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E-grāmata: Vulnerability, Exploitation and Migrants: Insecure Work in a Globalised Economy

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Vulnerability, Exploitation and Migrants: Insecure Work in a Globalised EconomyPalielināt
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Exploitation at work is not new, but the past few decades have seen a growth in extreme exploitation; the consequence of globalization, the on-going economic crisis and related policies of austerity. Migrants of all kinds often find themselves at the sharp edge of such experiences. This edited collection explores the lives of the rapidly growing numbers of migrants, examining issues of vulnerability and exploitation in the labour market, and drawing on material from across the world. It does this through a far-reaching analysis of lived experiences of exploitation in different geographical contexts. In cataloguing these experiences, the book investigates global neoliberalized economies and emergent labour and product supply chains; states' management of migrants' mobility and the structural production of immigration statuses; characteristics of enclave economies for migrants and their co-ethnic/co-language networks; and national/international responses and interventions designed to tackle migrant exploitation. Global exploitation processes, the book argues, require global responses.

Recenzijas

"This wide ranging volume explores the relation between migration, exploitation and globalisation from multiple perspectives, bringing together diverse experiences from the global north and the global south. It exposes the structural underpinnings of the production of vulnerability through the lack of global governance of labour relations, and the stringency of global citizenship regimes. Setting ethnographic and qualitative studies of migrants alongside political economic analysis of neoliberal capitalist development it provides fascinating analysis of how global capital impacts on daily lives, and offers some examples of how to fight back." - Bridget Anderson, University of Oxford, UK





"Read this book. It is a work of solidarity and is both urgent and unique. Urgent because it engages directly with the structural reasons why migrant workers are especially likely to face work-place exploitation. It is thus a call for action in dangerous times. Unique because of its breadth in encompassing both analysis of migrant workers' own strategies to manage harsh working and living conditions across contrasting global contexts and understanding of the neoliberal policies and business practices that create those conditions. Clear in its overall message, the book rightly steers readers towards the diversity of migrant workers' experiences, and to an appreciation and respect for the agency of migrants themselves, even in conditions where victories may only be small, and changes fleeting." - Ben Rogaly, University of Sussex, UK





"Neoliberal globalisation is exacerbating inequality, and creating new forms of exploitation on the basis of race, gender, origins and - above all - legal status. This invaluable book explores the special vulnerability of migrant workers and asylum seekers. It examines the political economy of the production of vulnerability, while case studies from Europe, Latin America and Asia reveal the everyday reality of exploitation and precarity. But the authors do not simply lament such abuses: they map out strategies to fight for the rights of vulnerable workers and to build global citizenship." - Stephen Castles, University of Sydney, Australia

