Foreword |
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xxiii | |
About the Authors |
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xxv | |
About the Technical Reviewers |
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xxxi | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxxiii | |
Introduction |
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xxxv | |
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PART 1: THE IMPACT OF WEB ACCESSIBILITY |
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xlviii | |
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Understanding Web Accessibility |
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1 | (52) |
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What Is Web Accessibility? |
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2 | (5) |
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An Example of Web Accessibility: Alt-Text |
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4 | (2) |
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Other Web Accessibility Examples |
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6 | (1) |
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Web Accessibility Is Essential for Equal Opportunity |
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7 | (1) |
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Benefits for People Without Disabilities |
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8 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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People with Low Literacy and Those Not Fluent in the Language |
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10 | (1) |
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People with Low-Bandwidth Connections and Older Technologies |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Interdependent Components of Web Accessibility |
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11 | (9) |
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Description of Components |
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12 | (4) |
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Accessibility in the Implementation Cycle |
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16 | (1) |
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Compensating for Weak Accessibility Support |
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17 | (1) |
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Bringing Together the Components |
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18 | (1) |
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Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) |
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19 | (1) |
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Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) |
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19 | (1) |
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User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) |
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20 | (1) |
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Approaches to Web Accessibility |
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20 | (12) |
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20 | (1) |
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Start by Understanding the Issues |
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21 | (1) |
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Involve People with Disabilities in Your Project |
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22 | (1) |
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Recruiting People with Disabilities |
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22 | (3) |
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Learning from People with Disabilities |
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25 | (1) |
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Understand the Relationship Between Accessibility and Usability |
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26 | (2) |
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Understand the Vital Role of Guidelines |
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28 | (1) |
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Accessibility Barriers on Existing Sites |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Prioritizing Evaluation and Repairs by Area |
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30 | (1) |
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Prioritizing Repairs by Barrier |
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31 | (1) |
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Harmful Myths About Web Accessibility |
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32 | (10) |
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Myth: Text-Only Versions Are an Acceptable Solution |
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33 | (2) |
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Myth: Accessibility Makes Sites Dull and Boring |
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35 | (3) |
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Myth: Accessibility Is Expensive and Hard |
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38 | (1) |
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Myth: Accessibility Is the Sole Responsibility of Web Developers |
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39 | (1) |
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Myth: Accessibility Is for People Who Are Blind |
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39 | (1) |
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Myth: Evaluation Tools Can Determine Accessibility and Conformance to Standards |
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40 | (2) |
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Myth: Guidelines Are Not Sufficient for Accessibility |
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42 | (1) |
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Additional Benefits from a Business Perspective |
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42 | (5) |
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42 | (1) |
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Reduced Site Development and Maintenance Time |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Improved Interoperability |
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43 | (1) |
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Preparation for Advanced Technologies |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Search Engine Optimization |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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The Business Case for Web Accessibility |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (4) |
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Overview of Law and Guidelines |
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53 | (16) |
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Evolution of Public Policy |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Complaints Filed Due to Inaccessible Web Design |
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56 | (5) |
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ADA Complaint Against the City of San Jose, California |
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56 | (2) |
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Maguire v. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Unjustifiable Hardship vs. Remediation |
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60 | (1) |
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Effect of Addressing Access Early in Web Design |
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61 | (1) |
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Development of Accessible Web Design Guidelines and Laws |
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61 | (6) |
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61 | (1) |
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Industry Codes, Recommendations, and Good Practice |
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62 | (1) |
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W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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Section 508: U.S. Web Accessibility Standards |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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Implementing Accessibility in the Enterprise |
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69 | (15) |
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Why Set Up an Accessibility Organization? |
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70 | (1) |
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Makeup of the Accessibility Organization |
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71 | (1) |
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Accessibility Organization Authority |
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72 | (1) |
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Accessibility Organization Scope, Goals, and Functions |
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73 | (7) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Periodic Objective Reviews |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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Initial Assessment (Where Are You?) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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PART 2: IMPLEMENTING ACCESSIBLE WEBSITES |
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84 | (426) |
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Overview of Accessible Technologies |
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85 | (18) |
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87 | (1) |
