|
|
xxv | |
|
Section 1 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and under developing nations |
|
|
|
1 Waste generation in Brazil: municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes |
|
|
3 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.2 Municipal solid waste |
|
|
5 | (6) |
|
|
11 | (5) |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
2 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and underdeveloped nations |
|
|
21 | (40) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
2.2 Overview of waste generation scenario |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
|
26 | (5) |
|
2.3.1 Effect of waste of electrical and electronic equipment |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
2.3.2 Effect of medical waste |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Effect of industrial waste |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
2.3.4 Effect of municipal solid waste |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
2.4 Current status of waste management |
|
|
31 | (6) |
|
2.4.1 Review of some high-income countries |
|
|
31 | (3) |
|
2.4.2 Upper-middle-income countries |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.4.3 Lower-middle-income countries |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
2.4.4 Low-income countries |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (13) |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
2.5.2 Structuring waste management activities |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.5.3 Waste to energy and waste to products conversion |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
2.5.5 Circular material economy |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
2.5.6 Infrastructure development |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
2.5.7 Managing infectious waste |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
2.5.9 Sustainable recycling |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
2.5.10 Environmental sustainability |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2.5.11 Public stewardship |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
2.5.13 Extended producer responsibility |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
2.7 Future recommendations |
|
|
50 | (11) |
|
|
51 | (10) |
|
3 Use of participatory methodologies to improve the management of urban solid waste in Sal Island--Cape Verde |
|
|
61 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
3.1 Introduction--issues faced by small island developing states |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
3.2 State of research of municipal solid waste management in small island developing states |
|
|
63 | (4) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
3.2.3 Waste selection, transfer and transport s |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
3.2.4 Waste management technologies |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
3.2.5 New trend in integrated municipal solid waste and future development |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
3.4 Case study--municipal solid waste management in Sal Island |
|
|
68 | (13) |
|
3.4.1 Characterization of Sal Island |
|
|
68 | (4) |
|
3.4.2 Legal instruments for municipal solid waste management in Cape Verde |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
3.4.3 Benchmark status of municipal solid waste management in Sal Island (interviews with technical staff) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
3.4.4 Validation of current situation by the focus group |
|
|
74 | (5) |
|
3.4.5 Hierarchy of priority measures to be implemented in municipal solid waste management |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
|
81 | (4) |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
4 Waste characterization in Brazil |
|
|
85 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
4.2 Municipal solid waste |
|
|
86 | (5) |
|
4.2.1 Selective waste collection |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
4.4 Construction and demolition waste |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
4.7 Treatment and final destination |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
4.8 Final considerations and perspectives |
|
|
96 | (5) |
|
|
97 | (4) |
|
|
|
5 E-waste: sources, management strategies, impacts, and consequences |
|
|
101 | (24) |
|
|
|
Tania Ghatak (Chakraborty) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
5.2 E-Waste--a global issue |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
5.3.1 Toxic substances and their genesis |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
5.4 Generation of e-waste |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (5) |
|
5.5.1 Step-by-step process of e-waste recycling |
|
|
105 | (3) |
|
5.5.2 Importance of recycling |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
5.5.3 Convenience of recycling |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
5.5.4 Inconvenience of recycling |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
5.6 E-Waste component's reuse |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
5.6.4 Hg-containing equipment |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
5.7 Effects of e-waste in the environment |
|
|
111 | (3) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
5.8 Effects of E-waste on human health |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
5.9 Impacts on agriculture |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
5.10 Management techniques of e-waste |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
|
118 | (7) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (7) |
|
6 Translational transport of e-waste and implications on human well beings and the environment |
|
|
125 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
6.2 Global e-waste generation |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
6.3 Transboundary movement of e-waste |
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
6.4 International regulations for the hazardous material transboundary movement |
|
|
130 | (3) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
6.4.2 The rotterdam convention |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
6.4.3 The Stockholm convention |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
133 | (3) |
|
|
136 | (2) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
6.8 Conclusion and future perspective |
|
|
139 | (4) |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
7 Electronic (E-waste) conduct: chemical assessment and treatment methods |
|
|
143 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
143 | (5) |
|
7.1.1 Classification of hazardous components of e-waste |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
7.2 Human and environmental effects |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
