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1 | (118) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Organization of Water Treatment Knowledge |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (5) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Breadth of Unit Processes and Technologies |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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Energy Expenditure for Treatment |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (6) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (4) |
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Industrial Process Water Treatment |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (9) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Appendix 1A Example Case Study |
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19 | (5) |
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Water Quality: Definitions |
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24 | (4) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Kinds of Water Quality Standards |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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Standards as Targets for Treatment |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (4) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Maturation of Water Quality Knowledge |
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32 | (2) |
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Knowledge of Contaminants |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Categorizations of Contaminant Species |
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34 | (2) |
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Systems of Categorization |
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34 | (1) |
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Illustrative System of Contaminants Categorization |
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34 | (2) |
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Utility of Water Quality Data |
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36 | (1) |
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Contaminants and Water Uses |
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36 | (1) |
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Combinations of Quality of Source Waters and Product Waters |
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36 | (27) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Appendix 2A Organic Carbon as a Contaminant |
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43 | (20) |
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63 | (1) |
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Heritage of Water Treatment |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Models Categorized as Inductive or Deductive |
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68 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (10) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Engineering as a Discipline |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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Appendix 3A Pilot Plant Studies |
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86 | (5) |
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Unit Processes Principles |
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91 | (2) |
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Spectrum of Unit Processes and Technologies |
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91 | (2) |
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Matching Unit Process with Contaminant |
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93 | (1) |
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Traditional Treatment Trains |
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93 | (1) |
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Contextual Changes and New Treatment Demands |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Macro Transport: Sedimentation |
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94 | (1) |
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Macro Transport: Advection |
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94 | (1) |
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Macro Transport: Turbulent Diffusion |
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94 | (1) |
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Macro Transport: Porous Media Dispersion |
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94 | (1) |
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Molecular Transport: Diffusion |
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95 | (1) |
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Mathematics of Diffusion, Turbulence, and Dispersion |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (11) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Materials Balance: Concept |
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98 | (1) |
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Comments On Materials Balance |
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99 | (1) |
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Materials Balance: Mathematics |
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99 | (3) |
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Materials Balance: Special Conditions |
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102 | (1) |
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Batch Reactor: Complete Mixed |
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102 | (1) |
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Steady State Reactor: Complete Mixed |
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102 | (1) |
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Zero Reaction: Complete Mixed |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Spreadsheet Method to Solve Finite Difference Form of Mass Balance Equation |
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105 | (3) |
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Utility of Finite Difference Equation and Tracer Tests |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Illustrative Examples of Kinetic Equations |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Biological Degradation of Substrate |
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110 | (1) |
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Example: Trickling Filter |
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111 | (1) |
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Pond Reactor: Concentration as Function of Space, Volume, Time |
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111 | (8) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (6) |
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Part II Particulate Separations |
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119 | (156) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Manually Cleaned Bar Screens |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Drum Screens and Disk Screens |
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127 | (1) |
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Wedge-Wire Static Screens |
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127 | (1) |
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Mathematical Relationships |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (10) |
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Equipment and Installation |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (6) |
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Particle Settling Principles |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Categories of Suspensions |
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142 | (1) |
