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Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World [Mīkstie vāki]

Edited by (Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hi), Edited by (Postdoc Fellow, Catholic University, Louvain, Belgium), Edited by , Edited by (Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India), Edited by
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 870 pages, height x width: 235x191 mm, weight: 1790 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Dec-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • ISBN-10: 0323904637
  • ISBN-13: 9780323904636
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 870 pages, height x width: 235x191 mm, weight: 1790 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Dec-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • ISBN-10: 0323904637
  • ISBN-13: 9780323904636
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Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World provides a unique perspective on the state of waste management and resource recycling in the developing world, offering practical solutions based on innovative tools and technologies, along with examples and case studies. The book is organized by waste type, including electronic, industrial and biomedical/hazardous, with each section covering advanced techniques, such as remote sensing and GIS, as well as socioeconomic factors, transnational transport and policy implications. Waste managers, environmental scientists, sustainability practitioners, and engineers will find this a valuable resource for addressing the challenges of waste management in the developing world.

There is high potential for waste management to produce energy and value-added products. Sustainable waste management based on a circular economy not only improves sanitation, it also provides economic and environmental benefits. In addition to waste minimization, waste-to-economy and waste-to-energy have become integral parts of waste management practices. A proper waste management strategy not only leads to reduction in environmental pollution but also moves toward generating sufficient energy for improving environmental sustainability in coming decades.

  • Presents case studies in every section to illustrate practical applications across the globe
  • Includes lessons learned from developed regions that can be applied to developing regions
  • Organized by type of waste, with consistent coverage in each section to promote ease of navigation
List of contributors
xxv
Section 1 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and under developing nations
1 Waste generation in Brazil: municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes
3(18)
Ingrid R.F.S. Alves
Lui'za Santana Franca
Neanderson Galvao
Isabelli D. Bassin
Joao Paulo Bassin
Abbreviations
3(1)
1.1 Introduction
4(1)
1.2 Municipal solid waste
5(6)
1.3 Agricultural waste
11(5)
1.4 Industrial waste
16(2)
1.5 Perspectives
18(3)
References
19(2)
2 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and underdeveloped nations
21(40)
Mahadi Hasan Masud
Monjur Mourshed
Md. Sanowar Hossain
Nufile Uddin Ahmed
Peter Dabnichki
2.1 Introduction
22(2)
2.2 Overview of waste generation scenario
24(2)
2.3 Effect of waste
26(5)
2.3.1 Effect of waste of electrical and electronic equipment
26(2)
2.3.2 Effect of medical waste
28(1)
2.3.3 Effect of industrial waste
29(1)
2.3.4 Effect of municipal solid waste
29(2)
2.4 Current status of waste management
31(6)
2.4.1 Review of some high-income countries
31(3)
2.4.2 Upper-middle-income countries
34(1)
2.4.3 Lower-middle-income countries
34(2)
2.4.4 Low-income countries
36(1)
2.5 Possible solution
37(13)
2.5.1 Overview
37(3)
2.5.2 Structuring waste management activities
40(1)
2.5.3 Waste to energy and waste to products conversion
41(1)
2.5.4 Landfilling
42(1)
2.5.5 Circular material economy
42(1)
2.5.6 Infrastructure development
43(1)
2.5.7 Managing infectious waste
44(1)
2.5.8 Composting
45(1)
2.5.9 Sustainable recycling
46(1)
2.5.10 Environmental sustainability
47(1)
2.5.11 Public stewardship
48(1)
2.5.12 Novel materials
48(1)
2.5.13 Extended producer responsibility
49(1)
2.6 Conclusion
50(1)
2.7 Future recommendations
50(11)
References
51(10)
3 Use of participatory methodologies to improve the management of urban solid waste in Sal Island--Cape Verde
61(24)
Carlos Xavier
Ana Paula Martinho
Elisa Silvana Xavier
3.1 Introduction--issues faced by small island developing states
61(2)
3.2 State of research of municipal solid waste management in small island developing states
