| Preface |
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xx | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxii | |
| Part I: Foundations |
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1 American Political Culture |
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2 | (38) |
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5 | (5) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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Access to Government: The Expansion of Participation |
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8 | (1) |
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Influencing the Government through Participation: Politics |
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9 | (1) |
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Citizenship: Participation, Knowledge, and Efficiency |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (9) |
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Immigration and Ethnic Diversity |
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14 | (2) |
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Who Are Americans? An Increasingly Diverse Nation |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Twenty-First-Century Americans |
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17 | (5) |
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America Side By Side: Global Diversity |
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19 | (3) |
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American Political Culture |
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22 | (7) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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What Americans Think about Government |
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29 | (4) |
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Conservative in Theory, Liberal in Practice |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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American Political Culture: What Do We Want? |
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33 | (3) |
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Who Participates? Who Voted in 2016? |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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2 The Founding and the Constitution |
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40 | (36) |
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The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts |
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43 | (4) |
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British Taxes and Colonial Interests |
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43 | (1) |
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Political Strife and the Radicalization of the Colonists |
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44 | (1) |
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The Declaration of Independence |
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45 | (1) |
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The Articles of Confederation |
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46 | (1) |
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The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution |
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47 | (6) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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The Constitutional Convention |
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49 | (4) |
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Who Are Americans? Who Benefits from the Great Compromise? |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (7) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Amending and Ratifying the Constitution |
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58 | (1) |
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Constitutional Limits on the National Government's Power |
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58 | (2) |
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The Fight for Ratification |
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60 | (5) |
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America Side By Side: Comparing Systems of Government |
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61 | (1) |
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Federalists versus Antifederalists |
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62 | (2) |
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Reflections on the Founding |
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64 | (1) |
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The Citizen's Role and the Changing Constitution |
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65 | (5) |
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Amendments: Many Are Called; Few Are Chosen |
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65 | (1) |
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Which Were Chosen? An Analysis of the 27 |
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66 | (2) |
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The Supreme Court and Constitutional Change |
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68 | (2) |
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The Constitution: What Do We Want? |
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70 | (2) |
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Who Participates? Who Gained the Right to Vote through Amendments? |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (38) |
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Federalism in the Constitution |
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79 | (5) |
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The Powers of the National Government |
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79 | (2) |
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The Powers of State Government |
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81 | (1) |
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States' Obligations to One Another |
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82 | (2) |
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Local Government and the Constitution |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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The Traditional System of Federalism |
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84 | (5) |
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Restraining National Power with Dual Federalism |
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85 | (2) |
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Federalism and the Slow Growth of the National Government's Power |
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87 | (2) |
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Federalism in the Modern Era |
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89 | (5) |
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The New Deal and World War II: New Roles for Government |
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89 | (1) |
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From Layer Cake to Marble Cake: Cooperative Federalism and the Use of Categorical Grants |
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89 | (4) |
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National Standards, Regulation, and Preemption |
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93 | (1) |
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Evolving Role of the States |
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94 | (8) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (4) |
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America Side By Side: Cooperative Federalism: Competition or a Check on Power? |
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97 | (3) |
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Devolution: For Whose Benefit? |
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100 | (2) |
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The Politics of Federalism Today |
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102 | (6) |
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Expediency versus Ideology in Federalism |
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102 | (3) |
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Who Are Americans? Who Benefits from Federal Spending? |
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103 | (2) |
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Polarization and National Gridlock: States Step In |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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State Preemption of Local Government Policy |
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107 | (1) |
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Federalism: What Do We Want? |
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108 | (2) |
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Who Participates? Who Participates in State and Local Politics? |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (44) |
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Civil Liberties and the Constitution |
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117 | (6) |
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A Brief History of the Bill of Rights |
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117 | (1) |
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Nationalizing the Bill of Rights |
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118 | (5) |
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The First Amendment and Freedom of Religion |
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123 | (4) |
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Separation between Church and State |
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123 | (2) |
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Free Exercise of Religion |
