middle East |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
| Chapter Ten Into The Western Ocean: The Faeroes, Iceland, Greenland, And Vinland |
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305 | (26) |
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65 The Islands in the Northern Ocean, c. 825 |
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306 | (1) |
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66 Sailing Directions and Distances in the North Atlantic |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (3) |
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68 Adam of Bremen on Iceland |
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310 | (1) |
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69 Icelandic Accounts of the Discovery and Settlement of Iceland |
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311 | (5) |
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a The Book of the Icelanders |
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311 | (2) |
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b The Book of Settlements |
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313 | (3) |
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70 Skallagrim's Land-Take in Iceland |
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316 | (3) |
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71 The Settlement of Greenland |
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319 | (2) |
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a The Book of the Icelanders |
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319 | (1) |
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b The Book of Settlements |
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320 | (1) |
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72 The King's Mirror on Greenland |
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321 | (1) |
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73 Adam of Bremen on Vinland |
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322 | (1) |
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74 The Norse Discovery of Vinland |
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323 | (5) |
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75 Thorfin Karlsefni inVinland |
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328 | (3) |
| Chapter Eleven Viking Life And Death |
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331 | (36) |
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76 Advice for Sailors and Merchants |
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332 | (2) |
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77 Svein Asleifarson's Viking Life |
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334 | (3) |
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337 | (5) |
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a Young Grettir Helps around the Farm |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (1) |
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c The Child Is Mother of the Woman |
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340 | (1) |
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d Young Egil Plays for Keeps |
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341 | (1) |
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79 Games and Entertainment |
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342 | (7) |
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a A Horse-Fight from Njal's Saga |
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342 | (2) |
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b Skallagrim's Rough Play |
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344 | (1) |
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c Ball Games and Scraper-Games at Sand from Hord's Saga |
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345 | (1) |
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d Entertainment at a Wedding Feast at Reykjaholar from The Saga of Thorgils and Haflidi |
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346 | (2) |
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e Mock Lawsuits from The Saga of the People of Ljosavatn |
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348 | (1) |
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80 The Jomsvikings Meet Their End |
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349 | (7) |
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356 | (11) |
| Chapter Twelve From Odin To Christ |
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367 | (52) |
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82 Early Missions to the North: The Life of Saint Anskar |
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368 | (11) |
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83 The Conversion of the Danes under Harald Bluetooth |
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379 | (3) |
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84 Olaf Tryggvason and the Conversion of Norway |
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382 | (7) |
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85 A Poet Abandons the Old Gods |
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389 | (1) |
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86 The Christianization of Norway under Saint Olaf |
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390 | (8) |
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87 The Conversion of the Icelanders |
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398 | (2) |
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88 The Conversion of Greenland |
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400 | (1) |
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89 The Conversion of Orkney |
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401 | (1) |
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90 Christianity in Sweden |
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402 | (1) |
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91 Christianity and the Church in Norway |
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403 | (1) |
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92 The Travels of King Sigurd, Jerusalem-Farer |
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404 | (8) |
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93 The Journey of Abbot Nikolas Bergsson from Iceland to Jerusalem |
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412 | (7) |
| Chapter Thirteen State-Building At Home And Abroad |
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419 | (32) |
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94 Harald Finehair and the Unification of Norway |
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420 | (5) |
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95 Denmark: The Jelling Stone |
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425 | (2) |
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96 State-Making in Denmark: Unification and Expansion |
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427 | (2) |
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97 The Martyrdom of Alfeah (Saint Alphege) |
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429 | (2) |
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98 Knut the Great and the North Sea Empire |
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431 | (13) |
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99 The England Runestones |
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444 | (1) |
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100 The Earldom of Orkney at Its Zenith |
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445 | (6) |
| Chapter Fourteen The End Of The Viking Age |
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451 | (20) |
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101 The Battle of Clontarf, 1014 |
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452 | (7) |
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102 The Battle of Stamford Bridge, 1066 |
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459 | (8) |
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103 The Battle of Largs, 1263 |
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467 | (4) |
| Chapter Fifteen Reawakening Angantyr, Or Viking Revivals |
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471 | (38) |
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472 | (1) |
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a Snorri Sturluson (1179-1241) and Norse Poetics |
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472 | (1) |
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b Saxo Grammaticus and Icelandic Sources |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (7) |
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a The Fatal Sisters: An Ode, from the Norse Tongue |
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474 | (2) |
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b The Vegtam's [ Odin's] Kvitha [ poem]; or The Descent of Odin: An Ode, from the Norse Tongue |
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476 | (4) |
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106 Operatic Vikings: Richard Wagner (1818-1883), from Das Rheingold, Scene Two |
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480 | (4) |
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107 Aryan Anthropology: Vikings in Politics |
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484 | (4) |
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a Halfdan Bryn: Methodology |
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485 | (1) |
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b Hans EK. Gunther on Nordic Man |
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485 | (2) |
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c Alfred Rosenberg: Creative Men and Beautiful, Motherly Women |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (7) |
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488 | (3) |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (6) |
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i The Icelandic Asatra Fellowship |
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492 | (1) |
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ii Foreningen Forn Sed Norge/The Society of the Ancient Faith in Norway |
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493 | (2) |
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109 Plundering the Vikings, from The Irish Times |
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495 | (3) |
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110 The Vikings in the Courtroom of History:Terrorists,Tourists, Others |
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498 | (11) |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (2) |
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c Intruders of a Recognizable Type? |
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502 | (2) |
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d Revising the Revisionists |
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504 | (2) |
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506 | (3) |
| Epilogue |
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509 | (4) |
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509 | (4) |
| Sources |
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513 | (4) |
| Index Of Topics |
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517 | (4) |
| Index Of Authors And Sources |
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521 | |
