| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxii | |
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1 Introduction: The Citizen and Government |
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2 | (26) |
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Government Is How We Are Ruled |
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5 | (4) |
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5 | (1) |
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Different Forms of Government Are Defined by Freedom and Power |
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5 | (2) |
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Limits on Government Encouraged Freedom |
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7 | (1) |
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The Expansion of Participation Shifted Political Power |
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8 | (1) |
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Participation in Government Is How People Have a Say in What Happens |
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8 | (1) |
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Citizenship Is Based on Participation, Knowledge, and Efficacy |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (5) |
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Immigration Has Changed American Identity |
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11 | (1) |
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Who Are Americans in the Twenty-First Century? |
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12 | (3) |
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America Side By Side Forms of Government |
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15 | (2) |
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American Political Culture Is Built on Liberty, Equality, and Democracy |
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17 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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Equality Means Treating People Fairly |
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18 | (1) |
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Who Participates? Can Young People Make a Difference in Politics? |
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19 | (2) |
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Democracy Means That What the People Want Matters |
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21 | (1) |
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What Americans Think about Government |
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21 | (1) |
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HOW TO Debate Respectfully |
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22 | (2) |
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Trust in Government Has Declined |
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24 | (1) |
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The Citizen and Government: What Do You Think? |
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24 | (4) |
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25 | (3) |
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2 The Founding and the Constitution |
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28 | (32) |
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The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts |
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31 | (3) |
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British Taxes and Colonial Interests |
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31 | (1) |
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Political Strife Radicalized the Colonists |
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32 | (1) |
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The Declaration of Independence Explained Why the Colonists Wanted to Break with Great Britain |
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33 | (1) |
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The Articles of Confederation Created America's First National Government |
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34 | (1) |
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The Failure of the Articles of Confederation Made the "Second Founding" Necessary |
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34 | (5) |
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The Annapolis Convention Was Key to Calling a National Convention |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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The Constitutional Convention Didn't Start Out to Write a New Constitution |
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36 | (3) |
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The Constitution Created Both Bold Powers and Sharp Limits on Power |
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39 | (8) |
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The Legislative Branch Was Designed to Be the Most Powerful |
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41 | (1) |
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The Executive Branch Created a Brand-New Office |
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42 | (1) |
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The Judicial Branch Was a Check on Too Much Democracy |
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43 | (1) |
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National Unity and Power Set the New Constitution Apart from the Old Articles |
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43 | (1) |
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The Constitution Establishes the Process for Amendment |
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44 | (1) |
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The Constitution Sets Forth Rules for Its Own Ratification |
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44 | (1) |
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Constitutional Limits on the National Government's Power |
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44 | (3) |
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Ratification of the Constitution Was Difficult |
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47 | (2) |
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Federalists and Antifederalists Fought Bitterly over the Wisdom of the New Constitution |
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47 | (2) |
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America Side By Side Democratic Systems |
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49 | (2) |
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Both Federalists and Antifederalists Contributed to the Success of the New System |
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51 | (1) |
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The Citizen's Role and the Changing Constitution |
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51 | (2) |
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Amendments: Many Are Called; Few Are Chosen |
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51 | (2) |
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WHO Participates? Who Gained the Right to Vote through Amendments? |
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53 | (3) |
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The Amendment Process Reflects "Higher Law" |
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54 | (2) |
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The Constitution: What Do You Think? |
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56 | (4) |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (28) |
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Federalism Is Established by the Constitution |
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63 | (2) |
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The Powers of the National Government |
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64 | (1) |
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The Powers of State Government |
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64 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Federal and Unitary Systems |
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65 | (3) |
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States' Obligations to One Another |
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66 | (1) |
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Local Government and the Constitution |
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67 | (1) |
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HOW TO Make Your Voice Heard at a Local Meeting |
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68 | (2) |
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National and State Powers Have Shifted over Time |
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70 | (6) |
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Restraining National Power with Dual Federalism |
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70 | (1) |
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The Slow Growth of the National Government's Power |
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71 | (2) |
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The New Deal: New Roles for Government |
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73 | (1) |
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From Layer Cake to Marble Cake: Cooperative Federalism and the Use of Categorical Grants |
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74 | (1) |
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Regulated Federalism and the Rise of National Standards |
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75 | (1) |
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Federalism Today Is as Important as Ever |
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76 | (5) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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Federal-State Tensions in Two Issue Areas |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Participates in Local Elections Compared to National Elections? |
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81 | (3) |
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Political Ramifications of Federalism |
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83 | (1) |
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Federalism: What Do You Think? |