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125 | (2) |
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The First Amendment and Freedom of Speech and of the Press |
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127 | (9) |
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127 | (2) |
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Fighting Words and Hate Speech |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Symbolic Speech, Speech Plus, and the Rights of Assembly and Petition |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (3) |
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The Second Amendment and the Right to Bear Arms |
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136 | (2) |
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Rights of the Criminally Accused |
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138 | (8) |
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The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (3) |
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The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel |
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144 | (1) |
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The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (5) |
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146 | (2) |
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Who Are Americans? Who Is in Prison? |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (12) |
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America Side By Side: Civil Liberties around the World |
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150 | (1) |
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Civil Liberties: What Do We Want? |
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151 | (3) |
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Who Participates? Religious Affiliation and Freedom of Religion |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (46) |
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The Struggle for Civil Rights |
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161 | (18) |
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Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement |
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161 | (1) |
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The Women's Rights Movement |
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162 | (1) |
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The Civil War Amendments to the Constitution |
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163 | (1) |
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Civil Rights and the Supreme Court: "Separate but Equal" |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Litigating for Equality after World War II |
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166 | (1) |
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Civil Rights after Brown v. Board of Education |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (9) |
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179 | (16) |
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Levels of Scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause |
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179 | (1) |
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Women and Gender Discrimination |
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180 | (4) |
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184 | (5) |
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Who Are Americans? Have Women Achieved Equal Rights? |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Do the Poor Have Civil Rights? |
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193 | (2) |
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America Side By Side: Women's Rights |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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The Supreme Court and the Burden of Proof |
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195 | (2) |
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Civil Rights: What Do We Want? |
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197 | (3) |
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Who Participates? Who Has Fought for Their Rights? |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
| Part II: Politics |
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204 | (50) |
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207 | (9) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (5) |
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How We Form Political Opinions |
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216 | (9) |
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216 | (2) |
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Social Groups and Public Opinion |
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218 | (7) |
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Political Knowledge and Changes in Public Opinion |
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225 | (7) |
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Stability and Change of Public Opinion |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (4) |
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Who Are Americans? Where Does Income Inequality Stem From? |
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231 | (1) |
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The Media, Government, and Public Opinion |
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232 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Public Opinion and Government Policy |
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234 | (3) |
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Government Responsiveness to Public Opinion |
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235 | (1) |
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Does Everyone's Opinion Count Equally? |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (10) |
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Measuring Public Opinion from Surveys |
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237 | (5) |
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America Side By Side: Confidence in Democratic Institutions |
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238 | (4) |
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242 | (3) |
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Big Data, Polling Aggregators, and Measuring Public Opinion |
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245 | (2) |
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Public Opinion and Democracy: What Do We Want? |
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247 | (3) |
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Who Participates? Who Expresses Their Political Opinions? |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (40) |
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The Media in American Democracy |
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257 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (16) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (4) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Concerns about Online News |
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274 | (2) |
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Do Americans Trust the Media Today? |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (6) |
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How the Media Influence Politics |
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278 | (5) |
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Who Are Americans? Where Do Americans Get Their News? |
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279 | (4) |
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283 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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America Side By Side: The Internet and Global Democracy |
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287 | (1) |
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The Media and Democracy: What Do We Want? |
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288 | (2) |
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Who Participates? Civic Engagement in the Digital Age |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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8 Political Participation and Voting |
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294 | (40) |
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Forms of Political Participation |
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297 | (13) |
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Traditional Political Participation |
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297 | (6) |
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Digital Political Participation |
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303 | (5) |
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America Side By Side: Voter Turnout in Comparison |
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305 | (3) |
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The Dark Side of Digital Politics: Russian Voter Suppression and Mobilization |
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308 | (1) |
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Summing Up Digital Participation |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (9) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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Political Environment and Voter Mobilization |
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319 | (4) |
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319 | (2) |
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Data Analytics and Voter Mobilization |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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State Electoral Laws and Participation |
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323 | (5) |