List of Figures and Tables
xii
Acknowledgements xiii
Notes on Contributors xiv
List of Abbreviations
xxi
Introduction 1(14)
Louise Waite
Gary Craig
Hannah Lewis
Klara Skrivankova
Vulnerability and exploitation at work: Precarious migrant lives
2(2)
The globalisation of vulnerability
4(1)
Migrant workers, unfreedom and forced labour
5(1)
The vulnerability of asylum seekers
6(1)
Hidden from view: The most exploited workers
7(1)
Interventions: Tackling labour exploitation
8(7)
Part I The Globalisation of Vulnerability
1 Private Governance and the Problem of Trafficking and Slavery in Global Supply Chains
15(13)
Nicola Phillips
The limits of corporate self-regulation
16(4)
The limits of consumer-driven change
20(2)
The limited reach of public regulation
22(6)
2 The Political Economy of Outsourcing
28(16)
John Smith
Introduction
28(1)
The globalisation of production... and of the producers
29(1)
Export-oriented industrialisation: Widely spread or narrowly concentrated?
30(2)
The southwards shift of the industrial working class
32(1)
`Global labour arbitrage': Key driver of the globalization of production
33(3)
The GDP illusion
36(1)
Growing wage inequality
37(1)
Falling labour share of national income
38(2)
Global wage differentials
40(1)
Conclusion
41(3)
3 Labour, Exploitation and Migration in Western Europe: An International Political Economy Perspective
44(15)
Lucia Pradella
Rossana Cillo
Introduction
44(1)
IWP research, migration and migrant workers
45(3)
Neoliberal globalisation, migration and impoverishment
48(1)
Labour market effects of the economic crisis
49(2)
Trade union responses
51(2)
Conclusion
53(6)
Part II Migrant Workers, Unfreedom and Forced Labour
4 Social Reproduction and Migrant Domestic Labour in Canada and the UK: Towards a Multi-Dimensional Concept of Subordination
59(13)
Kendra Strauss
Introduction
59(1)
The political economy of migrant domestic labour
60(3)
(Re)producing precarity: The state, migration and regimes of social reproduction
63(4)
Conclusion: The subordination of the social
67(5)
5 Labour Exploitation of Non-EU Migrants in Slovakia: Patterns, Implications and Structural Violence
72(14)
Matej Blazek
Introduction
72(1)
Migration in Slovakia: Migrant workers, migration policy and politics
73(4)
Migration to Slovakia
73(1)
Non-EU migrants and work
74(2)
Migration policy and politics
76(1)
Migrants in Slovakia and labour exploitation
77(4)
Background to labour exploitation: Institutions, policies and law
77(2)
Extent of labour exploitation
79(2)
Intersections of violence, abuse and exploitation: Migrants and structural violence
81(1)
Conclusions
82(1)
Acknowledgements
83(3)
6 Understanding and Evaluating UK Efforts to Tackle Forced Labour
86(15)
Alex Balch
Introduction
86(1)
Forced labour in the UK: What we know
86(1)
UK policy and practice to tackle forced labour
87(5)
Policy framing
88(3)
Implementation
91(1)
The Modern Slavery Bill: Leading `the global fight'?
92(2)
Conclusions: Addicted to cheap labour?
94(7)
Part III The Vulnerability of Asylum Seekers
7 The Contribution of UK Asylum Policy 1999--2010 to Conditions for the Exploitation of Migrant Labour
101(14)
Tom Vickers
Introduction
101(2)
British capitalism and the international reserve army of labour
103(3)
The `New Migration' from Eastern and Central Europe
105(1)
Refugees in Britain and the management of migration
106(4)
Conclusions
110(5)
8 Precarity at Work: Asylum Rights and Paradoxes of Labour in Sweden
115(14)
Maja Sager
Introduction
115(1)
Asylum rights and paradoxes of labour: Mira's story
116(1)
Precarity at work
117(2)
Work as a strategy against precarity
119(1)
Institutionalised precarity
120(3)
Precarity between neoliberalism and protectionism
123(3)
Conclusion
126(3)
9 Bangladeshi Fruit Vendors in the Streets of Paris: Vulnerable Asylum Seekers or Self-Imposed Victims of Exploitation?
129(14)
Donghyuk Park
Introduction
129(1)
Being an asylum seeker in France: Constrained access to legal rights to work
130(2)
The methodology of the research
132(1)
Bangladeshi in France: Increasing asylum migration
132(2)
Street fruit vending as constrained livelihood strategies
134(2)
Fruit vending work and organisation
136(2)
Contested presence of fruit vendors in public space
138(1)
Conclusion
139(4)
10 Refused Asylum Seekers as the Hyper-Exploited
143(18)
Louise Waite
Hannah Lewis
Stuart Hodkinson
Peter Dwyer
Introduction
143(2)
Destitution and survival
145(2)
Pushed into the labour market
147(1)
The interaction between risk of destitution, `illegality' and labour market position
148(3)
Contesting exploitation
151(3)
Conclusions
154(7)
Part IV Hidden from View: The Most Exploited Workers
11 Sweatshop Workers in Buenos Aires: The Political Economy of Human Trafficking in a Peripheral Country
161(13)
Jeronimo Montero Bressan
Eliana Ferradas Abalo
Introduction
161(2)
Local sweatshops in Buenos Aires
163(1)
From Fordism to neoliberalism in garment manufacturing
164(2)