63(4)
3.2.1 Waste generation
63(1)
3.2.2 Waste composition
64(1)
3.2.3 Waste selection, transfer and transport s
64(1)
3.2.4 Waste management technologies
64(2)
3.2.5 New trend in integrated municipal solid waste and future development
66(1)
3.3 Methodology
67(1)
3.4 Case study--municipal solid waste management in Sal Island
68(13)
3.4.1 Characterization of Sal Island
68(4)
3.4.2 Legal instruments for municipal solid waste management in Cape Verde
72(1)
3.4.3 Benchmark status of municipal solid waste management in Sal Island (interviews with technical staff)
73(1)
3.4.4 Validation of current situation by the focus group
74(5)
3.4.5 Hierarchy of priority measures to be implemented in municipal solid waste management
79(2)
3.5 Conclusions
81(4)
References
82(3)
4 Waste characterization in Brazil
85(16)
Ingrid R.F.S. Alves
Neanderson Galvao
Isabelli D. Bassin
Joao Paulo Bassin
Abbreviations
85(1)
4.1 Introduction
86(1)
4.2 Municipal solid waste
86(5)
4.2.1 Selective waste collection
88(2)
4.2.2 Reverse logistics
90(1)
4.3 Health service waste
91(1)
4.4 Construction and demolition waste
91(1)
4.5 Agricultural waste
92(2)
4.6 Industrial waste
94(1)
4.7 Treatment and final destination
95(1)
4.8 Final considerations and perspectives
96(5)
References
97(4)
Section 2 E-waste
5 E-waste: sources, management strategies, impacts, and consequences
101(24)
Sujit Das
Tanushri Das
Tania Ghatak (Chakraborty)
Himadrija Majumder
Sahana Sultana
Abhijit Sarkar
5.1 Introduction
102(1)
5.2 E-Waste--a global issue
103(1)
5.3 Sources of e-waste
103(1)
5.3.1 Toxic substances and their genesis
104(1)
5.4 Generation of e-waste
104(1)
5.5 E-waste recycling
105(5)
5.5.1 Step-by-step process of e-waste recycling
105(3)
5.5.2 Importance of recycling
108(1)
5.5.3 Convenience of recycling
108(1)
5.5.4 Inconvenience of recycling
109(1)
5.6 E-Waste component's reuse
110(1)
5.6.1 Plastic
110(1)
5.6.2 Metal
110(1)
5.6.3 Glass
110(1)
5.6.4 Hg-containing equipment
110(1)
5.6.5 Hard drives
110(1)
5.6.6 Batteries
110(1)
5.7 Effects of e-waste in the environment
111(3)
5.7.1 Air
111(1)
5.7.2 Soil
112(2)
5.7.3 Water
114(1)
5.8 Effects of E-waste on human health
114(1)
5.9 Impacts on agriculture
115(1)
5.10 Management techniques of e-waste
115(3)
5.11 Conclusion
118(7)
Acknowledgement
118(1)
References
118(7)
6 Translational transport of e-waste and implications on human well beings and the environment
125(18)
Sangeeta
Shilpi Khurana
Amit Kumar
6.1 Introduction
125(2)
6.2 Global e-waste generation
127(1)
6.3 Transboundary movement of e-waste
128(2)
6.4 International regulations for the hazardous material transboundary movement
130(3)
6.4.1 Basel convention
131(1)
6.4.2 The rotterdam convention
132(1)
6.4.3 The Stockholm convention
132(1)
6.5 Human health
133(3)
6.6 Environmental effect
136(2)
6.7 Discussion
138(1)
6.8 Conclusion and future perspective
139(4)
References
140(3)
7 Electronic (E-waste) conduct: chemical assessment and treatment methods
143(20)
Shelly Bhardwaj
Shilpi Khurana
S. Amit Kumar
7.1 Introduction
143(5)
7.1.1 Classification of hazardous components of e-waste
146(2)
7.2 Human and environmental effects
148(2)
7.2.1 Impact on environment
148(1)
7.2.2 Impart on human health
149(1)
7.3 Current scenario of processing
150(3)
7.3.1 Informal recycling techniques
150(1)
7.3.2 Formal recycling techniques
151(2)
7.4 Electronic waste legislations
153(2)
7.4.1 Transboundary flow
154(1)
7.4.2 Extended producer responsibility
154(1)
7.5 Policy development in Asia for electronic waste
155(2)
7.6 Analysis of e-waste management policies
157(1)
7.7 Discussion
157(1)
7.8 Conclusion
158(5)
Acknowledgments
158(1)
References
158(5)
8 Biological methods for the treatment of e-waste
163(18)
Abhay Punia
Nalini Singh Chauhan
Ravindra Pratap Singh
8.1 Introduction
163(1)
8.2 Classification of e-waste
164(1)
8.3 Global scenario of e-waste
165(2)
8.4 Disposal methods of e-waste
167(8)
8.4.1 Bioremediation of e-waste
168(3)
8.4.2 Phytoremediation of e-waste
171(3)
8.4.3 Vermiremediation
174(1)
8.5 Conclusion
175(6)
References
175(4)
Further reading
179(2)
9 Chemical methods for the treatment of e-waste
181(24)
Priti Malhotra
Arti Jain
9.1 Introduction
182(1)
9.2 Identification of e-waste
182(4)
9.3 Effects on air
186(3)
9.3.1 Effects on soil
187(1)
9.3.2 Effects on water
187(1)
9.3.3 Effects on human health
188(1)
9.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
189(1)
9.5 Dioxin and furan-related health risks
189(1)
9.6 Lead as a health deterrent on exposure
189(1)
9.7 Beryllium exposure and its health damages
189(1)
