Highly regarded as the book on the air interface of 3G cellular systems WCDMA for UMTS has again been fully revised and updated. The third edition now covers the key features of 3GPP Release 6 ensuring it remains the leading principal resource in this constantly progressing area. By providing a deep understanding of the WCDMA air interface, the practical approach of this third edition will continue to appeal to operators, network and terminal manufacturers, service providers, university students and frequency regulators. It: explains the key parts of the 3GPP/WCDMA standard; presents network dimensioning, coverage and capacity of WCDMA; and introduces TDD and discusses its differences from FDD. This third edition: covers the main 3GPP Release 6 updates; further enhances High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) chapter with a number of new simulation results; explains High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) study item; introduces the new services including their performance analysis: Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC), streaming, See What I See (SWIS) and multiplayer games; presents a number of new WCDMA field measurement results: capacity, end to end performance and handovers; includes completely updated antenna beamforming and multiuser detection sections featuring new simulation results; and introduces TD SCDMA and compares it to Release TDD.
Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction (Harri
Holma, Antti Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen). 1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation
Systems. 1.2 Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation
Systems. 1.3 Schedule for Third Generation Systems. 1.4 Differences between
WCDMA and Second Generation Air Interfaces. 1.5 Core Networks and Services.
References. 2 UMTS Services and Applications (Harri Holma, Martin
Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Person
to Person Circuit Switched Services. 2.2.1 AMR Speech Service. 2.2.2 Video
Telephony. 2.3 Person to Person Packet Switched Services. 2.3.1 Images and
Multimedia. 2.3.2 Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC). 2.3.3 Voice over IP
(VoIP). 2.3.4 Multiplayer Games. 2.4 Content to person Services. 2.4.1
Browsing. 2.4.2 Audio and Video Streaming. 2.4.3 Content Download. 2.4.4
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service, MBMS. 2.5 Business Connectivity.
2.6 IP Multimedia Sub system, IMS. 2.7 Quality of Service Differentiation.
2.8 Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery. 2.8.1 Capacity per Subscriber.
2.8.2 Cost of Capacity Delivery. 2.9 Service Capabilities with Different
Terminal Classes. 2.10 Location Services in WCDMA. 2.10.1 Location
Services. 2.10.2 Cell Coverage Based Location Calculation. 2.10.3 Observed
Time Difference Of Arrival, OTDOA. 2.10.4 Assisted GPS. References. 3
Introduction to WCDMA (Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma). 3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA. 3.3 Spreading and Despreading.
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception. 3.5 Power Control. 3.6
Softer and Soft Handovers. References. 4 Background and Standardisation of
WCDMA (Antti Toskala). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Background in Europe. 4.2.1
Wideband CDMA. 4.2.2 Wideband TDMA. 4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA. 4.2.4 OFDMA.
4.2.5 ODMA. 4.2.6 ETSI Selection. 4.3 Background in Japan. 4.4 Background
in Korea. 4.5 Background in the United States. 4.5.1 W CDMA N/A. 4.5.2 UWC
136. 4.5.3 cdma2000. 4.5.4 TR46.1. 4.5.5 WP CDMA. 4.6 Creation of 3GPP.
4.7 How does 3GPP Operate? 4.8 Creation of 3GPP2. 4.9 Harmonisation Phase.
4.10 IMT 2000 Process in ITU. 4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release '99. References. 5
Radio Access Network Architecture (Fabio Longoni, Atte Lansisalmi and Antti
Toskala). 5.1 System Architecture. 5.2 UTRAN Architecture. 5.2.1 The Radio
Network Controller. 5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station). 5.3 General Protocol
Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces. 5.3.1 General. 5.3.2 Horizontal
Layers. 5.3.3 Vertical Planes. 5.4 Iu, the UTRAN CN Interface. 5.4.1
Protocol Structure for Iu CS. 5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS. 5.4.3
RANAP Protocol. 5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol. 5.4.5 Protocol Structure of
Iu BC, and the SABP Protocol. 5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces. 5.5.1 RNC RNC
Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling. 5.5.2 RNC Node B
Interface and the NBAP Signalling. 5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution.