Widespread precarity as the prelude to forced labour
166(1)
Progress and retreat: The anti-trafficking struggle and the State
167(2)
Open borders, isolated workers: The atypical case of Argentina's progressive immigration legislation
169(1)
Conclusions
170(4)
12 Experiences of Forced Labour among UK-Based Chinese Migrant Workers: Exploring Vulnerability and Protection in Times of Empire
174(13)
Rebecca Lawthom
Carolyn Kagan
Sue Baines
Sandy Lo
Sylvia Sham
Lisa Mok
Mark Greenwood
Scott Gaule
Introduction
174(1)
The research
175(1)
Empire, Multitude and Commonwealth
175(3)
Family networks
178(3)
Travel networks
181(3)
Work networks
184(1)
Conclusion
184(3)
13 The Working Lives of Undocumented Migrants: Social Capital, Individual Agency and Mobility
187(13)
Alice Bloch
Leena Kumarappan
Sonia McKay
Sectors of work and terms and conditions
188(2)
Job search within the context of being an undocumented migrant
190(4)
Using networks of friendship and acquaintances
190(2)
Family support in locating jobs
192(1)
Job search through job agencies
193(1)
A case study: The working life of an undocumented migrant in Britain
194(3)
Conclusion
197(3)
14 Slavery in the Twenty-First Century: A Review of Domestic Work in the UK
200(15)
Ismail Idowu Salih
Introduction
200(2)
Context
202(2)
International and national policies on domestic workers
202(2)
Employee/employer relationship
204(2)
The invisibility of domestic workers
206(1)
Conclusion
207(8)
Part V Interventions: Tackling Labour Exploitation
15 Global Citizenship: The Need for Dignity and Respect for Migrants
215(15)
Domenica Urzi
Introduction
215(2)
Dignity in the workplace
217(1)
Methodology
218(1)
The stratification of farm workers
218(1)
Romanian workers
219(2)
Regular Tunisian migrants
221(2)
Refugee workers
223(1)
Irregular migrants
224(2)
Conclusion
226(4)
16 Winning a Living Wage: The Legacy of Living Wage Campaigns
230(14)
Ana Lopes
Tim Hall
Introduction
230(1)
The living wage campaign at the UEL
231(1)
The living wage: Impact and problems
232(3)
Methods
235(1)
Data analysis and findings
236(1)
Benefits from the introduction of the living wage
236(1)
`Evening things out': Negative consequences of living wage introduction
237(3)
Discussion
240(1)
Conclusion
241(3)
17 Forced Labour and Ethical Trade in the Indian Garment Industry
244(12)
Annie Delaney
Jane Tate
Forced labour and labour exploitation
246(1)
The textile and garment sector in Tamil Nadu, India
247(2)
Interventions on forced labour
249(1)
Indian campaigns
249(1)
International campaigns
250(1)
Ethical Trading Initiative
251(1)
Using the exploitation continuum to inform policy, ethical trade and campaign responses
252(4)
18 The Staff Wanted Initiative: Preventing Exploitation, Forced Labour and Trafficking in the UK Hospitality Industry
256(13)
Joanna Ewart-James
Neill Wilkins
Introduction
256(1)
Nature of the hotel industry
257(3)
Use of third parties
258(1)
Low-wage, low-value business model
258(2)
The London 2012 Olympic Games and Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games
260(1)
Staff Wanted Initiative at the government level
260(3)
Staff Wanted Initiative's work on business responsibility to respect human rights
263(3)
Conclusions
266(3)
Index 269
Nicola Phillips, University of Sheffield, UK John Smith, Kingston University, UK Rossana Cillo, University of Venice Ca' Foscari, Italy Lucia Pradella, University of Venice Ca' Foscari, Italy Kendra Strauss, Simon Fraser University, Canada Matej Blazek, Loughborough University, UK Alex Balch, University of Liverpool, UK Tom Vickers, Northumbria University, UK Maja Sager, Lund University, Sweden Donghyuk Park, University of Paris Diderot, France Louise Waite, University of Leeds, UK Hannah Lewis, University of Leeds, UK Stuart Hodkinson, University of Leeds, UK Peter Dwyer, University of York, UK Eliana Ferradįs Abalo, School for International Training, USA Jerónimo Montero Bressįn, Ministry of Labour, Argentina Rebecca Lawthom, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Sue Baines, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Carolyn Kagan, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Mark Greenwood, Wai Yin Chinese Women Society, UK Sandy Lo, Wai Yin Chinese Women Society, UK Lisa Mok, Wai Yin Chinese Women Society, UK Sylvia Sham, Wai Yin Chinese Women Society, UK Scott Gaule, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Alice Bloch, University of Manchester, UK Sonia McKay, University of the West of England, UK Leena Kumarappan, London Metropolitan University, UK Ismail Idowu Salih, Middlesex University School of Law, UK Domenica Urzi, University of Nottingham, UK Ana Lopes, University of the West of England, UK Tim Hall, University of East London, UK AnnieDelaney, Victoria University, Australia Jane Tate, Homeworkers Worldwide, UK Joanna Ewart-James, Walk Free Partner Network, UK Neill Wilkins, Institute for Human Rights and Business, UK
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