7.2.1 Impact on environment |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Impart on human health |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
7.3 Current scenario of processing |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
7.3.1 Informal recycling techniques |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
7.3.2 Formal recycling techniques |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
7.4 Electronic waste legislations |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
7.4.2 Extended producer responsibility |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
7.5 Policy development in Asia for electronic waste |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
7.6 Analysis of e-waste management policies |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (5) |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (5) |
|
8 Biological methods for the treatment of e-waste |
|
|
163 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
8.2 Classification of e-waste |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
8.3 Global scenario of e-waste |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
8.4 Disposal methods of e-waste |
|
|
167 | (8) |
|
8.4.1 Bioremediation of e-waste |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
8.4.2 Phytoremediation of e-waste |
|
|
171 | (3) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (6) |
|
|
175 | (4) |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
9 Chemical methods for the treatment of e-waste |
|
|
181 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
9.2 Identification of e-waste |
|
|
182 | (4) |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
9.3.3 Effects on human health |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
9.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
9.5 Dioxin and furan-related health risks |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
9.6 Lead as a health deterrent on exposure |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
9.7 Beryllium exposure and its health damages |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
9.8 Cadmium as potent health deterrent |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
9.9 Exposure to mercury and its health damages |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
9.10 Flame retardants'health damages |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
9.11 Land filling and its hazards |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
9.12 Hazards caused by landfilling |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
9.13 Incineration and its hazards |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
9.14 Damages and hazards of incineration process involve the following |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
9.15 Recycling of e-waste |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
9.16 Structure of printed circuit board |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
9.17 Techniques of chemical recycling |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
9.18 Chemical treatment by metallurgical processes |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
9.19 Chemical recycling techniques |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
9.20 Electrochemical process |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
9.21 Recycling by thermal methods |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
9.24 Recycling of LCD panels to procure indium |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
9.25 Production of clean fuel from recycling e-waste |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (5) |
|
|
201 | (4) |
|
10 E-waste management using different cost-effective, eco-friendly biological techniques: an overview |
|
|
205 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
206 | (5) |
|
10.1.1 Overview of e-waste |
|
|
206 | (2) |
|
10.1.2 E-waste trade and mechanism |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
10.1.3 E-waste flow model |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
10.2 Statistics and e-waste management system in Asian countries |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
10.3 E-waste management system in India |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
10.4 Health hazards associated with e-waste |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
10.5 Consumer's awareness |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
10.8 Micro-remediation of e-waste |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
10.8.4 Microbial involvement in bioaccumulation process |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
10.8.5 Chemisorption of heavy metals by microorganism: a method for the bioremediation of solutions |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
10.8.8 Microbially-enhanced chemisorption of metals |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
10.9 Recent trends in metal recovery methods from e-waste |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
10.10 Suggestion to control and manage e-waste in India |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
10.11 Ecological and environmental effects of e-wastes |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
10.11.1 Deleterious effects e-wastes on air |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
10.11.2 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on soil |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
10.11.3 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on water |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
10.12 Environmental and health issues |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
226 | (11) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
Annexure II (Https//cpcb.nic.in/e-waste-recyclers-dismantler) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Annexure III Description of UNU categories (Balde, C. P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., Huisman, J. 2015, The global e-waste monitor--2014, United Nations University, IAS--SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (7) |
|
11 Life cycle assessment of e-waste management: current practices and future research agenda towards sustainability |
|
|
237 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
11.2 Aim and motivation of the study |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
11.3 Overview on life cycle assessment and its development |
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
11.3.1 Life cycle assessment as environmental assessment tool |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
11.3.2 Role of life cycle impact assessment methodologies and its recent development |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
11.3.3 Transition of life cycle assessment towards sustainability assessment tool |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