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84 | (4) |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (30) |
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The Bill of Rights Originated with Opponents of the Constitution |
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91 | (3) |
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The Fourteenth Amendment Nationalized the Bill of Rights through Incorporation |
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93 | (1) |
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The First Amendment Guarantees Freedom of Religion |
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94 | (3) |
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Separation between Church and State |
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94 | (3) |
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Free Exercise of Religion |
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97 | (1) |
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The First Amendment's Freedom of Speech and of the Press Ensure the Free Exchange of Ideas |
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97 | (7) |
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98 | (1) |
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Fighting Words and Hate Speech |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Symbolic Speech, Speech Plus, and the Rights of Assembly and Petition |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Global Freedom of the Press |
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103 | (1) |
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The Second Amendment Protects the Right to Bear Arms |
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104 | (3) |
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Rights of the Criminally Accused Are Based on Due Process of Law |
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107 | (5) |
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The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel |
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110 | (1) |
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The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment |
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111 | (1) |
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The Right to Privacy Means the Right to Be Left Alone |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Abortion and the Right to Privacy |
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113 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Civil Liberties: What Do You Think? |
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115 | (3) |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (30) |
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Civil Rights Are Protections by the Government |
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121 | (4) |
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Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement |
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121 | (1) |
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The Women's Rights Movement |
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122 | (1) |
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The Civil War Amendments to the Constitution and Their Aftermath |
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122 | (1) |
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Civil Rights and the Supreme Court: "Separate but Equal" |
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123 | (1) |
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Litigating for Equality after World War II |
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124 | (1) |
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Civil Rights after Brown v. Board of Education |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (5) |
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Civil Rights Have Been Extended to Other Groups |
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132 | (1) |
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Women and Gender Discrimination |
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132 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Have Women Achieved Equal Rights? |
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133 | (2) |
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America Side By Side Global Economic Gender Equality |
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135 | (6) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Affirmative Action Seeks to Right Past Wrongs |
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141 | (2) |
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The Supreme Court and the Burden of Proof |
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141 | (2) |
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Civil Rights: What Do You Think? |
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143 | (5) |
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144 | (4) |
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148 | (32) |
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Public Opinion Is Defined by Basic Values and Beliefs |
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151 | (5) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (4) |
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How We Form Political Opinions |
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156 | (3) |
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156 | (2) |
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Social Groups and Public Opinion |
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158 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Talks about Politics? |
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159 | (5) |
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163 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Confidence in Democratic Institutions |
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164 | (1) |
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Political Knowledge Is Important in Shaping Public Opinion |
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165 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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Public Opinion Can Shape Government Policy |
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167 | (2) |
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Government Responsiveness to Public Opinion |
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167 | (1) |
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Does Everyone's Opinion Count Equally? |
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168 | (1) |
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Measuring Public Opinion Is Crucial to Understanding What It Is |
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169 | (3) |
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Measuring Public Opinion from Surveys |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (4) |
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174 | (2) |
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Public Opinion: What Do You Think? |
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176 | (4) |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (32) |
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The Media Are Indispensable to American Democracy |
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183 | (3) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Internet Freedom |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Modern Media Have Been Digitally Transformed |
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187 | (11) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Concerns about Online News |
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196 | (2) |
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HOW TO Evaluate a News Source |
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198 | (2) |
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Do Americans Trust the Media Today? |
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200 | (1) |
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Media Influence Shapes What We Think About |
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200 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Sees Fake News ... and Who Does Something about It? |
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201 | (4) |
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How the Media Influence Politics |
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202 | (3) |
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Journalists Shape Political News |
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205 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Regulation of the Media Is Limited |
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207 | (1) |
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The Media and Democracy: What Do You Think? |
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208 | (4) |
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210 | (2) |
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8 Political Parties and Interest Groups |
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212 | (38) |
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What Are Political Parties? |
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215 | (2) |
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The United States' Two-Party System |
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215 | (1) |
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Political Parties Organize and Channel Many Voices |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Party Organizations Define How Parties Operate |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Comparing Party Systems |
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217 | (3) |
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Parties Seek to Control Government |
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218 | (1) |
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Factions within the Parties |
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219 | (1) |
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Party Identification Guides Voters |
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220 | (5) |
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Who Are Republicans and Democrats? |
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221 | (3) |
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Party Polarization in Society |