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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (2) |
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Portable Document Format (PDF) |
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93 | (1) |
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Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) |
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93 | (3) |
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QuickTime, Windows Media, and RealPlayer |
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96 | (1) |
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Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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Assistive Technology: Screen Readers and Browsers |
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103 | (24) |
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104 | (8) |
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How Screen Readers Work with Web Pages |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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Talking and Text-Only Browsers |
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112 | (4) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Browser Checks of Website Accessibility |
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117 | (7) |
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Websites That Analyze a Page |
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118 | (1) |
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Browser Settings for Testing a Page |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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The NCAM Accessibility QA Favelet |
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121 | (1) |
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The Web Accessibility Toolbar |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (52) |
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Guidelines for Accessible Web Development |
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128 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Using Text Equivalents for Images |
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131 | (21) |
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Guidelines and Standards for Text Equivalents |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Decorative and Formatting Images |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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The Role of Positional Information or Context |
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138 | (1) |
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Accessible Image Map Hotspots |
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138 | (1) |
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An Accessible Client-Side Image Map |
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139 | (2) |
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Style of Alternative Text |
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141 | (1) |
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An Inaccessible Client-Side Image Map |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Treatment of Formatting and Decorative Images |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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Images That Repeat Textual Information |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Treatment of Images That Carry a Lot of Information |
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149 | (2) |
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Summary for Text Equivalents for Images |
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151 | (1) |
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Using Text Equivalents for Audio |
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152 | (2) |
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Guidelines and Standards for Audio |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (4) |
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Color to Convey Information |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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Creating Accessible Tables |
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158 | (15) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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Spanning Cells in Layout Tables |
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160 | (1) |
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Guidelines and Standards for Layout Tables |
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161 | (1) |
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Tools for Checking Linearization |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Guidelines and Standards for Data Tables |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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The Caption Element and Summary Attribute |
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170 | (1) |
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Assistive Technology and Tables |
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170 | (1) |
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Home Page Reader and Tables |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Summary for Accessible Tables |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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Guidelines and Standards for Flicker |
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173 | (2) |
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The Blink and Marquee Elements |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (34) |
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Navigation Considerations |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (10) |
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Creating Skip Navigation Links |
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186 | (1) |
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Placing a Link in Normal Text |
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187 | (1) |
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Creating a Link As Alt-Text on an Invisible Image |
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188 | (2) |
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Using a Text Link Styled to Be Invisible |
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190 | (1) |
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Exposing the Link When It Receives Focus |
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191 | (2) |
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The In-Page Link Problem with Internet Explorer 6 |
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193 | (1) |
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Skipping Text Blocks with Assistive Technologies |
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194 | (1) |
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Skipping Links with Window-Eyes |
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195 | (1) |
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Skipping Links with Home Page Reader |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (5) |
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197 | (1) |
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How Assistive Technologies Support Frames |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (4) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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Complex Client-Side Image Maps |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (5) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (34) |
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Guidelines for Data-Input Forms |
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214 | (3) |
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217 | (19) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Text Input Fields and Text Areas |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (6) |
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Placement of Prompting Text |
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225 | (2) |
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Best Practices for Accessible Forms |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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Use the Fieldset and Legend Elements for Sets of Controls |
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231 | (2) |
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Do Not Use Labels As Containers |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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Mandatory Fields, Errors, and Help for Forms |
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236 | (4) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Accessibility of Forms for People Who Are Deaf |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (3) |
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CSS for Accessible Web Pages |
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247 | (44) |
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How Style Sheets Benefit Accessibility |
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248 | (5) |
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253 | (6) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Linked and Imported Style Sheets |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Background and Text Colors |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Foreground and Background Contrast |
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260 | (1) |
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Other Means of Conveying Information |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (6) |