9.8 Cadmium as potent health deterrent
190(1)
9.9 Exposure to mercury and its health damages
190(1)
9.10 Flame retardants'health damages
190(1)
9.11 Land filling and its hazards
191(1)
9.12 Hazards caused by landfilling
191(1)
9.13 Incineration and its hazards
191(1)
9.14 Damages and hazards of incineration process involve the following
192(1)
9.15 Recycling of e-waste
192(1)
9.16 Structure of printed circuit board
192(1)
9.17 Techniques of chemical recycling
193(1)
9.18 Chemical treatment by metallurgical processes
194(2)
9.19 Chemical recycling techniques
196(1)
9.20 Electrochemical process
196(2)
9.21 Recycling by thermal methods
198(1)
9.22 Pyrolysis process
199(1)
9.23 Thermal treatment
199(1)
9.24 Recycling of LCD panels to procure indium
199(1)
9.25 Production of clean fuel from recycling e-waste
200(1)
9.26 Conclusion
200(5)
References
201(4)
10 E-waste management using different cost-effective, eco-friendly biological techniques: an overview
205(32)
Sangita Agarwal
Soumendra Darbar
Srimoyee Saha
Moharana Choudhury
Ravindra Pratap Singh
10.1 Introduction
206(5)
10.1.1 Overview of e-waste
206(2)
10.1.2 E-waste trade and mechanism
208(1)
10.1.3 E-waste flow model
208(1)
10.1.4 Stakeholders
209(2)
10.2 Statistics and e-waste management system in Asian countries
211(1)
10.3 E-waste management system in India
211(2)
10.4 Health hazards associated with e-waste
213(1)
10.5 Consumer's awareness
214(1)
10.6 Economic benefit
214(1)
10.7 E-waste management
215(1)
10.8 Micro-remediation of e-waste
215(4)
10.8.1 Bioleaching
216(1)
10.8.2 Biosorption
216(1)
10.8.3 Bioaccumulation
217(1)
10.8.4 Microbial involvement in bioaccumulation process
217(1)
10.8.5 Chemisorption of heavy metals by microorganism: a method for the bioremediation of solutions
218(1)
10.8.6 Biotransformation
218(1)
10.8.7 Biomineralization
219(1)
10.8.8 Microbially-enhanced chemisorption of metals
219(1)
10.9 Recent trends in metal recovery methods from e-waste
219(2)
10.10 Suggestion to control and manage e-waste in India
221(1)
10.11 Ecological and environmental effects of e-wastes
222(1)
10.11.1 Deleterious effects e-wastes on air
222(1)
10.11.2 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on soil
223(1)
10.11.3 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on water
223(1)
10.12 Environmental and health issues
223(2)
10.13 Recent research
225(1)
10.14 Conclusion
226(11)
Annexure I
226(2)
Annexure II (Https//cpcb.nic.in/e-waste-recyclers-dismantler)
228(1)
Annexure III Description of UNU categories (Balde, C. P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., Huisman, J. 2015, The global e-waste monitor--2014, United Nations University, IAS--SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany)
229(1)
References
230(7)
11 Life cycle assessment of e-waste management: current practices and future research agenda towards sustainability
237(16)
Haikal Ismail
Marlia M. Hanafiah
11.1 Introduction
237(2)
11.2 Aim and motivation of the study
239(1)
11.3 Overview on life cycle assessment and its development
239(3)
11.3.1 Life cycle assessment as environmental assessment tool
239(1)
11.3.2 Role of life cycle impact assessment methodologies and its recent development
240(1)
11.3.3 Transition of life cycle assessment towards sustainability assessment tool
241(1)
11.4 Overview on application of life cycle assessment in e-waste management
242(2)
11.5 Lessons learned and discussion
244(2)
11.5.1 Life cycle assessment: current transition towards sustainability assessment tool and its application in e-waste management
244(1)
11.5.2 Future multidisciplinary research and agenda
245(1)
11.6 Conclusions and outlooks
246(7)
Acknowledgements
246(1)
References
246(7)
12 E-waste: policies and legislations for a sustainable green growth
253(18)
Juhi Gupta
12.1 E-waste: current scenario
253(1)
12.2 E-waste: generation and distribution
254(1)
12.3 WEEE laws and enforcements: status
255(6)
12.3.1 Indian legislations for e-waste
257(1)
12.3.2 Market-based initiatives
257(4)
12.4 Policy challenges
261(2)
12.4.1 Consumer attitude towards recycling
263(1)
12.5 Policy implications
263(1)
12.6 Forward logistics versus reverse logistics life-cycle assessment of electronic products
264(1)
12.7 SWOT analysis of e-waste policy trends
265(1)
12.8 Discussion and conclusion
266(5)
References
267(4)
13 E-waste policies and implementation: a global perspective
271(38)
Francine Duarte Castro
Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior
Joao Paulo Bassin
Jorge Tenorio (Alberto Soares)
Laura Cutaia
Mentore Vaccari
Denise Espinosa (Crocce Romano)
