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1 | (16) |
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The Tragedy of Utilities in Developing and Emerging Countries |
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1 | (1) |
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The Water Privatization Wave of the 1990s |
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2 | (2) |
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The Role of the IMF, the World Bank and the IFC |
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3 | (1) |
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The Many Faces of Privately Managed Services |
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4 | (2) |
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The Extent of Water Privatization and Private Financing: Misleading Numbers |
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6 | (1) |
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Investment Financing in Water Supply and Sanitation |
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6 | (3) |
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Developed Countries: Investment Financing Through Revenues and Debt |
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7 | (1) |
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Developing and Emerging Countries: Investment Financing Through Grants and Debt |
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7 | (1) |
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Foreign Aid: An Overestimated Source of Financing |
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8 | (1) |
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Private Financing: Making Sense of the Figures |
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9 | (1) |
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Utility Turnarounds: How to Assess Their Success |
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9 | (2) |
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How to Avoid Comparing Apples with Oranges |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (6) |
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Part I Latin America: Two Aborted Privatizations and One That Endured |
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2 Bolivia: The Cochabamba Water War and Its Aftermath |
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17 | (10) |
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17 | (4) |
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Ambitious Targets, High Returns and High Risks |
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18 | (1) |
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A First Failed Attempt: The World Bank and the Government Disagree |
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19 | (1) |
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The Second Attempt: Enter Bechtel |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (3) |
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Increased Tariffs, Disputed Figures |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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The "Heroes" of the "Water War" |
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24 | (1) |
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International Arbitration: Bechtel Claims Compensation, Then Withdraws |
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24 | (1) |
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Cochabamba Revisited: A Sad End |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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3 Cuba: Water Privatization in a Socialist Country |
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27 | (4) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Loans and Quasi-free Water |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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4 Argentina: A Flagship Privatization and Its Demise |
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31 | (16) |
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32 | (6) |
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Preparing the Political Ground |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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How to Regulate a Private Water Company? |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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The First Half of the Concession Period |
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38 | (3) |
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Corruption Argentinian-Style: The Alsogaray Saga |
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39 | (1) |
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The First Renegotiation: Higher Tariffs, More Investment |
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39 | (1) |
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The Second Renegotiation: Cancelled Fines, Less Investment |
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40 | (1) |
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The Economic Crisis and the Second Half of the Concession Period |
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41 | (1) |
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Serving the Poor, At Last |
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41 | (1) |
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More Renegotiations Fail to Save the Concession |
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42 | (1) |
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Impact Falls Short of Targets |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Return to Public Management: A Drain on the State Budget |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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Part II The Middle East: Reform Deadlock, with an Exception |
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5 Egypt: Kafka on the Nile |
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47 | (8) |
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47 | (1) |
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Decades of Tug of War over Reforms |
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48 | (4) |
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Privatization Stuck in the Mills of Bureaucracy |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Impact: Disappointing Results |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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6 Jordan: Private Plants, Public Utilities |
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55 | (8) |
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The Amman Management Contract |
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55 | (1) |
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Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Contracts: Concessions for Single New Plants |
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56 | (3) |
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The Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant: A Smart Mix of Public and Private Funds |
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56 | (1) |
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The Disi-Amman Conveyor: 10 Years in the Making |
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57 | (1) |
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BOT Contracts: The Most Common and the Least Known Form of Water "Privatization" |
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58 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Benefits and Risks for Governments and Taxpayers |
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59 | (4) |
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Part III Europe and North America: Private and Public Utilities Compared |
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7 The United Kingdom: A Natural Experiment Between Private and Public Management |
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63 | (20) |
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63 | (3) |
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The "Sick Man of Europe" and Public Water |
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64 | (1) |
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Pondering Alternatives for Reform |
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65 | (1) |
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Regulation of Private Water Companies |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (5) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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New Labor Turns Against the Private Companies |
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67 | (1) |
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Institutional Investors Take Over |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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The Track Record of Regulation |
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68 | (1) |
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Private Water Calls for Government Help: The Thames Tideway Tunnel |
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69 | (2) |
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The Impact of Privatization in England |
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71 | (4) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Improved Quality of Service |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Loss of Employment and Increased Labor Productivity |
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72 | (1) |
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Leakage Goes First Up, Then Down |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Welsh Water: A New Model Emerges |
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75 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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A Revolution from the Managers |
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75 | (1) |
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A Revenue-Making Not-for-Profit Company Built on Ethical Principles |
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76 | (1) |
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A First Transformation Attempt Foiled by the Regulator |
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76 | (1) |
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A Chance Event Creates a New Opportunity |
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77 | (1) |
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Support from the New Regulator |
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77 | (1) |
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The Green Wales and Welsh Water Model |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Welsh Water and English Water Companies Compared |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (2) |
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8 France: An Improved Partnership in the Motherland of Multinational Water Companies |
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83 | (14) |
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Fragmented Local Government |
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83 | (1) |
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Improved Governance, Step by Step |
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84 | (1) |
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The History of French Water Sector |
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85 | (5) |
