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E-grāmata: Voluntary Sustainability Standards: Illusions of Progress and a Way Forward

  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Oct-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Peter Lang Publishing Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781433187735
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Oct-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Peter Lang Publishing Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781433187735
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Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) are an integral part of facilitating green consumerism, green economy and growth. However, many of these standards are now at a crossroads. Against this background, the book examines the illusions and realities of VSS in recent decades and whether these standards can be made fit for a vital future.

Sustainability standards, and in particular voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) have become an integral part of facilitating green consumerism and promoting green economy and green growth. While such standards have undoubtedly led to some desirable change in production structures and methods, as well as in improved material, resource and energy efficiency, overall results have remained modest, mostly incremental and far from leading to transformational, sector- or economy-wide changes. It is therefore high time that after some 30 years of increasing use of sustainability standards one takes stock of their achievements and pros and cons. This analysis should however not be confined to a technical review of the progress in improving or perfectioning the standard system and best practice in standard application and use, but primarily focus on a review of the political economy of VSS and their record in reshaping the current largely unsustainable agro-food economy and the situation of farmers. Many, in particular voluntary sustainability standards are now at a crossroads, but instead of realizing the systemic, deep-rooted nature of the crisis and conceiving of much-required reforms most standard advocates continue to focus their activities on improving the functioning of the standard system and emulating or disseminating best standard-compliance practice. Against this background, the book wonders what the illusions and what the reality of VSS have been in recent decades and whether these standards can be made fit for a future, in which sustainability issues are bound to play an even more important and pressing role. As appendix we looked into the relationship between the Corona crisis as one of the many other epidemics which have hit us hard and the future of globalized supply chains, of which VSS are part of.

