| Preface |
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xv | |
| Author |
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xvii | |
| Chapter 1 Water and the Five Spheres of the Environment |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 The Geosphere and the Hydrosphere |
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3 | (2) |
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1.4 The Atmosphere and the Hydrosphere |
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5 | (3) |
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1.5 The Biosphere and the Hydrosphere |
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8 | (4) |
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1.6 The Anthrosphere and the Hydrosphere |
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12 | (3) |
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1.7 Water and Biogeochemical Cycles |
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15 | (2) |
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1.8 Water and Environmental Chemistry |
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17 | (3) |
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1.9 Water and Green Chemistry |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
| Chapter 2 Properties of Water and the Hydrosphere |
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25 | (24) |
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2.1 The Fantastic Water Molecule |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Water as an Essential Resource |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 The Hydrological Cycle |
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27 | (3) |
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2.4 Standing Bodies of Water |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (2) |
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2.5.1 Sedimentation by Flowing Water |
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33 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Free-Flowing Rivers |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (3) |
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2.8 Impoundment and Transfer of Water |
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39 | (1) |
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2.9 Water: A Very Useful Green Substance |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.11 Global Warming and Water |
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42 | (5) |
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2.11.1 Global Warming Effects on the Hydrosphere |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Aquatic Chemistry |
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49 | (36) |
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3.1 Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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3.3 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water |
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52 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Carbon Dioxide in Water |
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52 | (4) |
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56 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Contributors to Alkalinity at Different pH Values |
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57 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Alkalinity |
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58 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Influence of Alkalinity on CO2 Solubility |
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58 | (1) |
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3.5 Calcium and Other Metals in Water |
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59 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate Minerals |
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61 | (2) |
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3.6 Complexation and Chelation |
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63 | (3) |
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3.6.1 Occurrence and Importance of Chelating Agents in Water |
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65 | (1) |
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3.7 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes |
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66 | (1) |
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3.7.1 Selectivity and Specificity in Chelation |
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66 | (1) |
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3.8 Calculations of Species Concentrations |
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67 | (1) |
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3.9 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands |
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68 | (1) |
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3.10 Complexation by Protonated Ligands |
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69 | (2) |
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3.11 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA |
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71 | (4) |
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3.11.1 Reaction of NTA with Metal Carbonate |
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72 | (2) |
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3.11.2 Effect of Calcium Ion upon the Reaction of Chelating Agents with Slightly Soluble Salts |
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74 | (1) |
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3.12 Polyphosphates and Phosphonates in Water |
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75 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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3.12.2 Hydrolysis of Polyphosphates |
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76 | (1) |
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3.12.3 Complexation by Polyphosphates |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.13 Complexation by Humic Substances |
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77 | (2) |
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3.14 Complexation and Redox Processes |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (4) |
| Chapter 4 Oxidation-Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry |
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85 | (24) |
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4.1 The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction |
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85 | (2) |
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4.2 Electron and Redox Reactions |
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87 | (3) |
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4.3 Electron Activity and pE |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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4.5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions |
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92 | (1) |
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4.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium |
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93 | (1) |
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4.7 The Relationship of pE to Free Energy |
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94 | (1) |
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4.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole |
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95 | (3) |
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4.9 The Limits of pE in Water |
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98 | (1) |
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4.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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4.12 Humic Substances as Natural Reductants |
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103 | (1) |
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4.13 Photochemical Processes in Oxidation-Reduction |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry |
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109 | (30) |
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5.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water |
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109 | (1) |
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5.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments |
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109 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Formation of Sediments |
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110 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Organic and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Materials |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Solubilities of Solids |
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113 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Solubilities of Gases |
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114 | (2) |
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5.4 Colloidal Particles in Water |
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116 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Contaminant Transport by Colloids in Water |
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116 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Occurrence of Colloids in Water |
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116 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Kinds of Colloidal Particles |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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5.5 Colloidal Properties of Clays |
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119 | (2) |
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5.6 Aggregation of Particles |
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121 | (3) |
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5.6.1 Flocculation of Colloids by Polyelectrolytes |
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122 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Flocculation of Bacteria by Polymeric Materials |
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123 | (1) |
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5.7 Surface Sorption by Solids |
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124 | (1) |
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5.8 Solute Exchange with Bottom Sediments |
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125 | (6) |
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5.8.1 Trace-Level Metals in Suspended Matter and Sediments |
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126 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Phosphorus Exchange with Bottom Sediments |
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127 | (1) |
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5.8.3 Organic Compounds on Sediments and Suspended Matter |
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128 | (2) |
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5.8.4 Bioavailability of Sediment Contaminants |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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5.10 Phase Interactions in Chemical Fate and Transport |