13.1 Introduction
271(1)
13.2 The global e-waste generation
272(4)
13.2.1 Quantifying e-waste generation
272(4)
13.3 E-waste laws and regulations
276(25)
13.3.1 North America
276(3)
13.3.2 Latin America
279(4)
13.3.3 Europe
283(9)
13.3.4 Asia and Oceania
292(8)
13.3.5 Africa
300(1)
13.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
301(8)
Acknowledgments
302(1)
References
303(6)
14 The future of e-waste in the circular economy of Ghana; implications for urban planning, environmental and human health risks
309(18)
Michael Osei Asibey
Abdul-Salam Jahanfo Abdulai
Benjamin Dosu Jnr
Prosper Tornyeviadzi
14.1 Introduction
309(2)
14.2 Environmental and health risks associated with informal e-waste recycling
311(1)
14.3 Towards understanding the circular economy philosophy
312(3)
14.3.1 Circular economy-environmental and waste management nexus and criticisms
313(2)
14.4 The future of e-waste and the circular economy of Ghana: urban planning, environmental, and health risk implications
315(7)
14.4.1 Ghana's e-waste recycling enterprise
315(2)
14.4.2 Urban planning, circular economy, and opportunities for efficient e-waste recycling in Africa: a focus on Ghana
317(5)
14.5 Way forward and conclusion
322(5)
References
323(4)
15 The role of the informal sector on e-waste management: a case study from Brazil
327(38)
Francine Duarte Castro
Barbara Gomes Xavier
Laura Cutaia
Mentore Vaccari
Joao Paulo Bassin
List of symbols and acronyms
327(1)
15.1 Introduction
328(2)
15.2 Contextualization
330(11)
15.2.1 EEE and WEEE in numbers
330(1)
15.2.2 Brazilian WEEE legislation
331(5)
15.2.3 The role of waste pickers on waste management in Brazil
336(3)
15.2.4 The involvement of WPO on WEEE management in Brazil
339(2)
15.3 Methodology
341(6)
15.3.1 The region under study
342(1)
15.3.2 Study design
343(4)
15.4 Results
347(5)
15.4.1 The profile of the waste picker organizations
347(3)
15.4.2 The perspective of waste pickers: WEEE management
350(2)
15.4.3 The perspective of waste pickers: WPO, the environment and the society
352(1)
15.5 Discussion
352(5)
15.5.1 SWOT analysis
352(3)
15.5.2 Waste picker organizations and the sustainable development goals
355(2)
15.6 Conclusions and perspectives
357(8)
References
357(8)
Section 3 Industrial waste
16 Recent perspectives of nanoparticles in industrial waste management--an overview
365(20)
Nilakshi Dhara Sharma
Shailja Dhiman
Ajit Varma
Arti Goel
16.1 Introduction
365(2)
16.1.1 Current situation and problems
365(1)
16.1.2 Why nanotechnology
366(1)
16.2 Types of synthesis
367(4)
16.2.1 Conventional methods
368(1)
16.2.2 Green synthesis
368(3)
16.3 Nanoparticles in waste management
371(4)
16.3.1 Nzvi (nanoscale zero-valent iron)
371(2)
16.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
373(1)
16.3.3 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
373(1)
16.3.4 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
374(1)
16.4 Nanoparticles in ex-situ and in-situ waste management
375(1)
16.5 Mechanistic approach towards the waste management through nanoparticles
376(2)
16.6 Conclusion
378(7)
References
379(6)
17 Advances in industrial waste management
385(32)
Darshan Singh
17.1 Introduction
385(2)
17.2 Types of wastes
387(1)
17.3 Techniques for removal of organic/inorganic waste and heavy metals
387(20)
17.3.1 Chemical precipitation
387(1)
17.3.2 Chemical coagulation/flocculation
388(1)
17.3.3 Chemical stabilization or lime stabilization
388(1)
17.3.4 Ion exchange
389(1)
17.3.5 Membrane filtration
390(3)
17.3.6 Brine technologies
393(2)
17.3.7 Phytoremediation
395(3)
17.3.8 Advanced oxidation processes
398(5)
17.3.9 Adsorption
403(4)
17.4 Management of industrial solid wastes
407(4)
17.4.1 Landfill or dump
407(1)
17.4.2 Incineration
408(1)
17.4.3 Composting
409(2)
17.5 Waste to energy technologies
411(2)
17.5.1 Combustion
411(1)
17.5.2 Anaerobic digestion
412(1)
17.5.3 Fermentation
412(1)
17.5.4 Gasification s
412(1)
17.5.5 Pyrolysis
413(1)
17.6 Conclusion
413(1)
17.7 Future perspective
414(3)
References
414(3)
18 Nano- and microplastics in the environment: a potential threat to in-situ bioremediation of wastewaters
417(20)
Imania Ghaffar
Arshad Javid
Syed Mohsin Bukhari
Waqas Ali
Syed Ghulam Mohayud Din Hashmi
Ali Hussain
18.1 Introduction
417(5)
18.2 Implication of different microbes in bioremediation of wastewaters
422(2)
18.2.1 Implication of bacteria in bioremediation
422(1)
18.2.2 Use of fungi in bioremediation
423(1)
18.2.3 Utility of microalgae in phytoremediation
424(1)
18.3 Effect of microplastics on bioremedial potential of microbes
424(5)
18.3.1 Microplastics