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261 | (3) |
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Text Margins and Indentation |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Image Replacement Techniques |
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267 | (4) |
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268 | (1) |
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Scalable Inman Flash Replacement (sIFR) |
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269 | (1) |
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Deprecated Image Replacement Techniques |
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270 | (1) |
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What's Wrong with Using an img Tag? |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (11) |
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271 | (1) |
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Centered Elastic-Width Column |
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272 | (1) |
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Three Columns Using Absolute Positioning |
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273 | (3) |
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A Heading, a Footer, and Two Liquid Columns |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
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Invisible Labels for Form Elements |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
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Alternative Style Sheet Specification |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Media-Specific Style Sheets |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (46) |
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292 | (1) |
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Why JavaScript Has a Bad Reputation |
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293 | (1) |
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JavaScript Considerations |
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294 | (7) |
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296 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Dynamic JavaScript |
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297 | (1) |
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Follow Standards, Not Browsers |
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298 | (1) |
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Essential Markup Should Not Rely on JavaScript |
|
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298 | (1) |
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Generated HTML Follows the Same Rules As Written HTML |
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298 | (1) |
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Be Aware of Visitor and User Agent Restrictions |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Don't Break Too Many Conventions |
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299 | (1) |
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Test Everything You Access |
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300 | (1) |
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Keep Everything Separated |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (30) |
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JavaScript As the Behavior Layer |
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302 | (6) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Opening Windows |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (4) |
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321 | (5) |
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Outdated Techniques and Replacements |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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href=``javascript: . . .'' and onclick=``javascript'' |
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328 | (1) |
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onclick=``void(0)'' and Other ``Do Nothing'' Commands |
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329 | (1) |
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document.all, document.layers, and navigator.userAgent |
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329 | (1) |
|
Functions with a Lot of Parameters |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
|
Accessible Forms and JavaScript |
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331 | (4) |
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332 | (1) |
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|
333 | (2) |
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|
335 | (2) |
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337 | (30) |
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|
338 | (2) |
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|
338 | (1) |
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|
338 | (1) |
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|
339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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|
340 | (1) |
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|
340 | (2) |
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|
341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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|
341 | (1) |
|
Key Concepts for Accessible Flash Design |
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342 | (3) |
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344 | (1) |
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|
344 | (1) |
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|
345 | (1) |
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|
345 | (1) |
|
Flash Accessibility Best Practices |
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|
345 | (20) |
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|
346 | (1) |
|
Providing Text Equivalents for an Entire Movie |
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346 | (2) |
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Making Objects Inaccessible |
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348 | (1) |
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|
349 | (1) |
|
Assigning Text Equivalents for Single Objects |
|
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350 | (1) |
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|
350 | (1) |
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|
350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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Reflecting the Screen Structure |
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354 | (1) |
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|
354 | (1) |
|
Assigning a Reading Order Using ActionScript |
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355 | (1) |
|
Removing Objects from the Reading Order |
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356 | (1) |
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|
357 | (1) |
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|
357 | (1) |
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|
357 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Techniques That Prevent Access |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Assigning Keyboard Shortcuts |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Use Progressive Disclosure |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Enable Component Accessibility |
|
|
359 | (2) |
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|
361 | (1) |
|
Importing Captioned Content |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Placing Text Directly on the Stage |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Streaming XML Caption Data |
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|
362 | (1) |
|
Provide Control Over Audio Playback |
|
|
362 | (1) |
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|
363 | (1) |
|
Support Users with Low Vision |
|
|
364 | (1) |
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|
365 | (1) |
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|
365 | (2) |
|
|
367 | (40) |
|
Accessibility Features in Adobe Reader |
|
|
368 | (11) |
|
|
368 | (4) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Eliminating Horizontal Scrolling |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Support for Accessible Media |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Assistive Technology Support |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
379 | (12) |
|
Creating Tagged PDFs in Microsoft Word |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
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|
384 | (2) |
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|
386 | (2) |
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|
388 | (1) |
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|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Creating Tagged PDFs in InDesign CS2 |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Accessibility Repair and Optimization |
|
|
391 | (13) |
|
Dealing with Untagged Documents |
|
|
391 | (3) |
|
Making Scanned Documents Accessible |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Correcting Tagging Issues |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Verifying and Repairing Reading Order |
|
|
396 | (5) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Verifying and Adding Headings |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Verifying and Repairing Tables |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Using Acrobat's Accessibility Checker |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
407 | (52) |
|
What Testing Is Possible? |
|
|
408 | (11) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Use Client-Side Image Maps |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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Accessibility Checking Software |