5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN. 5.6.2 Iu Flex. 5.6.3 Stand Alone SMLC and Iupc
Interface. 5.6.4 Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur g
Interface. 5.6.5 All IP RAN Concept. 5.7 UMTS Core Network Architecture and
Evolution. 5.7.1 Release '99 Core Network Elements. 5.7.2 Release 5 Core
Network and IP Multimedia Sub system. References. 6 Physical Layer (Antti
Toskala). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the
Physical Channels. 6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel. 6.2.2 Common
Transport Channels. 6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical
Channels. 6.2.4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels. 6.3 Spreading and
Modulation. 6.3.1 Scrambling. 6.3.2 Channelisation Codes. 6.3.3 Uplink
Spreading and Modulation. 6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation. 6.3.5
Transmitter Characteristics. 6.4 User Data Transmission. 6.4.1 Uplink
Dedicated Channe. 6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing. 6.4.3 User Data Transmission
with the Random Access Channel. 6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel. 6.4.5
Downlink Dedicated Channel. 6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing. 6.4.7 Downlink
Shared Channel. 6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission.
6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data. 6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information. 6.5
Signalling. 6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH). 6.5.2 Synchronisation
Channel (SCH). 6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary
CCPCH). 6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH).
6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission. 6.5.6
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH). 6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH).
6.5.8 Physical Channels for the CPCH Access Procedure. 6.6 Physical Layer
Procedures. 6.6.1 Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure. 6.6.2 Open Loop
Power Control. 6.6.3 Paging Procedure. 6.6.4 RACH Procedure. 6.6.5 CPCH
Operation. 6.6.6 Cell Search Procedure. 6.6.7 Transmit Diversity Procedure.
6.6.8 Handover Measurements Procedure. 6.6.9 Compressed Mode Measurement
Procedure. 6.6.10 Other Measurements. 6.6.11 Operation with Adaptive
Antennas. 6.6.12 Site Selection Diversity Transmission. 6.7 Terminal Radio
Access Capabilities. References. 7 Radio Interface Protocols (Jukka Vialen
and Antti Toskala). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Protocol Architecture. 7.3 The
Medium Access Control Protocol. 7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture. 7.3.2 MAC
Functions. 7.3.3 Logical Channels. 7.3.4 Mapping Between Logical Channels
and Transport Channels. 7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer. 7.4
The Radio Link Control Protocol. 7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture. 7.4.2 RLC
Functions. 7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer. 7.5 The Packet
Data Convergence Protocol. 7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture. 7.5.2 PDCP
Functions. 7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol. 7.6.1 BMC Layer
Architecture. 7.6.2 BMC Functions. 7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast
Service. 7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol. 7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical
Architecture. 7.8.2 RRC Service States. 7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signalling
Procedures. 7.9 Early UE Handling Principles. References. 8 Radio Network
Planning (Harri Holma, Zhi Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hamalainen, Jaana Laiho,
Kari Sipila and Achim Wacker). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Dimensioning. 8.2.1
Radio Link Budgets. 8.2.2 Load Factors. 8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths.
8.2.4 Capacity per km2. 8.2.5 Soft Capacity. 8.2.6 Network Sharing. 8.3
Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation. 8.3.1 Iterative Capacity
and Coverage Prediction. 8.3.2 Planning Tool. 8.3.3 Case Study. 8.3.4
Network Optimisation. 8.4 GSM Co planning. 8.5 Inter operator Interference.
8.5.1 Introduction. 8.5.2 Uplink vs. Downlink Effects. 8.5.3 Local
Downlink Interference. 8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference. 8.5.5 Path Loss
Measurements. 8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference. 8.6
WCDMA Frequency Variants. 8.6.1 Introduction. 8.6.2 Differences Between
Frequency Variants. 8.6.3 WCDMA1900 in an Isolated 5 MHz Block. References.
9 Radio Resource Management (Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen,
Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho). 9.1 Interference Based Radio Resource
Management. 9.2 Power Control. 9.2.1 Fast Power Control. 9.2.2 Outer Loop
Power Control. 9.3 Handovers. 9.3.1 Intra frequency Handovers. 9.3.2 Inter
system Handovers Between WCDMA and GSM. 9.3.3 Inter frequency Handovers
within WCDMA. 9.3.4 Summary of Handovers. 9.4 Measurement of Air Interface
Load. 9.4.1 Uplink Load. 9.4.2 Downlink Load. 9.5 Admission Control.