424(1)
18.3.2 Intrusion of microplastics in the environment
425(1)
18.3.3 Impact of microplastics on microbial communities
426(1)
18.3.4 Effect of microplastics on microbes carrying out in-situ bioremediation of industrial wastewaters
426(3)
18.4 Conclusions and recommendations
429(8)
References
429(8)
19 Biological methods for the treatment of industrial waste
437(18)
Ananya Dutta
Roopa Kumari
Trishna Rajbongshi
Jyotirmoy Sarma
Sanchayita Rajkhowa
19.1 Introduction
437(3)
19.1.1 Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewater
440(1)
19.2 Waste water treatment from food industry
440(3)
19.2.1 Characteristics of dairy wastewater and its harmful effects on environment
441(2)
19.3 Treatment of effluents of dye industry
443(4)
19.3.1 Aerobic treatment of dyes
443(2)
19.3.2 Anaerobic treatment of dyes
445(1)
19.3.3 Treatment in combined aerobic-anaerobic system
446(1)
19.4 Waste water treatment from pharmaceutical industry
447(3)
19.4.1 Aerobic technique
448(1)
19.4.2 Aerobic technique
448(1)
19.4.3 Anaerobic technique
449(1)
19.5 Conclusion
450(5)
References
451(4)
20 Adsorptive removal of hazardous dyes from industrial waste using activated carbon: an appraisal
455(32)
Cham Arora
Dipti Bharti
Sanju Soni
Asha Patel
Rahul Singh
20.1 Introduction
455(3)
20.2 Methodological design and methods of dye removal
458(3)
20.2.1 Biological dye removal methods
459(1)
20.2.2 Chemical dye removal methods
459(1)
20.2.3 Physical dye removal methods
459(2)
20.2.4 Factors affecting adsorption
461(1)
20.3 Adsorption on activated carbon
461(5)
20.3.1 Definition of activated carbon
461(1)
20.3.2 Porous structure and surface area
461(2)
20.3.3 Chemical structure
463(1)
20.3.4 Activated carbon preparation from various sources
463(1)
20.3.5 Classification
464(1)
20.3.6 Properties of activated carbon
465(1)
20.3.7 Applications of activated carbon
465(1)
20.4 Dye removal by activated carbon
466(10)
20.4.1 Combination of techniques for dye removal
467(9)
20.5 Conclusions
476(11)
References
476(11)
Section 4 Biomedical/hazardous waste
21 Hazardous waste management: lessons from developed countries
487(18)
Taniya Banerjee
Ammu P. Nair
M.S. Smitha
21.1 Introduction
487(2)
21.2 Challenges faced by developing countries
489(1)
21.3 Open dumping
489(1)
21.4 Open burning
489(1)
21.5 Examples of waste management in various developed countries
490(10)
21.5.1 United States
490(2)
21.5.2 Japan
492(1)
21.5.3 Singapore
493(1)
21.5.4 Germany
494(1)
21.5.5 The Netherlands
495(2)
21.5.6 Hong Kong
497(2)
21.5.7 Norway s
499(1)
21.6 Brief comparison between waste management practices in developing and developed countries
500(2)
21.7 Conclusion
502(3)
References
503(2)
22 Hazardous biomedical waste management scenario in developing countries
505(16)
Deeksha Krishna
H.K. Sachan
22.1 Introduction
505(2)
22.2 Sources of biomedical wastes in developing countries
507(2)
22.2.1 Biomedical waste classification in developing countries
509(1)
22.3 Management of biomedical waste in developing nations
509(2)
22.4 Treatment of infectious medical waste
511(4)
22.4.1 Treatment technologies used in developing countries
512(3)
22.5 Conclusion
515(6)
References
515(6)
23 Chemical methods for the treatment of biomedical hazardous waste
521(22)
Manita Thakur
Manisha Chandel
Anita Rani
Ajay Sharma
Deepak Pathania
23.1 Introduction
521(1)
23.2 Biomedical hazardous waste
522(8)
23.2.1 Type of biomedical waste
526(1)
23.2.2 Sources of biomedical hazardous waste
527(3)
23.3 Chemical routes for the management of biomedical waste
530(2)
23.3.1 Supercritical water oxidation technique
530(1)
23.3.2 Ion exchange process
531(1)
23.3.3 Incineration
532(1)
23.3.4 Autoclaving
532(1)
23.3.5 Microwaving
532(1)
23.3.6 Shredding
532(1)
23.4 Importance of biomedical waste management
532(6)
23.5 Conclusion
538(5)
References
538(5)
24 Advances in biomedical waste management technologies
543(34)
Jaskiran Kaur
24.1 Introduction
543(2)
24.2 Categories, sources and fate of biomedical waste
545(1)
24.3 Need for biomedical waste management
546(2)
24.4 Conventional ways for managing biomedical waste
548(3)
24.4.1 Thermochemical methods
548(2)
24.4.2 Chemical treatment
550(1)
24.5 State of the art treatment of biomedical wastes
551(14)
24.5.1 Bioremediation of biomedical waste
551(12)
24.5.2 Plant bioremediation
563(1)
24.5.3 Membrane technology
564(1)
24.6 Conclusion and future prospects
565(12)
References
566(11)
Section 5 Sustainable waste management
25 Biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastes
577(24)
Tahir Mehmood
Fareeha Nadeem
Muhammad Bilal