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419 | (27) |
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420 | (1) |
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Choose the Tests to Be Used---Bobby |
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420 | (2) |
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Analyze the Files---Bobby |
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422 | (1) |
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Examine the Results---Bobby |
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423 | (1) |
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Choose Report Formats---Bobby |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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Choose the Tests to Be Used---InFocus |
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424 | (2) |
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Analyze the Files---InFocus |
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426 | (2) |
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Examine the Results---InFocus |
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428 | (1) |
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Choose Report Formats---InFocus |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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Choose the Tests to Be Used---LIFT |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (2) |
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Examine the Results---LIFT |
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432 | (1) |
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Choose Report Formats---LIFT |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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Choose the Tests to Be Used---Ramp |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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Examine the Results---Ramp |
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|
435 | (2) |
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Choose Report Formats---Ramp |
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437 | (1) |
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|
437 | (1) |
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Choose the Tests to Be Used---WebKing |
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438 | (1) |
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Analyze the Files---WebKing |
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439 | (1) |
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Examine the Results---WebKing |
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440 | (1) |
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Choose Report Formats---WebKing |
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440 | (1) |
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|
441 | (1) |
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Choose the Tests to Be Used---WebXM |
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|
442 | (1) |
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Analyze the Files---WebXM |
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|
443 | (1) |
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Examine the Results---WebXM |
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|
444 | (1) |
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Choose Report Formats---WebXM |
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|
445 | (1) |
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The Test File Set and Results |
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|
446 | (10) |
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446 | (8) |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (3) |
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459 | (16) |
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|
460 | (1) |
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WCAG 2.0 from 50,000 Feet |
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|
461 | (1) |
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|
462 | (4) |
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Principles and Guidelines |
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|
462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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|
464 | (1) |
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|
464 | (2) |
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|
466 | (1) |
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Example of Using the WCAG 2.0 Guidelines |
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|
466 | (2) |
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WCAG 2.0 Advantages and Concerns |
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|
468 | (4) |
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|
468 | (1) |
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|
469 | (1) |
|
Not Completely Measurable |
|
|
469 | (1) |
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Revolutionary Rather Than Evolutionary |
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|
469 | (1) |
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Baselines and Conformance |
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|
470 | (1) |
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|
471 | (1) |
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|
472 | (1) |
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|
473 | (2) |
|
Retrofitting Case Study: Redesign of a University Website |
|
|
475 | (35) |
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|
476 | (9) |
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|
476 | (8) |
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|
484 | (1) |
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|
485 | (16) |
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Decisions in Early Planning Stages |
|
|
486 | (1) |
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|
486 | (1) |
|
Why XHTML Rather Than HTML? |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Why Move Away from Tables? |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Site Structure---Taking Stock |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Planning the Page Structure |
|
|
491 | (3) |
|
|
494 | (3) |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
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|
500 | (1) |
|
Does the Design Solve the Original Problems? |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
Problems Along the Way---Lessons Learned |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
The Implementation of the New Design |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
PART 3: ACCESSIBILITY LAW AND POLICY |
|
|
510 | (71) |
|
U.S. Web Accessibility Law in Depth |
|
|
511 | (36) |
|
Americans with Disabilities Act and the Internet |
|
|
513 | (20) |
|
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
Applying the ADA to the Internet |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Accessibility of State and Local Government Websites |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Introduction to the ADA Complaint Process |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Martin v. Metropolitan Atlanta Transportation Authority |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Access Now v. Southwest Airlines |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Selected ADA Accessible Web Complaints |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education |
|
|
523 | (4) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Online Banking Settlements |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Online IRS Tax Filing Services Settlement |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Credit Card Company Monthly Statements |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Websites and USDOJ Project Civic Access |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Travel Websites Settlement Agreements |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards (Section 508) Overview |
|
|
534 | (5) |
|
State of Federal Accessibility Report to the President |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
U.S. Access Board Guide to the Standards |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
When Does a Web Developer Follow Section 508 Rules? |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Legal Hot topics for Web Developers and Policy Makers |
|
|
539 | (4) |
|
US Department of Transportation Notice of Proposed Rulemaking |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Applets, Plug-ins, and Applications |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Multimedia, Audio Broadcasts, and Captioning |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Links to Inaccessible Content Off-Site |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (4) |
|
Worldwide Accessibility Laws and Policies |
|
|
547 | (34) |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
The Disability Discrimination Act |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
Government Website Standards |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Banking and AIMIA Websites |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
Flanders Plan for Accessible Websites |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
eEurope and i2010 Initiatives |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
EU Web Accessibility Benchmarking Cluster |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (3) |
|
|
565 | (4) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Japanese Policy Development |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (2) |
Appendix A: Glossary of Terms |
|
581 | (14) |
Appendix B: Guide to the Section 508 Standards for Electronic and Information Technology |
|
595 | (24) |
Appendix C: Overview of PAS 78 Guide to Good Practice in Commissioning Accessible Websites |
|
619 | (8) |
Index |
|
627 | |