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Type I: Discrete Particle Suspensions |
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143 | (1) |
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Type II: Flocculent Suspensions |
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143 | (1) |
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Type III: Hindered Settling |
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144 | (1) |
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Type IV: Compression Settling |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (7) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Fill and Draw v. Continuous Flow: 1900 Practice |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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Camp's Conditions for the Ideal Basin |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Significance of Overflow Velocity |
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151 | (1) |
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Partial Removals for Particles with Fall Velocities, vs < vo |
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151 | (1) |
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Characterizing Suspensions |
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152 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Discrete Particle Suspensions and Removal Analysis |
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152 | (1) |
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Graphic Depiction of Size Fraction Removed |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Problem-Solving Categories |
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154 | (1) |
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Upflow Basins: A Special Case |
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154 | (1) |
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The Role of Ideal Settling Basin Theory |
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154 | (1) |
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Direct Applications to Practice |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Settling Test for Discrete Particle Suspensions |
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155 | (5) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Application of Frequency Plot |
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157 | (1) |
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Sizing An Ideal Basin Based on Suspension Characterization |
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158 | (1) |
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Application of the Shield's Equation |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Spreadsheet to Implement Basin Sizing Protocol |
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160 | (1) |
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Flocculent Suspensions (Type II) |
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160 | (5) |
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Settling Test for a Flocculent Suspension |
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160 | (2) |
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Determining Percent Removals |
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162 | (1) |
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Mapping Iso-Percent Removals |
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163 | (1) |
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Sizing a Flocculent Settling Basin |
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164 | (1) |
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Hindered and Compression Settling (Type III and Type IV Suspensions) |
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165 | (5) |
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Secondary Settling Basins for Activated Sludge |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (4) |
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Hydraulics of Settling Basins |
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170 | (5) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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Results of Dispersion Tests |
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172 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Dispersion Curves |
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173 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Dispersion Curves |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (9) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Guidelines and Criteria for Design |
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176 | (1) |
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Discrete Particle Suspensions---Type I |
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176 | (3) |
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Flocculent Suspensions---Type II |
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179 | (1) |
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Flocculent Suspensions Hindered Settling---Type III |
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179 | (1) |
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Compression Settling---Type IV |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (4) |
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183 | (1) |
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Summary Notes for Practical Design |
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184 | (1) |
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Plate Settlers and Tube Settlers |
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184 | (17) |
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184 | (1) |
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Hazen's Notion of Horizontal Plate Settlers |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Swedish Practice with Tray Settlers |
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185 | (1) |
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Development of Plate Settlers |
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185 | (1) |
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Development of Tube Settlers |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Inclined Surface Settlers |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Criteria for Hydraulic Loading Rates |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (4) |
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201 | (1) |
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Principles of Grit Removal Ideal Basin |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Horizontal Velocity Control |
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203 | (6) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (7) |
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Parabolic Section for Grit Chamber |
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209 | (1) |
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Mathematics of a Parabolic Section |
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209 | (2) |
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Rationale for Parabolic Grit Chamber Section |
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211 | (1) |
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Design for Parabolic Grit Chamber with Parshall Flume Control |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Rectangular Section for Grit Chamber |
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213 | (1) |
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Parshall Flume Selection and Rectangular Section Grit Chamber |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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Designs and Performance---Examples |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (7) |