Bisma Meer
Kushif Meer
Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
25.1 Introduction
577(1)
25.2 Types of pharmaceutical waste
578(6)
25.2.1 Hazardous waste
579(2)
25.2.2 Non-hazardous pharmaceutical waste
581(1)
25.2.3 Chemo waste
582(1)
25.2.4 Controlled substances
582(1)
25.2.5 Chemical wastes
583(1)
25.2.6 Potentially infectious wastes
583(1)
25.2.7 Liquid waste
583(1)
25.2.8 Ampoules
583(1)
25.2.9 Solid waste
584(1)
25.3 Sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment
584(6)
25.3.1 Sources of pharmaceutical in marine water
584(2)
25.3.2 Environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in marine water
586(1)
25.3.3 Sources of industrial pharmaceutical waste
586(2)
25.3.4 General sources of pharmaceutical wastes
588(2)
25.4 Biological pretreatment methods for the valorization of pharmaceutical wastes
590(4)
25.4.1 Anaerobic methodologies
590(2)
25.4.2 Aerobic methodologies
592(2)
25.5 Practices of effective management of pharmaceutical/healthcare wastes
594(7)
References
595(6)
26 A review on municipal solid wastes and their associated problems and solutions (waste-to-energy recovery and nano-treatment) with special reference to India
601(24)
Piu Saha
Sumi Handique
Acronyms
601(1)
26.1 Introduction
602(4)
26.2 Waste generation in India
606(1)
26.3 Waste management practices in India to address the problem of municipal solid waste
606(2)
26.4 Challenges faced while addressing the municipal solid waste management
608(2)
26.4.1 Segregation at source
608(1)
26.4.2 Lack of funding to address the municipal solid waste problem
608(1)
26.4.3 Failure of waste-to-energy recovery
608(1)
26.4.4 Communication gap between center and State government
609(1)
26.4.5 Implementation of rules and regulations
609(1)
26.4.6 Research and development for new technological practices
609(1)
26.5 Energy recovery from municipal solid waste
610(1)
26.6 Direct waste-to-energy processes
610(4)
26.6.1 Indirect waste-to-energy processes
610(4)
26.7 Nanotechnology and waste management
614(5)
26.7.1 Nanoparticles and their use in treating leachate of municipal solid waste landfills
614(4)
26.7.2 The impact of nanoparticles on the composting of municipal solid waste
618(1)
26.8 Conclusion
619(6)
References
620(3)
Further reading
623(2)
27 Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater sector: implications for ecosystem, human health and environment
625(22)
Siril Singh
Rajni Yadav
Anand Narain Singh
27.1 Introduction
625(1)
27.2 Role and need of the waste-to-economy approach in the urban wastewater sector
626(2)
27.3 Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater sector
628(4)
27.3.1 Recovery of value-added products
628(1)
27.3.2 Biofuels production
629(1)
27.3.3 Biopolymers production
630(1)
27.3.4 Biopesticides production
630(1)
27.3.5 Biosurfactants and bioflocculant production
631(1)
27.4 Environmental implications
632(3)
27.4.1 Impact of wastewater reuse on soil parameters
633(1)
27.4.2 Impact of wastewater reuse on micro-and macro-fauna
633(1)
27.4.3 Impact of wastewater reuse on climate change and greenhouse gases
634(1)
27.5 Human health implications
635(3)
27.5.1 Pathogens
635(1)
27.5.2 Heavy metals
636(1)
27.5.3 Antibiotic resistance
637(1)
27.5.4 Emerging contaminants
637(1)
27.6 Challenges to waste-to-economy concept in the urban wastewater sector
638(1)
27.7 Conclusion and future recommendations
638(9)
Acknowledgements
641(1)
References
642(5)
28 Cost-benefit analysis act as a tool for evaluation of agricultural waste to the economy: a synthesis
647(18)
Rajni Yadav
Siril Singh
Anand Narain Singh
28.1 Introduction
647(2)
28.2 Agricultural waste to the economy/energy
649(7)
28.2.1 Composting
651(2)
28.2.2 Biochar
653(1)
28.2.3 Biogas power generation
654(1)
28.2.4 Biomassfuel
655(1)
28.3 Some key projects of waste-to-energy in India and their challenges
656(4)
28.4 Conclusion and recommendations
660(5)
References
660(5)
29 Conversion of waste materials into different by-products of economic value
665(36)
Sophayo Mahongnao
Pooja Sharma
Sarita Nanda
29.1 Introduction
666(2)
29.2 Production of bio-organic fertilizers
668(4)
29.3 Production of enzymes from organic wastes
672(6)
29.3.1 Amylase
672(1)
29.3.2 Pectinase
672(2)
29.3.3 Polygalacturonase
674(1)
29.3.4 Cellulases and xylanase
675(1)
29.3.5 Proteases
676(1)
29.3.6 Lipases
677(1)
29.4 Production of biofuel
678(4)
29.4.1 Bio-ethanol
678(1)
29.4.2 Hydrogen
678(3)
29.4.3 Biogas or methane
681(1)
29.4.4 Biodiesel
682(1)
29.5 Production of bio-materials
682(2)
29.5.1 Biodegradable plastics
682(1)
29.5.2 Bio-nanocomposite
