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Violence, Discourse, and Politics in Chinas Uyghur Region: The Terroristization of Xinjiang [Hardback]

(Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, UK)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 246 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 453 g, 9 Tables, black and white; 5 Line drawings, black and white; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Interventions
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Dec-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1032311029
  • ISBN-13: 9781032311029
  • Hardback
  • Cena: 171,76 €
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  • Formāts: Hardback, 246 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 453 g, 9 Tables, black and white; 5 Line drawings, black and white; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Interventions
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Dec-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1032311029
  • ISBN-13: 9781032311029
This book investigates how Uyghur-related violent conflict and Uyghur ethnic minority identity, religion, and the Xinjiang region, more broadly, became constituted as a terrorism problem for the Chinese state.

Building on securitization theory, Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS), and the scholarly definitional debate on terrorism, it develops the concept of terroristization as a critical analytical framework for the study of historical processes of threat construction. Investigating the violent events reported in Xinjiang since the early 1980s, the evolving discursive patterns used by the Chinese state to make sense of violent incidents, and the crackdown policies that the official terrorism discourse has legitimized, the book demonstrates how the securitization, and later terroristization, of Xinjiang and the Uyghurs, is the result of a discursive and political choice of the Chinese state. The author reveals the contingent and unstable nature of such construction, and how it problematizes the inevitability of the rationale behind Chinas war on terror, that has prescribed a brutal crackdown as the most viable approach to governing the tensions that have historically characterized Chinas rule over the Turkic Muslim ethnic minorities in Xinjiang.

This book will be of interest to scholars and students of the politics of contemporary China, security and ethnic minority issues, International Relations and Security, as well as those adopting discursive approaches to the study of security, notably those within the critical security and terrorism studies fields.
List of Figures
x
List of Tables
xi
Acknowledgements xii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
xiv
Note on Transliteration xvi
Introduction 1(11)
Situating the Discursive Construction of Terrorism
2(2)
Questioning the Chinese Official Narrative
4(3)
Central Contributions
7(1)
Outline of
Chapters
8(4)
1 From Securitization to `Terroristization'
12(28)
Adjusting Securitization Theory for the Study of Terrorism in China
13(9)
Key Tenets of Securitization Theory
13(2)
From Securitization to Terroristization
15(1)
Moving Terroristization beyond Democracies
16(3)
Discourse and Materiality: Terroristization's Minimal Foundationalisrn
19(3)
`Terrorism' Definitions as Mapping Device
22(15)
Understanding Terrorism Definitions as Discursive Anchors
23(3)
Terrorism Is Premeditated Violence
26(2)
Terrorism Is Violence against Civilians
28(1)
Terrorism Is Indiscriminate and Unexpected Violence
29(2)
Terrorism Is Symbolic Violence That Communicates Fear to Coerce
31(1)
Terrorism Is Political (Violence)
32(2)
A Matrix for Interpreting Violent Events as Terrorism
34(3)
Conclusion
37(3)
2 Securitizing Xinjiang: The Years of `Counterrevolution' (1978--1990)
40(29)
Mapping Violence in Xinjiang in the Early `Reform and Opening Up' Period
41(9)
Payzawat 1981
42(1)
Kashgar 1981
43(1)
Student Protests 1985
44(1)
Urumchi 1989
45(1)
Baren 1990
46(2)
The Spectrum of Violence during the `Reform and Opening Up' Era
48(2)
Talking `Counterrevolution': From Restraint to Securitization
50(10)
`Neither Serious nor Surprising': The Riots Discourse during the Early 1980s
51(2)
`Counterrevolution' and `Splittism': The Discursive Shift on Riots in the Late 1980s
53(3)
The Baren `Counterrevolutionary Rebellion'
56(4)
The Politics of `Counterrevolution' in Xinjiang
60(7)
Gradualism: A Moderate Response to Violent Unrest
60(4)
Abandoning Gradualism, Singling out Xinjiang for Crackdown
64(3)
Conclusion
67(2)
3 The Proto-Terroristization of Xinjiang: `Striking Hard' against the `Three Forces' (1991--2001)
69(34)
Mapping Violence during the Proto-Terroristization Phase
70(8)
Key Episodes of Violence in Xinjiang and beyond
70(5)
The Broad Spectrum of Violence during the 1990s
75(3)
New Language, Old Arguments: The Emergence of `Terrorism' in the Framing of Violence in Xinjiang
78(11)
Constructing the Threat
79(2)
Prescribing a Long and Merciless Fight
81(2)
Change of Language: From Counter-Revolution to Terrorism
83(1)
The Terroristization of the Ghulja Riot
84(3)
Internationalizing the Threat
87(2)
The Politics of `Striking Hard'
89(12)
A Legal-Executive Security Apparatus to Fight Separatism
90(3)
Implementing Document No. 7
93(4)
The `Strike Hard' Campaigns: A Terroristization Device
97(1)
Exporting the Proto-Terroristization of Xinjiang
98(3)
Conclusion
101(2)
4 The Terroristization of Xinjiang (2001--2020): Waging a People's War on Terror
103(49)
Terroristization in the Absence of Violence
104(3)
Seizing the Chance: The Recasting of Violence in Xinjiang as Terrorism after 9/11
104(3)
The Spectrum of Violence in 21st-century Xinjiang
107(10)
Key Episodes of Violence in the Terroristization Phase
108(4)
Mapping the Features of Violence during the Years of Terroristization
112(5)
Terroristizing Violence, Prescribing a `People's War'
117(10)
Materializing the Threat: The Terroristization of All Violence in Xinjiang
117(6)
Prescribing a `People's War' against Terrorism and `Religious Extremism'
123(4)
China's War on Terror in Xinjiang: Sustained Crackdown and the Advent of the Surveillance State
127(23)
Establishing and Implementing a Counter-Terrorist Apparatus
127(5)
Sustained Crackdown in the Name of Fighting Terrorism
132(9)
Chasing and Hunting `Terrorists' Abroad
141(3)
Sine die Terroristization: Surveillance State and `De-Extremification' Camps
144(6)
Conclusion
150(2)
Conclusion
152(12)
The Concept of Terroristization
154(1)
Violence, Discourse, and Politics in the Uyghur Region
155(4)
Broader Lessons from the Terroristization of Xinjiang
159(1)
Implications for Future Research
160(2)
From Terroristization to Assimilation
162(2)
Appendix: List of Violent Events 164(12)
Bibliography 176(66)
Index 242
Pablo A. Rodrķguez-Merino is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Defence and International Affairs at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, UK.