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132 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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5.10.2 Lakes and Reservoirs |
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132 | (1) |
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5.10.3 Exchange with the Atmosphere |
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133 | (1) |
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5.10.4 Exchange with Sediments |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
| Chapter 6 Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry |
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139 | (38) |
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6.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes |
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139 | (2) |
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6.1.1 Microorganisms at Interfaces |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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6.5.1 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria |
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145 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Oxic and Anoxic Bacteria |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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6.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell |
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146 | (1) |
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6.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (4) |
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6.8.1 Factors Affecting Bacterial Metabolism |
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149 | (3) |
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6.8.2 Microbial Oxidation and Reduction |
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152 | (1) |
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6.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon |
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152 | (4) |
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6.9.1 Methane-Forming Bacteria |
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154 | (1) |
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6.9.2 Bacterial Utilization of Hydrocarbons |
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155 | (1) |
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6.9.3 Microbial Utilization of Carbon Monoxide |
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156 | (1) |
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6.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter |
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156 | (3) |
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156 | (2) |
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6.10.1.1 Microbial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons |
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157 | (1) |
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6.10.2 Other Biochemical Processes in Biodegradation of Organics |
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158 | (1) |
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6.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen |
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159 | (5) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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6.11.5 Competitive Oxidation of Organic Matter by Nitrate Ion and Other Oxidizing Agents |
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163 | (1) |
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6.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur |
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164 | (2) |
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6.12.1 Phosphorus Compounds |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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6.12.2.1 Oxidation of H2S and Reduction of Sulfate by Bacteria |
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165 | (1) |
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6.12.3 Microorganism-Mediated Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds |
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165 | (1) |
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6.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides |
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166 | (2) |
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6.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids |
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168 | (3) |
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168 | (2) |
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6.14.2 Microbial Transitions of Selenium |
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170 | (1) |
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6.14.3 Microbial Corrosion |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
| Chapter 7 Water Pollution |
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177 | (46) |
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7.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants |
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177 | (1) |
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7.1.1 Markers of Water Pollution |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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7.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids |
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183 | (2) |
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7.5.1 Organotin Compounds |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Ammonia and Other Inorganic Pollutants |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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7.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication |
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187 | (1) |
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7.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity |
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188 | (1) |
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7.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (6) |
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7.10.1 Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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7.10.3 Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders |
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193 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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7.10.4 Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (11) |
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7.11.1 Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids |
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197 | (2) |
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7.11.2 DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides |
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199 | (2) |
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7.11.3 Organophosphate Insecticides |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (4) |
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7.11.6.1 Bipyridilium Compounds |
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204 | (1) |
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7.11.6.2 Herbicidal Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds |
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205 | (1) |
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7.11.6.3 Chlorophenoxy Herbicides |
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205 | (1) |
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7.11.6.4 Miscellaneous Herbicides |
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205 | (2) |
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7.11.7 By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture |
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207 | (1) |
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7.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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208 | (1) |
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7.13 Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes |
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209 | (5) |
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211 | (1) |
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7.13.2 Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents |
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211 | (1) |
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7.13.3 Biorefractory Organic Pollutants |
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212 | (2) |
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7.14 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment |
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214 | (4) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
| Chapter 8 Water Treatment |
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223 | (44) |
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8.1 Water Treatment and Water Use |
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223 | (1) |
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8.2 Municipal Water Treatment |
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223 | (1) |
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8.3 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Primary Waste Treatment |
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226 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes |
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226 | (4) |
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8.4.3 Membrane Bioreactor |
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230 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Tertiary Waste Treatment |
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230 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater |
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231 | (1) |
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8.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (3) |
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8.6.1 Dissolved Air Flotation |
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234 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Membrane Filtration Processes |
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235 | (1) |
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8.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals |
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236 | (6) |
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8.7.1 Removal of Iron and Manganese |
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240 | (2) |
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8.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics |
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242 | (1) |
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8.8.1 Removal of Herbicides |
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243 | (1) |
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8.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics |
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243 | (5) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (3) |
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252 | (1) |