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224 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Votes in Primaries and Caucuses? |
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225 | (1) |
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Electoral Realignments Define Party Systems |
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226 | (6) |
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The First Party System: Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans |
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226 | (2) |
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The Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs |
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228 | (1) |
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The Civil War Party System |
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228 | (1) |
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The System of 1896: Populism and Republican Responses |
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229 | (1) |
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The New Deal Party System: Government Helps the Working Class |
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229 | (1) |
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The Contemporary American Party System |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Interest Groups Are Composed of Many Types |
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232 | (4) |
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233 | (2) |
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Why Do Interest Groups Form? |
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235 | (1) |
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HOW TO Start an Advocacy Group |
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236 | (4) |
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What Interests Are Not Represented? |
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239 | (1) |
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What Do Interest Groups Do? |
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240 | (6) |
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Interest Groups Influence Congress through Lobbying |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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How Influential Are Interest Groups? |
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244 | (1) |
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Measuring Interest Group Influence |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Political Parties and Interest Groups: What Do You Think? |
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246 | (4) |
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247 | (3) |
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9 Participation, Campaigns, and Elections |
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250 | (40) |
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Who Participates and How? |
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253 | (4) |
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253 | (1) |
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Political Participation in Elections |
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253 | (3) |
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Online Political Participation |
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256 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Voter Turnout in Comparison |
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257 | (5) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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State Electoral Laws Regulate Most Voting |
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262 | (2) |
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Registration Requirements |
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263 | (1) |
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HOW TO Register... and Vote |
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264 | (5) |
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Voter Identification Requirements |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (2) |
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Election Campaigns Are a Political Marathon |
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269 | (8) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (4) |
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Voters Decide Based on Party, Issues, and Candidates |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Issues and Policy Preferences |
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277 | (1) |
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Candidate Characteristics |
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278 | (1) |
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The 2020 Elections: A Tale of Three Crises |
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278 | (7) |
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The Backdrop: Polarization |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Analyzing the 2020 Elections |
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284 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Participates in Political Campaigns and Elections? |
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285 | (2) |
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Conclusion: The 2020 Election and America's Future |
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286 | (1) |
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Political Participation and Elections: What Do You Think? |
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287 | (3) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (42) |
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Congress Represents the American People |
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293 | (5) |
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House and Senate: Differences in Representation |
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293 | (1) |
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Trustee versus Delegate Representation |
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294 | (1) |
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Descriptive versus Substantive Representation |
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295 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Women's Legislative Representation |
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298 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Elects Congress? |
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301 | (5) |
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HOW TO Contact Your Member of Congress |
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306 | (2) |
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Congressional Organization Determines Power |
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308 | (5) |
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Party Leadership in the House |
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308 | (1) |
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Party Leadership in the Senate |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (1) |
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Rules of Lawmaking Explain How a Bill Becomes a Law |
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313 | (7) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (2) |
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Conference Committee: Reconciling House and Senate Versions of Legislation |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Is Regular Order Still Regular? The Rise of the New Order in Congress |
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317 | (1) |
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"Follow-the-Leader" Lawmaking |
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318 | (2) |
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Who Influences Congressional Decision-Making? |
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320 | (4) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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When Congress Has Trouble Deciding |
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324 | (1) |
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Congress Does More Than Make Laws |
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324 | (3) |
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325 | (1) |
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Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Congress: What Do You Think? |
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327 | (5) |
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329 | (3) |
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332 | (32) |
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Presidential Power Is Rooted in the Constitution |
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335 | (8) |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (2) |
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America Side By Side Comparing Executive Authority |
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343 | (3) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (2) |
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Presidents Claim Many Institutional Powers |
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346 | (5) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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The Executive Office of the President |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Supports the President's Agenda? |
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351 | (1) |
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Presidential Power Grew in the Twentieth Century |
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352 | (8) |
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352 | (2) |
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The Administrative Strategy |
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354 | (5) |
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The Limits of Presidential Power: Checks and Balances |
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359 | (1) |
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Presidential Power: What Do You Think? |
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360 | (4) |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (30) |
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? |
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367 | (5) |