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Registration Requirements |
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323 | (3) |
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Who Are Americans? Which States Make Voting Easier? |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Voting and Registration Reforms |
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327 | (1) |
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Political Participation: What Do We Want? |
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328 | (2) |
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Who Participates? Who Participated in the 2016 Presidential Election? |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (44) |
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What Are Political Parties? |
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337 | (3) |
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How Do Political Parties Form and Change? |
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339 | (1) |
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The United States' Two-Party System |
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339 | (1) |
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What Political Parties Do |
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340 | (1) |
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Parties, Voter Mobilization, and Elections |
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340 | (4) |
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America Side By Side: Two-Party Systems and Multi-Party Systems |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Party Nominations and Primaries |
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342 | (1) |
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General Election and Mobilizing Voters |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (4) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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Congressional, State, and Local Campaign Committees |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (4) |
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348 | (2) |
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Partisanship and Government Shutdowns |
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350 | (1) |
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Factions within the Parties |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (8) |
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Who Are Republicans and Democrats? |
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353 | (5) |
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Recent Trends in Party Affiliation |
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358 | (2) |
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Who Are Americans? Who Identifies with Which Party? |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (11) |
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The First Party System: Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans |
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360 | (1) |
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The Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs |
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361 | (1) |
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The Civil War and PostCivil War Party System |
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362 | (1) |
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The System of 1896: Populism and Republican Responses |
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362 | (1) |
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The New Deal Party System: Government Helps the Working Class |
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363 | (1) |
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The Contemporary American Party System |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (3) |
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Political Parties: What Do We Want? |
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371 | (3) |
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Who Participates? Who Votes in Primaries and Caucuses? |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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10 Campaigns and Elections |
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378 | (50) |
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381 | (12) |
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The Basic Rules of the Game for U.S. Elections |
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381 | (1) |
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What It Takes to WinWinner Take All |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Legislative Elections and Electoral Districts |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (6) |
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Direct-Democracy Elections |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (7) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (5) |
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400 | (6) |
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The Courts and Campaign Spending |
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401 | (1) |
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Sources of Campaign Funds |
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402 | (4) |
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America Side By Side: Campaign Laws in Comparison |
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403 | (3) |
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406 | (3) |
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406 | (1) |
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Issues and Policy Preferences |
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407 | (1) |
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Candidate Characteristics |
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408 | (1) |
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The 2016 and 2018 Elections |
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409 | (13) |
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The 2016 Presidential Nomination |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (3) |
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Understanding the 2016 Results |
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413 | (4) |
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Who Are Americans? Who Supported Trump in 2016? |
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415 | (2) |
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The 2018 Election: A Blue Wave Meets a Red Wall |
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417 | (4) |
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The 2018 Election and America's Future |
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421 | (1) |
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Campaigns and Elections: What Do We Want? |
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422 | (2) |
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Who Participates? Who Donates to Political Campaigns? |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (38) |
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431 | (8) |
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Common Types of Interest Groups |
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433 | (4) |
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America Side By Side: Civil Society around the World |
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436 | (1) |
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What Interests Are Not Represented? |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (7) |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
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Digital Communication and Interest Groups |
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443 | (1) |
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Approaches to Interest Group Membership: Two Case Studies |
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444 | (2) |
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The Growth of Interest and Advocacy Groups |
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446 | (1) |
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The Expansion of Government |
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446 | (1) |
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Growth of Public Interest Groups in the 1960s and '70s |
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447 | (1) |
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Interest Group Strategies |
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447 | (13) |
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449 | (3) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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Mobilizing Public Opinion |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (13) |
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Who Are Americans? Who Is Represented by PACs? |
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457 | (3) |
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Interest Groups: What Do We Want? |
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460 | (2) |
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Who Participates? How Much Do Major Groups Spend? |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
| Part III: Institutions |
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466 | (46) |
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Congress: Representing the American People |
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469 | (13) |
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House and Senate: Differences in Representation |
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469 | (1) |
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Trustee versus Delegate Representation |