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Principles of Aerated Grit Chamber Operation |
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217 | (1) |
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Separation Zone and Air Flow |
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217 | (1) |
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Performance Measures and Design/Operation Variables |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Air Flow Control and Measurement |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Equations for Experimental System |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (10) |
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Calculation of Grit Removal |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (4) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Water and Wastewater Applications |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Methods of Generating Gas Bubbles |
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236 | (1) |
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Method of Dissolving Air for Dissolved Air Flotation |
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236 | (1) |
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Flow Configurations for Dissolved Air Flotation |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Principles of DAF Flotation Process |
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239 | (24) |
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239 | (2) |
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Application of Henry's Law to Saturator |
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241 | (1) |
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Examples of Henry's Law Application |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Gas Transfer Materials Balance |
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244 | (1) |
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Application of Principles to Saturator Design |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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Particle-Bubble Attachment |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Rise Velocity of Particle-Bubble |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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Concentration Expressions |
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257 | (1) |
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Calculation of Gas Requirement |
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257 | (1) |
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Materials Balance for Dissolved Gas in Flotation Basin |
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258 | (1) |
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General Mass Balance for Flotation Basin |
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258 | (1) |
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Mass Balance Calculations |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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Summary of a Rational Design Procedure |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Flotation for Solids Thickening |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (8) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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Part III Microscopic Particles |
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275 | (490) |
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Coagulation in a Nutshell |
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277 | (4) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Metal Ion Reactions with Water |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Summary of Coagulation Process |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Tools for Coagulation Control |
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280 | (1) |
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Empirical Approaches to Coagulation |
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281 | (1) |
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Summary of the Two Coagulation Mechanisms |
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281 | (1) |
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Particles in Ambinet Waters |
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281 | (8) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Turbidity and Particle Counts in Ambient and Finished Waters |
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284 | (1) |
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Source and Plant Effluent Variation |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Particle Size Distribution |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Coagulation Effectiveness |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Beginnings of Coagulation Practice |
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289 | (1) |
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Ground Work for Coagulation Practice |
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289 | (1) |
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Beginnings of Modern Water Treatment Practice |
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289 | (1) |
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Beginnings of Coagulation Theory |
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290 | (2) |
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Beginning Studies in Coagulation |
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290 | (2) |
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Theories of Destabilization |
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292 | (10) |
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Origins of Surface Charge |
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292 | (1) |
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Crystal Lattice as Cause of Surface Charge |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Ionization of Chemical Groups |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Preferential Adsorption of Certain Ions from Solution |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Theories of Destabilization |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (3) |
|
Gouy-Chapman Model Description |
|
|
297 | (3) |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Tri-Valent Metal Ions---Reactions with Water |
|
|
302 | (19) |
|
Aluminum and Ferric Salts |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Similarity of AI3+ and Fe3+ Salts |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Expressing Concentrations |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Conventions in Expressing Concentration |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Traditional View of Alkalinity |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Modern View of the Role of Alkalinity |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Effect of Alkalinity on Demand for Alum |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Reactions Between Alum/Ferric Iron and Water |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Notion of Hydrolysis Reactions |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
Sequential Hydrolysis Reactions |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
310 | (5) |
|
Construction of Species Equilibrium Diagrams |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Spreadsheet Construction of Coagulation Diagrams |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
A Comprehensive Account of Alum Speciation |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Reactions of Metal Coagulants with Colloids |
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