11.4 Overview on application of life cycle assessment in e-waste management |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
11.5 Lessons learned and discussion |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
11.5.1 Life cycle assessment: current transition towards sustainability assessment tool and its application in e-waste management |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
11.5.2 Future multidisciplinary research and agenda |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
11.6 Conclusions and outlooks |
|
|
246 | (7) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (7) |
|
12 E-waste: policies and legislations for a sustainable green growth |
|
|
253 | (18) |
|
|
12.1 E-waste: current scenario |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
12.2 E-waste: generation and distribution |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
12.3 WEEE laws and enforcements: status |
|
|
255 | (6) |
|
12.3.1 Indian legislations for e-waste |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
12.3.2 Market-based initiatives |
|
|
257 | (4) |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
12.4.1 Consumer attitude towards recycling |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
12.6 Forward logistics versus reverse logistics life-cycle assessment of electronic products |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
12.7 SWOT analysis of e-waste policy trends |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
12.8 Discussion and conclusion |
|
|
266 | (5) |
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
13 E-waste policies and implementation: a global perspective |
|
|
271 | (38) |
|
|
Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior |
|
|
|
Jorge Tenorio (Alberto Soares) |
|
|
|
|
Denise Espinosa (Crocce Romano) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
13.2 The global e-waste generation |
|
|
272 | (4) |
|
13.2.1 Quantifying e-waste generation |
|
|
272 | (4) |
|
13.3 E-waste laws and regulations |
|
|
276 | (25) |
|
|
276 | (3) |
|
|
279 | (4) |
|
|
283 | (9) |
|
|
292 | (8) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
13.4 Conclusions and future perspectives |
|
|
301 | (8) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (6) |
|
14 The future of e-waste in the circular economy of Ghana; implications for urban planning, environmental and human health risks |
|
|
309 | (18) |
|
|
Abdul-Salam Jahanfo Abdulai |
|
|
|
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
14.2 Environmental and health risks associated with informal e-waste recycling |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
14.3 Towards understanding the circular economy philosophy |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
14.3.1 Circular economy-environmental and waste management nexus and criticisms |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
14.4 The future of e-waste and the circular economy of Ghana: urban planning, environmental, and health risk implications |
|
|
315 | (7) |
|
14.4.1 Ghana's e-waste recycling enterprise |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
14.4.2 Urban planning, circular economy, and opportunities for efficient e-waste recycling in Africa: a focus on Ghana |
|
|
317 | (5) |
|
14.5 Way forward and conclusion |
|
|
322 | (5) |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
15 The role of the informal sector on e-waste management: a case study from Brazil |
|
|
327 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
List of symbols and acronyms |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
|
330 | (11) |
|
15.2.1 EEE and WEEE in numbers |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
15.2.2 Brazilian WEEE legislation |
|
|
331 | (5) |
|
15.2.3 The role of waste pickers on waste management in Brazil |
|
|
336 | (3) |
|
15.2.4 The involvement of WPO on WEEE management in Brazil |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
|
341 | (6) |
|
15.3.1 The region under study |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
|
347 | (5) |
|
15.4.1 The profile of the waste picker organizations |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
15.4.2 The perspective of waste pickers: WEEE management |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
15.4.3 The perspective of waste pickers: WPO, the environment and the society |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (5) |
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
15.5.2 Waste picker organizations and the sustainable development goals |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
15.6 Conclusions and perspectives |
|
|
357 | (8) |
|
|
357 | (8) |
|
Section 3 Industrial waste |
|
|
|
16 Recent perspectives of nanoparticles in industrial waste management--an overview |
|
|
365 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
16.1.1 Current situation and problems |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
16.1.2 Why nanotechnology |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (4) |
|
16.2.1 Conventional methods |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
16.3 Nanoparticles in waste management |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
16.3.1 Nzvi (nanoscale zero-valent iron) |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
16.3.3 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
16.3.4 Zinc oxide nanoparticles |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
16.4 Nanoparticles in ex-situ and in-situ waste management |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
16.5 Mechanistic approach towards the waste management through nanoparticles |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (7) |
|
|
379 | (6) |
|
17 Advances in industrial waste management |
|
|
385 | (32) |
|
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
17.3 Techniques for removal of organic/inorganic waste and heavy metals |
|
|
387 | (20) |
|
17.3.1 Chemical precipitation |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
17.3.2 Chemical coagulation/flocculation |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
17.3.3 Chemical stabilization or lime stabilization |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
17.3.5 Membrane filtration |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
17.3.6 Brine technologies |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
17.3.8 Advanced oxidation processes |
|
|
398 | (5) |
|
|
403 | (4) |
|
17.4 Management of industrial solid wastes |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
17.5 Waste to energy technologies |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
17.5.2 Anaerobic digestion |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
18 Nano- and microplastics in the environment: a potential threat to in-situ bioremediation of wastewaters |