683(1)
29.5.3 Other biomaterials
683(1)
29.5.4 Lipomyces starkeyi
684(1)
29.6 Adsorbent and biomass for bioremediation
684(1)
29.7 Flavors and fragrances
685(1)
29.8 Organic acids
686(3)
29.8.1 Acetic acid
686(1)
29.8.2 Citric acid
686(2)
29.8.3 Fumaric acid
688(1)
29.8.4 Lactic acid
688(1)
29.8.5 Propionic acid
689(1)
29.8.6 Gluconic acid
689(1)
29.9 Pigments
689(1)
29.10 Pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals
690(2)
29.11 Polysaccharides
692(1)
29.12 Dietary fiber production
692(1)
29.13 Natural colorant
693(1)
29.14 Ph indicator films
694(1)
29.15 Single-cell protein
694(1)
29.16 Conclusion
695(6)
References
695(6)
30 Vermicomposting--the sustainable solid waste management
701(20)
Ankita Chowdhury
Abhijit Sarkar
30.1 Introduction
701(2)
30.2 Classification
703(3)
30.2.1 Gaseous waste
703(1)
30.2.2 Liquid waste
704(1)
30.2.3 Solid waste
705(1)
30.3 Management of waste: reduce, reuse and recycle
706(3)
30.3.1 Different methods of solid waste management
707(2)
30.4 Different kinds of composting
709(8)
30.4.1 Vessel composting
709(1)
30.4.2 Windrow composting
710(1)
30.4.3 Static composting
710(1)
30.4.4 Sheet composting
710(1)
30.4.5 Berkley rapid composting
710(1)
30.4.6 Indian composting
710(1)
30.4.7 Vermicomposting
711(6)
30.5 Conclusion
717(4)
Acknowledgments
718(1)
References
718(3)
31 Sustainability of biorefineries for waste management
721(34)
Kailas L. Wasewar
31.1 Introduction
722(1)
31.2 Biorefinery
723(7)
31.2.1 Concept of biorefinery
724(1)
31.2.2 Goals to be achieved through biorefineries
724(3)
31.2.3 Classification of biorefinery
727(1)
31.2.4 Feedstock for biorefinery
728(1)
31.2.5 Criteria for biorefinery
729(1)
31.2.6 Critical aspects to be considered for successful biorefinery
729(1)
31.2.7 Bioeconomy and biorefinery
729(1)
31.3 Waste biorefinery
730(1)
31.3.1 Concept of waste biorefinery
730(1)
31.3.2 Classification of waste biorefinery
730(1)
31.4 Biorefinery technologies
731(2)
31.4.1 Pretreatment
731(1)
31.4.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis
731(1)
31.4.3 Fermentation
732(1)
31.4.4 Fast pyrolysis
732(1)
31.4.5 Hydrothermal conversion
732(1)
31.4.6 Anaerobic digestion/fermentation
732(1)
31.4.7 Dark fermentation
732(1)
31.4.8 Electro-fermentation
732(1)
31.4.9 Photo-fermentation
733(1)
31.5 Types of waste biorefinery
733(8)
31.5.1 Agricultural waste biorefineries
733(1)
31.5.2 Algae based biorefinery
733(1)
31.5.3 Animal waste biorefinery
733(1)
31.5.4 Bakery waste
734(1)
31.5.5 Cereals industry waste biorefinery
734(1)
31.5.6 Coffee industry waste biorefinery
734(1)
31.5.7 Dairy waste biorefineries
734(1)
31.5.8 Eggs industry waste biorefineries
735(1)
31.5.9 Fish industry waste
735(1)
31.5.10 Food waste biorefineries
735(1)
31.5.11 Forestry waste biorefinery
736(2)
31.5.12 Fruit industry waste biorefinery
738(1)
31.5.13 Industrial waste biorefinery
738(1)
31.5.14 Meat industry waste
739(1)
31.5.15 Municipal solid waste biorefineries
739(1)
31.5.16 Oil crops waste based biorefinery
739(1)
31.5.17 Oily waste biorefineries
740(1)
31.5.18 Plastic waste biorefinery
740(1)
31.5.19 Sea water biorefineries
740(1)
31.5.20 Starchy waste biorefineries
740(1)
31.5.21 Sugar-crops and tubers waste biorefinery
740(1)
31.5.22 Vegetable industry waste biorefinery
741(1)
31.5.23 Wastewater biorefinery
741(1)
31.6 Perspective & conclusion
741(14)
References
749(6)
32 Municipal solid waste management in Brazil: overview and trade-offs between different treatment technologies
755(18)
Neanderson Galvao
Ingrid R.F.S. Alves
Joao Paulo Bassin
Abbreviations
755(1)
32.1 Introduction
756(1)
32.2 Technologies for treatment and final disposal of municipal solid waste
756(9)
32.2.1 Incineration
756(1)
32.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
757(4)
32.2.3 Sanitary landfill
761(1)
32.2.4 Minimization of municipal solid waste
762(1)
32.2.5 Reuse and recycling
763(1)
32.2.6 Composting
764(1)
32.3 Trade-off between waste treatment/final disposal technologies
765(3)
32.3.1 Landfill versus incineration
765(1)
32.3.2 Incineration versus recycling/composting
766(1)
32.3.3 Landfill versus recycling/composting/anaerobic digestion
767(1)
32.4 Final considerations and perspectives
768(1)
References
769(4)
33 Waste management practices in the developing nations: challenges and opportunities
773(26)
Tanu Kumari
Akhilesh Singh Raghubanshi
33.1 Introduction
774(1)
33.2 Global trends of municipal solid waste management in the developing countries
774(6)
33.2.1 Comparison of waste production in developed and developing countries
775(3)