PACI Synthesis and Species |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Preparation and Composition of PACI |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Species Equilibrium Zones of PACI |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (14) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Polymers |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Arrangement and Configuration |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (4) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Concentration-Convention (Adapted from AWWA B453-96) |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
Zeta-Potential, Charge Density, and Streaming Current Potential |
|
|
338 | (9) |
|
Basic Notions of Electrophoretic Mobility |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Mathematical Relations for Electrophoresis |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Variables that Affect Zeta-Potential |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
Zeta-Potential as an Indicator of Effective Coagulation |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Streaming Current Monitor |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
Summary of Electrokinetic Phenomena |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Coagulation of Natural Organic Matter |
|
|
350 | (50) |
|
Color Removal---the Initial Quest |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Removal of Color by Coagulation |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Removal of Color by Polymers |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Transition to Natural Organic Matter |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Coagulation of NOM |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Removal of NOM by Metal Coagulants |
|
|
355 | (3) |
|
Polymers as Coagulants---to Remove NOM |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Removing NOM and Turbidity |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Combination of NOM and Particles |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Coagulation of Waste Water |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Coagulation of Synthetic Organics |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (7) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (19) |
|
Appendix 9A Coulomb's Law |
|
|
391 | (3) |
|
Appendix 9B Coordination Chemistry |
|
|
394 | (6) |
|
|
|
Definitions and Applications |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (4) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Evolution of Mixing Theory |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Development of Collision Frequency Mathematics |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (35) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (12) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Mathematics of Navier-Stokes Equation |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Computational Fluid Dynamics |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Impeller Mixing |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Circulation Criterion for 99% Blending |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
Variables of Impeller Basin Mixing |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Scale Up by Fluid Similitude |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
Scale Up by Other Parameters |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Mixing as the Rate Limiting Process |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Injection of Coagulant Chemicals |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
|
441 | (25) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Flash Mixing by Submerged Jets |
|
|
447 | (7) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (7) |
|
|
463 | (3) |
|
|
466 | (15) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
472 | (3) |
|
|
475 | (6) |
|
|
|
Definitions and Applications |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Activated Sludge Floc Settling |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (4) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Langelier's Paddle Wheels at Sacramento |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
Developing the Technology |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (16) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Frequency of Particle Collisions |
|
|
486 | (4) |
|
Rate of Formation of New Particles, k |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Cleasby's Energy Per Unit Mass |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
Nature of Flocs and Flocculation |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (5) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Design Principles for Paddle Wheel Flocculators |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Derivation of Camp's Equation for Paddle Wheel Flocculation |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
P(paddle wheel) with Units |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (11) |
|
Design Procedure from Camp |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Illustration of Empirical Determinations from Model Flocculation Basin |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
|
513 | (3) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Design Practice, Equipment, Operation |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (13) |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
|
519 | (3) |
|
|
522 | (5) |
|
Appendix 11A Derivation of Camp & Stein G for Three-Dimensional Cube |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
|
|
Description of Rapid Filtration |
|
|
529 | (3) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
Rapid Filtration---In a Nutshell |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Development of Rapid Filtration |
|
|
532 | (9) |
|
Development of Rapid Filtration |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Other Proprietary Filters |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
Emergence of Filtration Practice |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
State of the Art, 1890 and 1990 |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Growth of Waterworks Industry |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
State of the Art and its Evolution |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Alternative Modes of Filtration |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Modern Filtration Practice |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (28) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Dependent Functions in Filtration |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Suspended Solids Concentration, C(Z, t) |
|
|
542 | (4) |
|
Specific Solids Deposit, σ(Z, t) |
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
Local Hydraulic Gradient, i (Z, t) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (3) |
|
Total Head-Loss and Components of Head-Loss |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of C(t)z for a Filter Cycle |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (4) |
|
|
560 | (3) |
|
Effect of Attachment Efficiency on Filter Ripening |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Derivation of Materials Balance Expression |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
Conditions at Equilibrium |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Capacity Parameters, F and σu |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Iwasaki's Equation as a Special Case for the Initial Boundary Condition's |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (21) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Components of Filter Design |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (4) |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Filter Area for Single Filters |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Types of Backwash Systems |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