Recenzijas

The African food sovereignty movement has been tackling with the restricting impact of markets on the biodiversity of African agriculture for a long time. Reading the book, I was alerted to the importance and ambivalent role of global sustainability standards in global food markets. I learnt how, as a constituent part of the current unjust global agro-food system, Voluntary Sustainability Standards can jeopardize the food sovereignty of our African peasant-based systems and exclude our smallholders from linking to markets.Mariam Mayet, Executive Director of the African Centre for Biodiversity, Johannesburg The rising dominance of big corporations in Asian food retail and the digitalization of their sales practices increasingly proves that it is detrimental to arresting poverty and hunger. Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) are part and parcel of these structural changes. They exclude our peasantry from evolving markets, destroy informal activities, such as in food processing and marketing, and impose on us a concept of sustainability that narrowly serves corporate interests. This book unmasks the hypocrisy of the whole exercise, providing much needed insight and analysis.Lim Li Ching, Senior Researcher, Third World Network Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) have successfully raised awareness about the huge environmental and social problems embedded in the worlds food systems. This report analyses the inherent limitations of the concept and showcases the ability of big food to use VSS for their PR-campaigns and to exclude small holders from accessing markets. The authors make a convincing case that real sustainability requires inclusive and transparent governance involving all stakeholders. Let us learn the lessons!Alexander Müller, Managing Director of TMGThinktank; Former State Secretary (German Ministry for Agriculture) and Assistant Director-General of FAO It is high time that this book reviews the experience with the use and the real impact of sustainability standards. The merit of this analysis is its focus on the political economy of such standards in international supply chains and their role in transforming the international agro-food production and markets.Prof. Ernst von Weizsaecker, Honorary President, The Club of Rome The dominant narrative about voluntary sustainability standards is that they have benefited the first movers in the industry by improving their image, but that they have also raised the bar for whole sectors, and successfully compensated for the downward pressure on production methods resulting from global competition. This volume challenges this premature conclusion. It provides robust empirical analysis to illustrate the failures of many such standards. Its great merit is to bring to the fore the issue that most economic analyses neglect entirely: that of power in agrifood chains.Olivier De Schutter, Former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food (20082014); UN Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 1(4)
I Sustainability Standards, Their Systems, Role and Impact
5(58)
A The Taxonomy of Sustainability Standards
5(14)
B The Ambivalent Antecedents of Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS)
19(7)
C Opportunities and Benefits that Could Arise from VSS
26(3)
D The Impact of VSS and the Insufficient Leverage for Transformational Change
29(9)
E The Limitations and Cons of VSS
38(11)
1 Transparency, Openness and Conflict of Interests
38(1)
2 VSS as International Standards and the Problem of Sufficient Local Flexibility
39(3)
3 Inclusion or Exclusion: Can VSS Really Work for Smallholder Farmers?
42(7)
F Can VSS-Governed Sustainability Markets Really be Mainstreamed and Graduate from Current Market Niches?
49(3)
G `Organic' - A Standard with a Different Touch
52(11)
1 Evolution of `Organic'
52(1)
2 What Makes `Organic' Special?
53(1)
3 Basic Differences between `Organic' and `Other VSS'
54(3)
4 The Commercial Success Leads to Capitalistic Competition
57(2)
5 Inherent Contradictions
59(1)
6 Certification
60(2)
7 Conclusion
62(1)
II VSS at a Crossroads
63(16)
A What Are the Key Market Challenges, What Can VSS Realistically Deliver and Where Must They Fail?
65(14)
1 The Asymmetrical Market Power along the Supply Chain
70(2)
2 The Race to the Bottom
72(1)
3 Limited Control over a Range of Essential Flanking and Supportive Elements for VSS
73(1)
4 The Myth of Yield Increases
73(2)
5 Economic and Social Sustainability Remain Illusionary without Reforming the International Commodity Price-Fixing System
75(2)
6 Summing up
77(2)
III Is There Any Future Perspective for VSS and What Might It Look Like?
79(44)
A Rebalancing Power in Global Agri-food Supply Chains
80(10)
1 Restoration of National Supply Management: State or Producer Organization Driven
80(4)
2 Strengthening and Changing the Focus of Competition Policy
84(1)
3 Reducing the Abuse of Power: Limiting the Use of Restrictive Business and Trading Practices
85(1)
4 Legislation on due Diligence for Avoiding Precarious Employment Conditions, Infringement of Human Rights, and Environmental Damage
86(4)
B International Coordination and Supply Management
90(4)
1 The Concept of International Commodity-Related Environment Agreements
91(3)
C Lifting the Bar of Sustainability Performance: How Can VSS Play a Constructive Role in the Future?
94(15)
1 Is the Constructive Use of VSS in the European Union's Generalised Scheme of Preference (GSP) an Option?
95(4)
2 The Complementary Role of VSS to Regulation on Key Sustainability Issues
99(10)
D Epidemics and VSS: A Relationship that Is None
109(8)
E To Sum up
117(6)
List of Acronyms 123(4)
Explanations of Some Technical Terms 127(6)
References 133(10)
Index 143
Ulrich Hoffmann, a German economist, was a senior lecturer and had a chair on trade and international financial relations at the Institute on Economics for Developing Countries in Berlin before joining the UN secretariat in the mid-1980s. Most of the time, he worked for the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Geneva, focusing on production and trade of commodities, issues of sustainable resource management and the transformation of agriculture as well as on the economics of climate change. For many years, he was principal editor of UNCTADs regular Trade and Environment Review, one of UNTADs flagship publications. After retiring from UNCTAD in 2015 he was a senior associate at the Research Institute on Organic Agriculture and the International Institute for Sustainable Development.









Arpit Bhutani has a Master of International Law and Economics from the World Trade Institute of the University of Bern, Switzerland. He worked at United Nations, Geneva as part of the team that prepared and launched the UN Forum on Sustainability Standards. He is also an expert on the circular economy, having worked with the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. He is a TEDx speaker and a Huffington Post contributor. Arpit is a serial entrepreneur, handles his 70-year old food processing family business in India, Hind Agro Sales, and now is also co-founder of two circular economy startups in Copenhagen, Circular Innovation Lab and ShopC.