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8.11.2 Ozone and Other Oxidants |
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252 | (2) |
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8.11.3 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Radiation |
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254 | (1) |
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8.12 Natural Water Purification Processes |
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254 | (1) |
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8.12.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (5) |
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8.13.1 Reuse and Recycling of Wastewater |
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256 | (4) |
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260 | (1) |
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8.15 Protecting Water Supplies from Attack |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (4) |
| Chapter 9 Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater |
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267 | (26) |
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9.1 General Aspects of Environmental Chemical Analysis |
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267 | (2) |
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9.1.1 Error and Quality Control |
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267 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Water Analysis Methods |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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9.3 Spectrophotometric Methods |
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270 | (4) |
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9.3.1 Absorption Spectrophotometry |
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270 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses |
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270 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Atomic Emission Techniques |
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272 | (2) |
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9.4 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (4) |
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9.5.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
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277 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Chromatographic Analysis of Water Pollutants |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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9.7 Analysis of Water Samples |
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280 | (4) |
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9.7.1 Physical Properties Measured in Water |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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9.7.3 Water Sample Preservation |
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282 | (1) |
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9.7.4 Total Organic Carbon in Water |
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282 | (1) |
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9.7.5 Measurement of Radioactivity in Water |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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9.7.7 Summary of Water Analysis Procedures |
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284 | (1) |
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9.8 Automated Water Analyses |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (3) |
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9.10 Emerging Contaminants in Water Analysis |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (3) |
| Chapter 10 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything |
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293 | (46) |
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10.1 The Energy Challenge |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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10.3 Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere |
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295 | (3) |
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10.4 Energy Devices and Conversions |
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298 | (5) |
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302 | (1) |
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10.5 Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency |
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303 | (1) |
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10.6 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources |
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304 | (3) |
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10.7 Petroleum and Natural Gas |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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10.9 Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization |
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310 | (3) |
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10.10 Industrial Ecology for Energy and Chemicals |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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10.13 The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source |
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318 | (3) |
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10.14 Energy from Moving Air and Moving Water |
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321 | (4) |
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10.14.1 Surprising Success of Wind Power |
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321 | (2) |
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10.14.2 Energy from Moving Water |
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323 | (1) |
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10.14.3 Energy from Moving Water without Dams |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (7) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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10.15.3 Unrealized Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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10.16 Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy |
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332 | (1) |
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10.17 Combined Power Cycles |
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333 | (1) |
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10.18 A System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (2) |
| Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Chemistry |
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339 | (24) |
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11.1 The Science of Matter |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (8) |
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11.2.1 Subatomic Particles and Atoms |
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340 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Subatomic Particles |
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340 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Atom Nucleus and Electron Cloud |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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11.2.5 List of the Elements |
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342 | (1) |
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11.2.6 The Periodic Table |
|
|
342 | (5) |
|
11.2.6.1 Features of the Periodic Table |
|
|
342 | (5) |
|
11.2.7 Electrons in Atoms |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
11.2.7.1 Lewis Structures and Symbols of Atoms |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
11.2.8 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (5) |
|
11.3.1 Chemical Compounds |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
11.3.2 Molecular Structure |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
11.3.4 Summary of Chemical Compounds and the Ionic Bond |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
11.3.6 The Mole and Molar Mass |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
11.4 Chemical Reactions and Equations |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (6) |
|
11.5.1 Solution Concentration |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
11.5.2 Water as a Solvent |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
11.5.3 Solutions of Acids and Bases |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
11.5.3.1 Acid-Base Reactions |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
11.5.3.2 Concentration of H+ Ion and pH |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
11.5.3.3 Metal Ions Dissolved in Water |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
11.5.3.4 Complex Ions Dissolved in Water |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
11.5.4 Colloidal Suspensions |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
11.5.5 Solution Equilibria |
|
|
357 | (6) |
|
11.5.5.1 Distribution between Phases |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (3) |
| Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry |
|
363 | (26) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
12.1.1 Molecular Geometry in Organic Chemistry |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (10) |
|
|
|
364 | (5) |
|
12.2.1.1 Formulas of Alkanes |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.2 Alkanes and Alkyl Groups |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.3 Names of Alkanes and Organic Nomenclature |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.4 Summary of Organic Nomenclature as Applied to Alkanes |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.5 Reactions of Alkanes |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 Alkenes and Alkynes |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
12.2.2.1 Addition Reactions |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
12.2.3 Alkenes and Cis-Trans Isomerism |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
12.2.3.1 Condensed Structural Formulas |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
12.2.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
|
|
371 | (3) |
|
12.2.4.1 Benzene and Naphthalene |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
12.2.4.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
12.3 Organic Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds |
|
|
374 | (10) |
|
12.3.1 Organooxygen Compounds |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
12.3.2 Organonitrogen Compounds |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
12.3.3 Organohalide Compounds |
|
|
377 | (4) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
12.3.3.3 Aromatic Halides |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
12.3.3.4 Halogenated Naphthalene and Biphenyl |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
12.3.3.5 Chlorofluorocarbons, Halons, and Hydrogen-Containing Chlorofluorocarbons |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
12.3.3.6 Chlorinated Phenols |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
12.3.4 Organosulfur Compounds |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
12.3.5 Organophosphorus Compounds |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
12.3.5.1 Phosphorothionate Esters |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (3) |
| Index |
|
389 | |