586 | (3) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Air and Water Concurrent Backwash |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (13) |
|
Chemical Factors---Operation |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
Physical Factors---Design |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Data Recording and Processing |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Organizing and Archiving Data |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Benefits of a Pilot Plant |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
General Scheme of Pilot Plant Studies |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Design---Physical Factors |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Protocol for Experimental Program |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
As a Unit Process within a Water Treatment Train |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
As a Stand-Alone Process Following Biological Treatment |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
606 | (4) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Package Filtration Systems |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Deep Bed Filtration---Parkson Dyna Sand® |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Deep Bed Filtration---Culligan Multi-Tech® |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Shallow Bed Filtration---ABW® |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Package Filtration---EPD Wearnes USA® |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (51) |
|
Coagulated Water to Filter |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Mud Balls and Surface Cracks |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Variable Ambient Water Quality |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Turbidity and Particle Counting |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Progression of Head-Loss with Filter Run |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Backwash (see also 12.4.4, ``Backwash'') |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (4) |
|
|
623 | (5) |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
630 | (5) |
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
|
637 | (10) |
|
Appendix 12A Filtration in New York |
|
|
647 | (3) |
|
Appendix 12B Further Notes on Bonding Forces |
|
|
650 | (4) |
|
Appendix 12C Further Notes on Filtration Theory |
|
|
654 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
661 | (8) |
|
Elements of Slow Sand Technology |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Filter Box and Appurtenances |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (4) |
|
|
669 | (7) |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
The Schmutzdecke and its Role in Straining |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Intrinsic Hydraulic Conductivity |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
Hydraulic Profile and Head-Loss |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (19) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Backfilling After Scraping |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Distribution of Raw Water Inflow Kinetic Energy |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Underdrain Manifold Design |
|
|
679 | (4) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
Designing to Avoid Freezing |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Hydraulic Loading Rate and Area |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
695 | (8) |
|
Questions for a Pilot Plant Study |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
Rate of Head-Loss Increase |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Sand Washing Effect on Filtered Water Turbidity |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
Data Handling and Analysis |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Application of Pilot Plant Results |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Ripening or Maturation Period |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Intrinsic Hydraulic Conductivity v. Time |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (9) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
707 | (2) |
|
|
709 | (2) |
|
|
711 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
715 | (13) |
|
Cake Filtration in a Nutshell |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Medium |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Selection of Filtration Process |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
1940s Military Use of DE Filtration |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
1950s Adaptation of DE for Municipal Use |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
728 | (9) |
|
Removal Effectiveness of Particles |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Pre-Coat Grade A and Body Feed Grade B |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Hydraulics of Cake Filtration |
|
|
733 | (4) |
|
|
737 | (9) |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (3) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Tanks for Pre-Coat and DE Body Feed |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Storage and Disposal of Waste DE |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (2) |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
Criteria for Run Termination |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
Disposal of Waste Diatomite |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (3) |
|
Questions for a Pilot Plant Study |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Rate of Head-Loss Increase |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Data Handling and Analysis |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
|
751 | (14) |
|
Vacaville Pilot Plant Study |
|
|
751 | (3) |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
|
755 | (3) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (4) |
|
Appendix 14A Diatomite Producers |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
Appendix 14B Filtration Equipment |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
Appendix 14C Chronology (Excerpts from Cummins, 1975, No. 19, pp. 1--15) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
Part IV Molecules and Ions |
|
|
765 | (320) |
|
|
|
|
767 | (16) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (2) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Sources of Activated Carbon |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
Manufacturing of Activated Carbon |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
773 | (5) |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Pump and Treat Groundwater Contamination |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
Replacement of Filter Media |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
Adaptation for Municipal Use |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
Adsorption Process Theory |
|
|
783 | (30) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (2) |
|
|
785 | (5) |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
Multi-Component Equilibria |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
|
793 | (2) |
|
Empirical Forms of Rate Equations |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
Reactor Theory for Packed Beds |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
797 | (3) |
|
|
800 | (2) |
|
Characteristics of Output Curves |
|
|
802 | (3) |
|
Terms in Mass Balance Equation |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Interpretation of Model Terms |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Limitation of Mathematical Solution to Materials Balance Equation |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Quick and Dirty Mass Balance |