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The Emergence of Private Water Companies in the Mid-Nineteenth Century |
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85 | (1) |
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The Demise of Water Concessions in the Late Nineteenth Century |
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86 | (1) |
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The Post-war Comeback of the Private Sector |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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A Too Cozy Relationship with Politicians |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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A New Law Chastises Private Water Companies |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (3) |
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Grenoble Remunicipalizes After Corruption Was Exposed |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Eau de Paris: Underinvestment at the Expense of Future Generations? |
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93 | (1) |
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Remunicipalization in Other French Cities |
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94 | (1) |
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Marseille: More Competition Instead of Remunicipalization |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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9 Germany: Healthy Municipal Utilities, but with a Quirk |
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97 | (8) |
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Tariffs and Affordability |
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98 | (1) |
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Cross-Border-Leases: Selling German Sewers to Help Americans Save Taxes |
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|
98 | (2) |
|
Is the German Water Business Profitable to Its Municipal Owners? |
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100 | (1) |
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Competition in Water Supply? |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
|
The Regulators Push Water Prices Down |
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102 | (1) |
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Utilities Fight Back in Their Own Way |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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10 Berlin: Privatized to Fill State Coffers, Remunicipalized at the State's Expense |
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105 | (10) |
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105 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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Privatization Design: Institutional Acrobatics |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Private Management and Rising Opposition |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
|
The Cartel Office Joins the Fray |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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The Impact of Privatization |
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111 | (3) |
|
Tariffs Increase, but Mostly Before Privatization |
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|
111 | (1) |
|
Who Gained More: The State or the Investors? |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Higher Productivity, Conflicting Figures on Operating Costs |
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113 | (1) |
|
Transparency and Management Improved |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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11 Civil Society and the EU Concession Directive: David Beats Goliath, Using a Few Tricks |
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|
115 | (6) |
|
What Is the Concession Directive and Why Was It Introduced? |
|
|
115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
|
The European Citizens' Initiative Right2Water |
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|
116 | (1) |
|
A TV Documentary Stirs Up Public Sentiment |
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|
117 | (1) |
|
A Public Relations Disaster for the European Commission |
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|
118 | (1) |
|
A Powerful Mixture of Fear and Brussels-Bashing |
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|
118 | (1) |
|
Water Is Taken Out of the Concession Directive |
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119 | (1) |
|
A Modified Directive Is Passed |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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12 The United States: Public Water in a Capitalist Country |
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121 | (14) |
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122 | (1) |
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Reluctance to Increase Tariffs |
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122 | (1) |
|
Friends and Foes of Federal Financing |
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|
123 | (1) |
|
The Water Privatization Wave Hits the United States |
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|
123 | (3) |
|
Enter the Foreign Companies |
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|
124 | (1) |
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|
124 | (1) |
|
Private Equity Firms to the Rescue? |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Private Companies Serving Public Utilities |
|
|
126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
|
44 Years to Build a Tunnel |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Keeping the Money from the Hands of the Politicians |
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|
127 | (1) |
|
The Federal Government Orders More Investments |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
DC Water: A Public Utility Turnaround |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (5) |
|
Part IV Asia and Africa: Three Successful Utility Turnarounds, Public and Private |
|
|
|
13 The Philippines: A Delayed Privatization Success Story in Manila |
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|
135 | (8) |
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135 | (3) |
|
Making the Concession Attractive |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Splitting the Service Area in Two Halves |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Private Management: A Tale of Two Concessions |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Impact: Increased Access, Improved Efficiency and Customer Satisfaction |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
Tariffs Go Down and Up, but Remain Affordable |
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|
140 | (1) |
|
Did the Winning Companies Submit "Dive Bids"? |
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|
140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
|
14 Uganda: A Public Utility Turnaround, Triggered by Pressure to Privatize |
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|
143 | (18) |
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|
143 | (2) |
|
The Heritage of Idi Amin and Milton Obote |
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|
143 | (1) |
|
National Water and Sewer Company (NWSC) in the 1990s: A Basket Case? |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
The World Bank Pushes for Privatization |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (9) |
|
Making Customers Pay Their Bills |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Cutting the Number of Employees by Half |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Changing the Corporate Culture and Focusing on Customers |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Performance Contracts Between the Government and NWSC |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Creating a New Corporate Culture |
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|
150 | (1) |
|
An Alternative to Privatization |
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|
151 | (2) |
|
Increasing the Customer Base |
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|
153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (4) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
|
The Government Provides Debt Relief |
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|
155 | (1) |
|
Doubts on the Accuracy of Figures |
|
|
156 | (1) |
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|
157 | (1) |
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|
157 | (1) |
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|
158 | (1) |
|
Are Water Bills Still Affordable? |
|
|
158 | (1) |
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|
159 | (2) |
|
15 Cambodia: A Public Utility Turnaround, Ending with Privatization |
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|
161 | (8) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
|
Laying the Foundations of Success by Gaining Trust |
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|
162 | (1) |
|
Creation of an Autonomous Utility |
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|
163 | (1) |
|
Increasing Tariffs, Especially for High-Volume Users |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Expanding the Network the Right Way |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Impact: Spectacular Results |
|
|
164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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|
166 | (1) |
|
Privatization Through the Stock Exchange |
|
|
166 | (1) |
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|
167 | (2) |
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16 Utility Turnarounds Compared: The Importance of Corporate Culture and Financing |
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|
169 | (10) |
|
Differences in Circumstances |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
170 | (5) |
|
Similarities in Changes of Corporate Culture |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Differences in the Sequence of Reforms |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
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|
174 | (1) |
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|
174 | (1) |
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|
175 | (4) |
|
|
|
17 Conclusion: It Is Not About Public or Private |
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|
179 | (6) |
|
What Has Changed over the Last 25 Years? |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Privatization and Remunicipalization |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
Annex 1 Management Modes, Subsidies, Water Use, Bills, and Affordability in Selected Cities |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
Annex 2 Nonrevenue Water in Selected Cities According to Different Indicators |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
Annex 3 Overview of Privatizations, Public Turnarounds, and Remunicipalizations in This Book |
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
Annex 4 Chronology of Key Events Covered in the Book |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
Annex 5 Glossary of Technical Terms |
|
|
193 | (4) |
|
|
197 | (12) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
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|
197 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
11 Civil Society and the EU Concession Directive |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (3) |
Index |
|
209 | |