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470 | (1) |
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Sociological versus Agency Representation |
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471 | (4) |
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Who Are Americans? Who Are the Members of Congress? |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (5) |
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480 | (2) |
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The Organization of Congress |
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482 | (7) |
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Party Leadership in the House |
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482 | (1) |
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Party Leadership in the Senate |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (4) |
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The Staff System: Staffers and Agencies |
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487 | (2) |
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America Side By Side: Women's Parliamentary Representation Worldwide |
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488 | (1) |
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Informal Organization: The Caucuses |
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489 | (1) |
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Rules of Lawmaking: How a Bill Becomes a Law |
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489 | (5) |
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489 | (2) |
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491 | (2) |
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Conference Committee: Reconciling House and Senate Versions of Legislation |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (8) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (4) |
|
When Congress Can't Decide |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
Beyond Legislation: Other Congressional Powers |
|
|
502 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Congress: What Do We Want? |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
Who Participates? Who Elects Congress? |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (38) |
|
The Constitutional Powers of the Presidency |
|
|
515 | (14) |
|
|
|
516 | (6) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
America Side By Side: Executive Branches in Comparison |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
Who Are Americans? Who Are America's Presidents? |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
The Presidency as an Institution |
|
|
529 | (4) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
The Executive Office of the President |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
The Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power |
|
|
533 | (10) |
|
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
The Administrative Strategy |
|
|
536 | (6) |
|
The Limits of Presidential Power: Checks and Balances |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Presidential Power: What Do We Want? |
|
|
543 | (3) |
|
Who Participates? Who Voted for Donald Trump in 2016? |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
14 Bureaucracy in a Democracy |
|
|
550 | (40) |
|
Bureaucracy and Bureaucrats |
|
|
553 | (10) |
|
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
|
|
556 | (3) |
|
Who Are Americans? Who Are "Bureaucrats"? |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
The Organization of the Executive Branch |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
America Side By Side: Bureaucracy in Comparison |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Goals of the Federal Bureaucracy |
|
|
563 | (10) |
|
Promoting Public Well-Being |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
Providing National Security |
|
|
565 | (6) |
|
Maintaining a Strong Economy |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Can the Bureaucracy Be Reformed? |
|
|
573 | (6) |
|
Eliminating Programs and Agencies |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Privatization and Contracting Out |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
The President as Chief Executive |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
Bureaucracy: What Do We Want? |
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
Who Participates? Waiting for a Veterans Affairs Health Care Appointment |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (40) |
|
|
|
593 | (5) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (4) |
|
|
|
598 | (6) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (4) |
|
Who Are Americans? Who Are Federal Judges? |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
The Power of the Supreme Court: Judicial Review |
|
|
604 | (6) |
|
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Judicial Review of State Actions |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
America Side By Side: Term Limits for High Court Justices |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Judicial Review of Federal Agency Actions |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Judicial Review and Presidential Power |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Judicial Review and Lawmaking |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
The Supreme Court in Action |
|
|
610 | (8) |
|
Controlling the Flow of Cases |
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
Lobbying for Access: Interests and the Court |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
The Supreme Court's Procedures |
|
|
614 | (4) |
|
Explaining Supreme Court Decisions |
|
|
618 | (6) |
|
Influences on Supreme Court Decision-Making |
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
Judicial Power and Politics |
|
|
621 | (3) |
|
The Federal Judiciary: What Do We Want? |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
Who Participates? Influencing the Supreme Court? |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
| Part IV: Policy |
|
|
16 Government and the Economy |
|
|
630 | (44) |
|
The Goals of Economic Policy |
|
|
633 | (8) |
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Promoting Economic Prosperity |
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
Promoting Business Development |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
Protecting Employees and Consumers |
|
|
639 | (2) |
|
The Politics of Economic Policy Making |
|
|
641 | (8) |
|
How Much Should the Government Intervene in the Economy? |
|
|
642 | (4) |
|
Organized Interests and the Politics of Economic Policy |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
Who Are Americans? Who Earns the Minimum Wage? |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Politics and the Great Recession of 2008 |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
The Tools of Economic Policy |
|
|
649 | (14) |
|
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
|
|
652 | (7) |
|
America Side By Side: Tax Rates around the World |
|
|
654 | (5) |
|
Regulation and Antitrust Policy |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
Subsidies and Contracting |
|
|
661 | (2) |
|
The Environment and the Economy |
|
|
663 | (5) |
|
The Debate on Climate Change |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (3) |
|
Economic Policy: What Do We Want? |
|
|
668 | (2) |
|
Who Participates? Who Pays Taxes? |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
674 | (40) |
|
|
|
677 | (12) |
|
The History of the Social Welfare System |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
Foundations of the Welfare State |
|
|
679 | (4) |
|
How Do We Pay for the Welfare State? |
|
|
683 | (6) |
|
|
|
689 | (11) |
|
|
|
689 | (5) |
|
America Side By Side: U.S. Health Care: High Cost, Poor Outcomes |
|
|
691 | (3) |
|
|
|
694 | (4) |
|
|
|
698 | (2) |
|
Who Gets What from Social Policy? |
|
|
700 | (7) |
|
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
Who Are Americans? Who Benefits from Social Programs? |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
The Middle and Upper Classes |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Minorities, Women, and Children |
|
|
704 | (2) |
|
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Social Policy: What Do We Want? |
|
|
707 | (3) |
|
Who Participates? Growing Student Debt Burden |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
18 Foreign Policy and Democracy |
|
|
714 | |
|
The Goals of Foreign Policy |
|
|
717 | (5) |
|
|
|
717 | (3) |
|
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Who Makes American Foreign Policy? |
|
|
722 | (11) |
|
Presidents and the Executive Branch |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
America Side By Side: Building Influence through |
|
|
|
International Connections |
|
|
723 | (7) |
|
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy |
|
|
733 | (8) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
The International Monetary Structure |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Economic Aid and Sanctions |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
Who Are Americans? Who Serves in the U.S. Military? |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Current Foreign Policy Issues Facing the United States |
|
|
741 | (4) |
|
A Powerful China and a Resurgent Russia |
|
|
741 | (2) |
|
Nuclear Proliferation in Iran and North Korea |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Global Environmental Policy |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Foreign Policy: What Do We Want? |
|
|
745 | (3) |
|
Who Participates? Public Opinion on Security Issues |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
|
751 | |
| Appendix |
|
|
The Declaration of Independence |
|
|
A1 | |
|
The Articles of Confederation |
|
|
A5 | |
|
The Constitution of the United States of America |
|
|
A9 | |
|
Amendments to the Constitution |
|
|
A15 | |
|
|
|
A21 | |
|
The Anti-Federalist Papers |
|
|
A27 | |
|
Presidents and Vice Presidents |
|
|
A33 | |
| Endnotes |
|
A35 | |
| Answer Key |
|
A81 | |
| Credits |
|
A83 | |
| Glossary/Index |
|
A87 | |