|
|
807 | (2) |
|
Empirical Data for Lwf and vwf |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
Theoretical Results for Lwf and Vwf |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Competition between Adsorbents |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
810 | (2) |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
Laboratory and Pilot Plant Studies |
|
|
813 | (8) |
|
Questions for a Laboratory/Pilot Plant Study |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Rate of Head-Loss Increase |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
Assess Competitive Effects of Different Adsorbents |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
Discover Effects of Unanticipated Problems |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
Data Handling and Analysis |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
Demonstration Scale Plants |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
Orange County Water District Tertiary Plant |
|
|
815 | (3) |
|
Colorado Springs Tertiary Plant |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
819 | (2) |
|
|
821 | (17) |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Dependent Process Variables |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Independent Process Variables |
|
|
821 | (3) |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
|
824 | (3) |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
Hydraulics of GAC Packed Bed |
|
|
827 | (2) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Disposal of Backwash Water |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Taste and Odor Control at Buckingham, England |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Taste and Odor Control at Goleta Water District, California |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Micropollutants---River Elbe |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Chemical Residuals at Nitro Plant, West Virginia Water Company |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
South Tahoe Tertiary Plant |
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
Cincinnati Municipal Plant |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
Pump and Treat WTP Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado |
|
|
834 | (1) |
|
Klein Water Treatment Facility Commerce City, Colorado |
|
|
834 | (3) |
|
Summary Data for Tertiary Treatment Plants, c. 1973 |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (2) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Criteria for Reactor Run Termination |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
841 | (24) |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
|
843 | (4) |
|
|
847 | (2) |
|
|
849 | (8) |
|
Appendix 15A Freundlich Isotherm Coefficients |
|
|
857 | (3) |
|
Appendix 15B Mathematics of Particle Adsorption Kinetics |
|
|
860 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
865 | (16) |
|
Ion Exchange in a Nutshell |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Comparison with Adsorption |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
|
866 | (3) |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
|
870 | (3) |
|
|
873 | (2) |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
|
876 | (1) |
|
|
876 | (2) |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
Adaptation for Municipal Use |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
881 | (8) |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
General Reaction and Equilibrium Equations |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
Simplified Equilibrium Equations |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
Isotherm Expression of Equilibrium |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
Expressions of Equilibrium |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
Selectivity of Counter-Ions |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
Ionic Solvation and Swelling Pressure |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Properties of Ion Exchangers |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Laboratory Determination of Capacity |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Categories of Ion Exchangers |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Strong-Acid and Strong-Base Ion Exchangers |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Weak-Acid and Weak-Base Ion Exchangers |
|
|
885 | (2) |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
889 | (4) |
|
Selection of Ion Exchangers |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
893 | (2) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
Dissolved Target Compounds |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
Criteria for Run Termination |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
896 | (15) |
|
Nitrate Removal at Glendale, Arizona |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
|
898 | (1) |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (5) |
|
Appendix 16A Properties of Ion Exchanger Materials |
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
Appendix 16B Ion Exchange Conversions |
|
|
906 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
911 | (12) |
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
Analysis-Flow Balance Principle |
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
913 | (1) |
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
|
915 | (1) |
|
|
915 | (1) |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules |
|
|
918 | (2) |
|
|
920 | (1) |
|
Flow within Membrane Element |
|
|
920 | (1) |
|
|
921 | (1) |
|
Variations from Manufacturers |
|
|
921 | (1) |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
Removal of Cations and Anions |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
923 | (2) |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Types of Membrane Filters from 1963 through the 1970s |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Membranes in Water Treatment Practice |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
|
925 | (12) |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Solute/Particle Rejection |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Models Describing Water and Solute Flux through Membranes |
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
Basic Notions for a Cross-Flow Membrane Element |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
Mass Balance and Pressures |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
Effect of Membrane Pressure on Water Flux Density |
|
|
931 | (1) |
|
|
931 | (1) |
|
|
932 | (1) |
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Membrane Properties |
|
|
934 | (1) |
|
|
934 | (1) |
|
Reversible and Irreversible Fouling |
|
|
934 | (1) |
|
|
935 | (1) |
|
|
935 | (1) |
|
|
935 | (1) |
|
Concentration Polarization |
|
|
935 | (2) |
|
|
937 | (2) |
|
|
937 | (1) |
|
|
937 | (1) |
|
|
937 | (1) |
|
|
937 | (1) |
|
|
937 | (1) |
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|
937 | (1) |
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|
938 | (1) |
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|
938 | (1) |
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|
938 | (1) |
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|
938 | (1) |
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|
938 | (1) |
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|
939 | (1) |
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|
939 | (1) |
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|
939 | (1) |
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|
939 | (1) |
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|
939 | (1) |
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|
940 | (1) |
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|
940 | (1) |
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|
940 | (1) |