|
|
417 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
Syed Ghulam Mohayud Din Hashmi |
|
|
|
|
417 | (5) |
|
18.2 Implication of different microbes in bioremediation of wastewaters |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
18.2.1 Implication of bacteria in bioremediation |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
18.2.2 Use of fungi in bioremediation |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
18.2.3 Utility of microalgae in phytoremediation |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
18.3 Effect of microplastics on bioremedial potential of microbes |
|
|
424 | (5) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
18.3.2 Intrusion of microplastics in the environment |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
18.3.3 Impact of microplastics on microbial communities |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
18.3.4 Effect of microplastics on microbes carrying out in-situ bioremediation of industrial wastewaters |
|
|
426 | (3) |
|
18.4 Conclusions and recommendations |
|
|
429 | (8) |
|
|
429 | (8) |
|
19 Biological methods for the treatment of industrial waste |
|
|
437 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
437 | (3) |
|
19.1.1 Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewater |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
19.2 Waste water treatment from food industry |
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
19.2.1 Characteristics of dairy wastewater and its harmful effects on environment |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
19.3 Treatment of effluents of dye industry |
|
|
443 | (4) |
|
19.3.1 Aerobic treatment of dyes |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
19.3.2 Anaerobic treatment of dyes |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
19.3.3 Treatment in combined aerobic-anaerobic system |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
19.4 Waste water treatment from pharmaceutical industry |
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
19.4.3 Anaerobic technique |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (5) |
|
|
451 | (4) |
|
20 Adsorptive removal of hazardous dyes from industrial waste using activated carbon: an appraisal |
|
|
455 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
455 | (3) |
|
20.2 Methodological design and methods of dye removal |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
20.2.1 Biological dye removal methods |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
20.2.2 Chemical dye removal methods |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
20.2.3 Physical dye removal methods |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
20.2.4 Factors affecting adsorption |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
20.3 Adsorption on activated carbon |
|
|
461 | (5) |
|
20.3.1 Definition of activated carbon |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
20.3.2 Porous structure and surface area |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
20.3.3 Chemical structure |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
20.3.4 Activated carbon preparation from various sources |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
20.3.6 Properties of activated carbon |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
20.3.7 Applications of activated carbon |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
20.4 Dye removal by activated carbon |
|
|
466 | (10) |
|
20.4.1 Combination of techniques for dye removal |
|
|
467 | (9) |
|
|
476 | (11) |
|
|
476 | (11) |
|
Section 4 Biomedical/hazardous waste |
|
|
|
21 Hazardous waste management: lessons from developed countries |
|
|
487 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
21.2 Challenges faced by developing countries |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
21.5 Examples of waste management in various developed countries |
|
|
490 | (10) |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
21.6 Brief comparison between waste management practices in developing and developed countries |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
|
502 | (3) |
|
|
503 | (2) |
|
22 Hazardous biomedical waste management scenario in developing countries |
|
|
505 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
22.2 Sources of biomedical wastes in developing countries |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
22.2.1 Biomedical waste classification in developing countries |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
22.3 Management of biomedical waste in developing nations |
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
22.4 Treatment of infectious medical waste |
|
|
511 | (4) |
|
22.4.1 Treatment technologies used in developing countries |
|
|
512 | (3) |
|
|
515 | (6) |
|
|
515 | (6) |
|
23 Chemical methods for the treatment of biomedical hazardous waste |
|
|
521 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
23.2 Biomedical hazardous waste |
|
|
522 | (8) |
|
23.2.1 Type of biomedical waste |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
23.2.2 Sources of biomedical hazardous waste |
|
|
527 | (3) |
|
23.3 Chemical routes for the management of biomedical waste |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
23.3.1 Supercritical water oxidation technique |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
23.3.2 Ion exchange process |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
23.4 Importance of biomedical waste management |
|
|
532 | (6) |
|
|
538 | (5) |
|
|
538 | (5) |
|
24 Advances in biomedical waste management technologies |
|
|
543 | (34) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
24.2 Categories, sources and fate of biomedical waste |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
24.3 Need for biomedical waste management |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
24.4 Conventional ways for managing biomedical waste |
|
|
548 | (3) |
|
24.4.1 Thermochemical methods |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
24.4.2 Chemical treatment |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
24.5 State of the art treatment of biomedical wastes |
|
|
551 | (14) |
|
24.5.1 Bioremediation of biomedical waste |
|
|
551 | (12) |
|
24.5.2 Plant bioremediation |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
24.5.3 Membrane technology |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
24.6 Conclusion and future prospects |
|
|
565 | (12) |
|
|
566 | (11) |
|
Section 5 Sustainable waste management |
|
|
|
25 Biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastes |
|
|
577 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
25.2 Types of pharmaceutical waste |
|
|
578 | (6) |
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
25.2.2 Non-hazardous pharmaceutical waste |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