33.2.2 Non-technical variables influencing sustainable waste management
778(2)
33.3 Characterization of waste and different processes of waste management
780(2)
33.3.1 MSW disposal processes
781(1)
33.4 Challenges of solid waste management
782(3)
33.5 Approaches for solid waste management
785(1)
33.6 Opportunities for the solid waste management
786(4)
33.6.1 Collection and transport
787(1)
33.6.2 Segregation and sorting
788(1)
33.6.3 Recycling
788(1)
33.6.4 Processing
788(1)
33.6.5 Energy recovery
789(1)
33.6.6 Disposal
790(1)
33.7 Possible changes
790(2)
33.7.1 Changes at the highest level of waste management hierarchy
790(1)
33.7.2 Changes regarding perspective towards the role of stakeholders in municipal solid waste management
791(1)
33.8 Solution
792(2)
33.8.1 Integrated solid waste management
792(1)
33.8.2 A seven-step approach towards municipal solid waste management plan
793(1)
33.9 Conclusion
794(5)
Acknowledgments
794(1)
References
794(5)
Index 799
Dr. Pardeep Singh is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, in New Delhi, India. He obtained his PhD at the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi. Dr. Singh has published more than 65 papers in international journals in the fields of waste management, environmental pollution, and agricultural nanotechnology, and has co-edited 30 books. Dr. Pramit Verma is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. He completed his PhD from the Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in 2021. He is currently working in the field of Urban Ecology. He has also worked in the field of urban climate disaster risk reduction and management. He has published several research articles and a technical report while participating in various national and international conferences, workshops and seminars. He is also working on the socioeconomic dynamics governing urban energy and urban land use in secondary cities of India. Dr. Rishikesh Singh has completed his PhD from Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. His research interests are in soil carbon dynamics, land- use change and management, emerging agronomic practices, biochar and carbon sequestration. His current research assignment is based on environmental impact analysis of traditional and emergent agronomic practices in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. He has published several research and review articles and is a reviewer of several international journals of Elsevier, Taylor and Francis and Springer Nature groups. Dr. Arif Ahamad is presently working as an Assistant Professor (Department of Environmental Science, Daulatram College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India). He has obtained his masters degree from the Department of Environmental Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India in 2011. He obtained his M.Phil. degree in 2014 and doctorate degree in 2019 from the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. The area of his doctoral research is Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in the Groundwater, Soil and Road dust from the Industrial area in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has published more than 10 papers/Book chapters in international and national publishing house in the field of ground water and surface water contamination, wastewater effluent, and landfills as a source of contamination and human health risk assessment. Apart from these several papers are under review. He has also written some editorial articles in popular English newspapers. He presented his research works on several national and international platforms. He has been working as a researcher, professor, and consultant in Planning and Sustainability Management, specifically with Sustainability Indicators and other manageable metrics. External consultant in sustainability assessment at the European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen, Denmark. Researcher at CENSE Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science & Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal. Post-Doctorate in Organizational Administration at the Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting of Ribeirćo Preto (FEARP), University of Sćo Paulo (USP), Brazil. Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences by Federal University of Goiįs (CIAMB/UFG), Brazil, and NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal. Member of the International Sustainable Development Research Society (ISDRS). Researcher at Public Strategy for Sustainable Development (PS4SD), Brussels, Belgium.