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367 | (4) |
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How the Bureaucracy Is Organized |
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371 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Bureaucracy in Comparison |
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372 | (4) |
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HOW TO Apply for a Federal Job |
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376 | (3) |
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WHO Participates? What Do People Think of Federal Agencies? |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (3) |
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The Bureaucracy Needs to Be Managed |
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383 | (8) |
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The President as Chief Executive |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (2) |
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Presidential-Congressional Struggle for Bureaucratic Control: A Case Study |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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The Difficulties of Bureaucratic Control |
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390 | (1) |
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Bureaucracy: What Do You Think? |
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391 | (3) |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (34) |
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The Legal System Settles Disputes |
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397 | (5) |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (3) |
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Federal Courts Hear a Small Percentage of All Cases |
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402 | (5) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (3) |
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The Power of the Supreme Court Is Judicial Review |
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407 | (2) |
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Judicial Review of Acts of Congress |
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407 | (1) |
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Judicial Review of State Actions |
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408 | (1) |
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America Side By Side Courts in Comparison |
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409 | (2) |
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Judicial Review of Federal Agency Actions |
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410 | (1) |
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Judicial Review and Presidential Power |
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410 | (1) |
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Most Cases Reach the Supreme Court by Appeal |
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411 | (4) |
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411 | (3) |
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Beyond the Judges: Key Players in the Federal Court Process |
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414 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Comparing How States Select Judges |
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415 | (5) |
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Lobbying for Access: Interests and the Court |
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416 | (1) |
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The Supreme Court's Procedures |
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416 | (4) |
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Supreme Court Decisions Are Influenced by Activism and Ideology |
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420 | (4) |
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Influences on Supreme Court Decision-Making |
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420 | (3) |
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Judicial Power and Politics |
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423 | (1) |
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The Federal Judiciary: What Do You Think? |
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424 | (4) |
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425 | (3) |
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428 | (34) |
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The Government Shapes Economic Policy with Three Tools |
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431 | (2) |
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431 | (2) |
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America Side By Side Global Tax Rates |
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433 | (5) |
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435 | (2) |
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Regulation and Antitrust Policy |
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437 | (1) |
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Economic Policy Making Is Inherently Political |
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438 | (3) |
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How Much Should the Government Intervene in the Economy? |
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438 | (3) |
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The Welfare State Was Created to Address Inequality |
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441 | (4) |
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Foundations of the Welfare State |
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441 | (4) |
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Social Policies Open Opportunity |
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445 | (6) |
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445 | (2) |
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447 | (3) |
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450 | (1) |
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Who Gets What from Social Policy? |
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451 | (2) |
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452 | (1) |
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The Middle and Upper Classes |
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452 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Receives Benefits from Social Programs? |
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453 | (4) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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Minorities, Women, and Children |
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455 | (2) |
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Domestic Policy: What Do You Think? |
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457 | (5) |
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459 | (3) |
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462 | (3) |
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The Goals of Foreign Policy |
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465 | (6) |
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465 | (4) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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American Foreign Policy Is Shaped by Government and Nongovernment Actors |
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471 | (2) |
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The President and the Executive Branch |
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471 | (2) |
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America Side By Side Foreign Aid in Comparison |
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473 | (6) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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Tools of American Foreign Policy: Diplomacy, Money, and Force |
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479 | (6) |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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The International Monetary Structure |
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481 | (1) |
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Economic Aid and Sanctions |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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WHO Participates? Who Serves in the U.S. Military? |
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485 | (1) |
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Daunting Foreign Policy Issues Face the United States |
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486 | (3) |
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A Powerful China and a Resurgent Russia |
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486 | (1) |
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Nuclear Proliferation in Iran and North Korea |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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Global Environmental Policy |
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488 | (1) |
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Foreign Policy: What Do You Think? |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | |
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The Declaration of Independence |
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1 | (4) |
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The Articles of Confederation |
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5 | (6) |
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The Constitution of the United States of America |
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11 | (10) |
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Amendments to the Constitution |
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21 | (9) |
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30 | (8) |
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The Anti-Federalist Papers |
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38 | (7) |
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Presidents and Vice Presidents |
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45 | (4) |
| Endnotes |
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49 | (38) |
| Answer Key |
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87 | (2) |
| Credits |
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89 | (4) |
| Glossary/Index |
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93 | |