25.2.4 Controlled substances |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
25.2.6 Potentially infectious wastes |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
25.3 Sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment |
|
|
584 | (6) |
|
25.3.1 Sources of pharmaceutical in marine water |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
25.3.2 Environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in marine water |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
25.3.3 Sources of industrial pharmaceutical waste |
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
25.3.4 General sources of pharmaceutical wastes |
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
25.4 Biological pretreatment methods for the valorization of pharmaceutical wastes |
|
|
590 | (4) |
|
25.4.1 Anaerobic methodologies |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
25.4.2 Aerobic methodologies |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
25.5 Practices of effective management of pharmaceutical/healthcare wastes |
|
|
594 | (7) |
|
|
595 | (6) |
|
26 A review on municipal solid wastes and their associated problems and solutions (waste-to-energy recovery and nano-treatment) with special reference to India |
|
|
601 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
602 | (4) |
|
26.2 Waste generation in India |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
26.3 Waste management practices in India to address the problem of municipal solid waste |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
26.4 Challenges faced while addressing the municipal solid waste management |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
26.4.1 Segregation at source |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
26.4.2 Lack of funding to address the municipal solid waste problem |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
26.4.3 Failure of waste-to-energy recovery |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
26.4.4 Communication gap between center and State government |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
26.4.5 Implementation of rules and regulations |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
26.4.6 Research and development for new technological practices |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
26.5 Energy recovery from municipal solid waste |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
26.6 Direct waste-to-energy processes |
|
|
610 | (4) |
|
26.6.1 Indirect waste-to-energy processes |
|
|
610 | (4) |
|
26.7 Nanotechnology and waste management |
|
|
614 | (5) |
|
26.7.1 Nanoparticles and their use in treating leachate of municipal solid waste landfills |
|
|
614 | (4) |
|
26.7.2 The impact of nanoparticles on the composting of municipal solid waste |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (6) |
|
|
620 | (3) |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
27 Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater sector: implications for ecosystem, human health and environment |
|
|
625 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
27.2 Role and need of the waste-to-economy approach in the urban wastewater sector |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
27.3 Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater sector |
|
|
628 | (4) |
|
27.3.1 Recovery of value-added products |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
27.3.2 Biofuels production |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
27.3.3 Biopolymers production |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
27.3.4 Biopesticides production |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
27.3.5 Biosurfactants and bioflocculant production |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
27.4 Environmental implications |
|
|
632 | (3) |
|
27.4.1 Impact of wastewater reuse on soil parameters |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
27.4.2 Impact of wastewater reuse on micro-and macro-fauna |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
27.4.3 Impact of wastewater reuse on climate change and greenhouse gases |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
27.5 Human health implications |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
27.5.3 Antibiotic resistance |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
27.5.4 Emerging contaminants |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
27.6 Challenges to waste-to-economy concept in the urban wastewater sector |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
27.7 Conclusion and future recommendations |
|
|
638 | (9) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (5) |
|
28 Cost-benefit analysis act as a tool for evaluation of agricultural waste to the economy: a synthesis |
|
|
647 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
28.2 Agricultural waste to the economy/energy |
|
|
649 | (7) |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
28.2.3 Biogas power generation |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
28.3 Some key projects of waste-to-energy in India and their challenges |
|
|
656 | (4) |
|
28.4 Conclusion and recommendations |
|
|
660 | (5) |
|
|
660 | (5) |
|
29 Conversion of waste materials into different by-products of economic value |
|
|
665 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
29.2 Production of bio-organic fertilizers |
|
|
668 | (4) |
|
29.3 Production of enzymes from organic wastes |
|
|
672 | (6) |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
672 | (2) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
29.3.4 Cellulases and xylanase |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
29.4 Production of biofuel |
|
|
678 | (4) |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
678 | (3) |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
29.5 Production of bio-materials |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
29.5.1 Biodegradable plastics |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
29.5.3 Other biomaterials |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
29.5.4 Lipomyces starkeyi |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
29.6 Adsorbent and biomass for bioremediation |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
29.7 Flavors and fragrances |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
686 | (3) |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
29.10 Pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
29.12 Dietary fiber production |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
29.15 Single-cell protein |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
695 | (6) |
|
|
695 | (6) |
|
30 Vermicomposting--the sustainable solid waste management |
|
|
701 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
701 | (2) |