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|
940 | (1) |
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|
940 | (1) |
|
Pressure and Flux Density |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
Concentrate Characterization and Disposal |
|
|
940 | (1) |
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|
940 | (1) |
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|
940 | (1) |
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|
941 | (1) |
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|
941 | (1) |
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|
941 | (1) |
|
|
941 | (14) |
|
City of Brighton Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment Plant |
|
|
941 | (1) |
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|
941 | (1) |
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|
942 | (1) |
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|
942 | (2) |
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|
944 | (1) |
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|
945 | (1) |
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|
945 | (1) |
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|
946 | (1) |
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|
947 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
955 | (2) |
|
Gas Transfer in a Nutshell |
|
|
955 | (1) |
|
Comparison with Other Mass Transfer Processes |
|
|
955 | (1) |
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|
955 | (1) |
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|
955 | (1) |
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|
956 | (1) |
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|
957 | (22) |
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|
957 | (1) |
|
|
957 | (1) |
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|
957 | (1) |
|
|
958 | (3) |
|
Adaptation of Fick's Law to Two Film Theory |
|
|
961 | (5) |
|
|
966 | (1) |
|
KLa as a Design Parameter |
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
Derivation of Working Equation |
|
|
967 | (4) |
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
Continuous-Flow Complete Mix Reactor Modeling for Gas Transfer |
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
Batch Reactor Aeration Modeling |
|
|
972 | (3) |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
Column Reactor Modeling---Packed Beds |
|
|
976 | (3) |
|
|
979 | (1) |
|
Effect of Gas on KLa and Uptake/Stripping Effects |
|
|
979 | (1) |
|
|
979 | (10) |
|
|
980 | (1) |
|
Algorithm for Aerator Sizing |
|
|
980 | (2) |
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
|
982 | (3) |
|
|
985 | (2) |
|
|
987 | (2) |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
|
989 | (8) |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
Sydney Mine at Valrico, Florida |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
Well 12A---City of Tacoma, Washington |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
Wurtsmith AFB---Oscoda, Michigan |
|
|
990 | (1) |
|
Hyde Park Superfund Site, New York |
|
|
990 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
|
992 | (3) |
|
|
995 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
997 | (3) |
|
Microorganisms and Diseases |
|
|
997 | (2) |
|
Selection of a Disinfectant |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
Factors Affecting Disinfection |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
|
1000 | (7) |
|
|
1000 | (1) |
|
|
1000 | (2) |
|
Production of Chlorine Gas |
|
|
1002 | (1) |
|
|
1003 | (1) |
|
|
1004 | (1) |
|
|
1005 | (1) |
|
|
1005 | (1) |
|
|
1006 | (1) |
|
|
1006 | (1) |
|
|
1006 | (1) |
|
|
1006 | (1) |
|
|
1006 | (1) |
|
|
1007 | (18) |
|
Mechanism of Inactivation |
|
|
1007 | (1) |
|
Factors Affecting Inactivation |
|
|
1007 | (1) |
|
Mathematics of Inactivation |
|
|
1007 | (1) |
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
|
1008 | (3) |
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
Chlorine Disinfection of Different Microorganism Species |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
|
1013 | (3) |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
Chlorine-Ammonia Reactions |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
|
1017 | (1) |
|
|
1018 | (1) |
|
|
1018 | (1) |
|
|
1018 | (1) |
|
|
1018 | (2) |
|
History of Cryptosporidium Inactivation by UV |
|
|
1020 | (1) |
|
|
1020 | (4) |
|
Comments on Reactor Design |
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
|
1025 | (7) |
|
|
1025 | (1) |
|
|
1025 | (2) |
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
|
1027 | (2) |
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
UV Lamp Orientation in Reactor |
|
|
1030 | (1) |
|
|
1030 | (1) |
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
1032 | (11) |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
|
1033 | (2) |
|
|
1035 | (1) |
|
|
1036 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
1043 | (2) |
|
Applications of Oxidation Technology |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
History of Oxidation Technology |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
Oxidation Based on Electromotive Potential |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
Supercritical Water Oxidation |
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
|
1045 | (12) |
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
|
1047 | (1) |
|
|
1047 | (1) |
|
|
1047 | (1) |
|
|
1047 | (1) |
|
|
1047 | (3) |
|
|
1050 | (1) |
|
|
1050 | (1) |
|
|
1050 | (1) |
|
|
1051 | (1) |
|
Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) |
|
|
1052 | (1) |
|
|
1052 | (1) |
|
|
1052 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Supercritical Water Relevant to Engineering |
|
|
1053 | (1) |
|
|
1053 | (1) |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
|
1054 | (2) |
|
Case Study---SCWO of Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (10) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (2) |
|
|
1059 | (1) |
|
|
1060 | (3) |
|
Appendix 20A Derivation of the Nernst Equation |
|
|
1063 | (2) |
|
Appendix 20B Oxidation Number |
|
|
1065 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
1067 | (2) |
|
Precipitation in a Nutshell |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
Comparison with Other Processes |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
|
1068 | (1) |
|
|
1068 | (1) |
|
|
1068 | (1) |
|
|
1069 | (1) |
|
|
1069 | (1) |
|
|
1069 | (7) |
|
|
1069 | (1) |
|
|
1069 | (2) |
|
Application of Solubility Law |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
Listing of Solubility Products |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
Solubility pH-pC Diagrams |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
|
1072 | (1) |
|
General Rules of Solubility |
|
|
1072 | (1) |
|
|
1072 | (2) |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
Expressing of Hardness as CaCO3 |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
Other Definitions of Hardness |
|
|
1075 | (1) |
|
|
1075 | (1) |
|
|
1076 | (1) |
|
|
1076 | (1) |
|
|
1076 | (9) |
|
|
1077 | (1) |
|
Precipitation of Heavy Metals |
|
|
1077 | (1) |
|
Common Chemical Reactions |
|
|
1077 | (1) |
|
|
1078 | (1) |
|
|
1078 | (1) |
|
|
1079 | (1) |
|
|
1079 | (1) |
|
|
1079 | (1) |
|
|
1079 | (1) |
|
|
1080 | (1) |
|
|
1081 | (4) |
|
|
1085 | (142) |
|
|
1087 | (8) |
|
Appendix A International System of Units |
|
|
1095 | (18) |
|
Appendix B Physical Constants and Physical Data |
|
|
1113 | (8) |
|
Appendix C Miscellaneous Relations |
|
|
1121 | (8) |
|
Appendix D Fluid Mechanics---Reviews of Selected Topics |
|
|
1129 | (32) |
|
Appendix E Porous Media Hydraulics |
|
|
1161 | (14) |
|
Appendix F Alum Data and Conversions |
|
|
1175 | (18) |
|
Appendix G Dimensionless Groups |
|
|
1193 | (10) |
|
Appendix H Dissolved Gases |
|
|
1203 | (24) |
Index |
|
1227 | |