9.5.1 Admission Control Principle. 9.5.2 Wideband Power Based Admission
Control Strategy. 9.5.3 Throughput Based Admission Control Strategy. 9.6
Load Control (Congestion Control). References. 10 Packet Scheduling (Jeroen
Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin
Kristensson). 10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). 10.2 Round Trip
Time. 10.3 User specific Packet Scheduling. 10.3.1 Common Channels
(RACH/FACH). 10.3.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH). 10.3.3 Downlink Shared Channel
(DSCH). 10.3.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH). 10.3.5 Selection of
Transport Channel. 10.3.6 Paging Channel States. 10.4 Cell specific Packet
Scheduling. 10.4.1 Priorities. 10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms. 10.4.3 Packet
Scheduler in Soft Handover. 10.5 Packet Data System Performance. 10.5.1
Link Level Performance. 10.5.2 System Level Performance. 10.6 Packet Data
Application Performance. 10.6.1 Introduction to Application Performance.
10.6.2 Person to person Applications. 10.6.3 Content to person Applications.
10.6.4 Business Connectivity. 10.6.5 Conclusions on Application
Performance. References. 11 High speed Downlink Packet Access (Antti
Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and
Karri Ranta aho). 11.1 Release '99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities.
11.2 HSDPA Concept. 11.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture.
11.4 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase. 11.5 HSDPA Physical Layer
Structure. 11.5.1 High speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS DSCH). 11.5.2 High
speed Shared Control Channel (HS SCCH). 11.5.3 Uplink High speed Dedicated
Physical Control Channel (HS DPCCH). 11.5.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation
Procedure. 11.6 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates. 11.7
Mobility with HSDPA. 11.7.1 Measurement Event for Best Serving HS DSCH Cell.
11.7.2 Intra Node B HS DSCH to HS DSCH Handover. 11.7.3 Inter Node B HS
DSCH to HS DSCH Handover. 11.7.4 HS DSCH to DCH Handover. 11.8 HSDPA
Performance. 11.8.1 Factors Governing Performance. 11.8.2 Spectral
Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range. 11.8.3 User Scheduling, Cell
Throughput and Coverage. 11.8.4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non
HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals. 11.9 Terminal Receiver Aspects. 11.10 Evolution
Beyond Release
5. 11.10.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques.
11.10.2 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). 11.11 Conclusion.
References. 12 Physical Layer Performance (Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo
Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihria la and
Markku Juntti). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cell Coverage. 12.2.1 Uplink
Coverage. 12.2.2 Downlink Coverage. 12.3 Downlink Cell Capacity. 12.3.1
Downlink Orthogonal Codes. 12.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity. 12.3.3
Downlink Voice Capacity. 12.4 Capacity Trials. 12.4.1 Single Cell Capacity
Trials. 12.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials. 12.4.3 Summary. 12.5 3GPP
Performance Requirements. 12.5.1 Eb/N0 Performance. 12.5.2 RF Noise Figure.
12.6 Performance Enhancements. 12.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions. 12.6.2
Multiuser Detection. References. 13 UTRA TDD Modes (Antti Toskala, Harri
Holma, Otto Lehtinen and Heli Vaataja). 13.1 Introduction. 13.1.1 Time
Division Duplex (TDD). 13.1.2 Differences in the Network Level Architecture.
13.2 UTRA TDD Physical Layer. 13.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels.
13.2.2 Modulation and Spreading. 13.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot
and Frame Format. 13.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures. 13.3 UTRA TDD
Interference Evaluation. 13.3.1 TDD TDD Interference. 13.3.2 TDD and FDD Co
existence. 13.3.3 Unlicensed TDD Operation. 13.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD
Interference. 13.4 HSDPA Operation with TDD. 13.5 Concluding Remarks and
Future Outlook on UTRA TDD. References. 14 cdma2000 (Antti Toskala). 14.1
Introduction. 14.2 Logical Channels. 14.2.1 Physical Channels. 14.3
Multicarrier Mode Spreading and Modulation. 14.3.1 Uplink Spreading and
Modulation. 14.3.2 Downlink Spreading and Modulation. 14.4 User Data
Transmission. 14.4.1 Uplink Data Transmission. 14.4.2 Downlink Data
Transmission. 14.4.3 Channel Coding for User Data. 14.5 Signalling. 14.5.1
Pilot Channel. 14.5.2 Synch Channel. 14.5.3 Broadcast Channel. 14.5.4
Quick Paging Channel. 14.5.5 Common Power Control Channel. 14.5.6 Common
and Dedicated Control Channels. 14.5.7 Random Access Channel (RACH) for
Signalling Transmission. 14.6 Physical Layer Procedures. 14.6.1 Power
Control Procedure. 14.6.2 Cell Search Procedure. 14.6.3 Random Access
Procedure. 14.6.4 Handover Measurements Procedure. References. Index.