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
30.3 Management of waste: reduce, reuse and recycle |
|
|
706 | (3) |
|
30.3.1 Different methods of solid waste management |
|
|
707 | (2) |
|
30.4 Different kinds of composting |
|
|
709 | (8) |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
30.4.2 Windrow composting |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
30.4.5 Berkley rapid composting |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (6) |
|
|
717 | (4) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
31 Sustainability of biorefineries for waste management |
|
|
721 | (34) |
|
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (7) |
|
31.2.1 Concept of biorefinery |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
31.2.2 Goals to be achieved through biorefineries |
|
|
724 | (3) |
|
31.2.3 Classification of biorefinery |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
31.2.4 Feedstock for biorefinery |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
31.2.5 Criteria for biorefinery |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
31.2.6 Critical aspects to be considered for successful biorefinery |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
31.2.7 Bioeconomy and biorefinery |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
31.3.1 Concept of waste biorefinery |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
31.3.2 Classification of waste biorefinery |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
31.4 Biorefinery technologies |
|
|
731 | (2) |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
31.4.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
31.4.5 Hydrothermal conversion |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
31.4.6 Anaerobic digestion/fermentation |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
31.4.8 Electro-fermentation |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
31.4.9 Photo-fermentation |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
31.5 Types of waste biorefinery |
|
|
733 | (8) |
|
31.5.1 Agricultural waste biorefineries |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
31.5.2 Algae based biorefinery |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
31.5.3 Animal waste biorefinery |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
31.5.5 Cereals industry waste biorefinery |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
31.5.6 Coffee industry waste biorefinery |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
31.5.7 Dairy waste biorefineries |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
31.5.8 Eggs industry waste biorefineries |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
31.5.9 Fish industry waste |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
31.5.10 Food waste biorefineries |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
31.5.11 Forestry waste biorefinery |
|
|
736 | (2) |
|
31.5.12 Fruit industry waste biorefinery |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
31.5.13 Industrial waste biorefinery |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
31.5.14 Meat industry waste |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
31.5.15 Municipal solid waste biorefineries |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
31.5.16 Oil crops waste based biorefinery |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
31.5.17 Oily waste biorefineries |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
31.5.18 Plastic waste biorefinery |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
31.5.19 Sea water biorefineries |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
31.5.20 Starchy waste biorefineries |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
31.5.21 Sugar-crops and tubers waste biorefinery |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
31.5.22 Vegetable industry waste biorefinery |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
31.5.23 Wastewater biorefinery |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
31.6 Perspective & conclusion |
|
|
741 | (14) |
|
|
749 | (6) |
|
32 Municipal solid waste management in Brazil: overview and trade-offs between different treatment technologies |
|
|
755 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
32.2 Technologies for treatment and final disposal of municipal solid waste |
|
|
756 | (9) |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
32.2.2 Anaerobic digestion |
|
|
757 | (4) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
32.2.4 Minimization of municipal solid waste |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
32.2.5 Reuse and recycling |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
32.3 Trade-off between waste treatment/final disposal technologies |
|
|
765 | (3) |
|
32.3.1 Landfill versus incineration |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
32.3.2 Incineration versus recycling/composting |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
32.3.3 Landfill versus recycling/composting/anaerobic digestion |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
32.4 Final considerations and perspectives |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (4) |
|
33 Waste management practices in the developing nations: challenges and opportunities |
|
|
773 | (26) |
|
|
Akhilesh Singh Raghubanshi |
|
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
33.2 Global trends of municipal solid waste management in the developing countries |
|
|
774 | (6) |
|
33.2.1 Comparison of waste production in developed and developing countries |
|
|
775 | (3) |
|
33.2.2 Non-technical variables influencing sustainable waste management |
|
|
778 | (2) |
|
33.3 Characterization of waste and different processes of waste management |
|
|
780 | (2) |
|
33.3.1 MSW disposal processes |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
33.4 Challenges of solid waste management |
|
|
782 | (3) |
|
33.5 Approaches for solid waste management |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
33.6 Opportunities for the solid waste management |
|
|
786 | (4) |
|
33.6.1 Collection and transport |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
33.6.2 Segregation and sorting |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (2) |
|
33.7.1 Changes at the highest level of waste management hierarchy |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
33.7.2 Changes regarding perspective towards the role of stakeholders in municipal solid waste management |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
|
792 | (2) |
|
33.8.1 Integrated solid waste management |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
33.8.2 A seven-step approach towards municipal solid waste management plan |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
|
794 | (5) |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
794 | (5) |
Index |
|
799 | |