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xi | |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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1 The Importance of Donors in American Politics |
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1 | (39) |
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Enduring Questions about Donors |
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2 | (6) |
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The Fundraising Context in 2008 and 2012 |
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8 | (3) |
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Message, Messenger, Medium, and Structure |
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11 | (11) |
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Continuity and Change from Prior Donor Studies |
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22 | (2) |
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Our Surveys of 2008 and 2012 Federal Donors |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (14) |
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2 Profile of Donors in 2008 and 2012 |
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40 | (33) |
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Presidential Donors: Then and Now |
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41 | (8) |
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All Presidential Donors in 2008 and 2012 |
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49 | (9) |
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Comparing Donors to Voters and the General Population 5 |
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58 | (56) |
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64 | (9) |
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3 What Motivates Donors to Contribute? |
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73 | (25) |
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Candidate Appeal as a Motivation to Donate |
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73 | (3) |
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Incentive Theory Applied to Donor Behavior |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Limitations of the Incentive Theory When Applied to Donor Behavior |
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77 | (2) |
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Motivation and Political Participation More Broadly |
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79 | (2) |
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Presidential Donor Motivations in 2008 and 2012 |
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81 | (8) |
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Partisan Identification and Ideology |
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89 | (3) |
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Empirical Patterns of Motivation |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (5) |
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4 How the Internet, BCRA, and Super PACs Have Affected Campaigns, Donor Attitudes, and Behavior |
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98 | (40) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (6) |
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Technological Change: The Internet |
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109 | (13) |
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Comparison of Online and Offline Donors |
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122 | (4) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (11) |
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5 New, Repeat, Continuing, and Lapsed Donors |
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138 | (35) |
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The Importance of the Donor List |
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140 | (4) |
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Who Were the First-Time Donors? |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (4) |
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The Medium of Solicitation and Donation |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (6) |
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161 | (5) |
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166 | (7) |
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6 What Distinguishes Small Donors? |
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173 | (39) |
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Changing Strategic Imperatives and Conventional Wisdom about Small Donors |
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175 | (7) |
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The Number of Small Donors |
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182 | (5) |
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Diversity of Small and Itemized Donors |
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187 | (4) |
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Are Small Donors More Partisan and Polarized? |
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191 | (4) |
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Engagement of Small Donors |
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195 | (3) |
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The Importance of Messenger |
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198 | (2) |
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Small Donor Attrition and Replacement between 2008 and 2012 |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (9) |
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7 The Diminished Gender Gap among Democratic Donors |
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212 | (34) |
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Partisan Gender Gap in Political Participation |
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212 | (2) |
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Partisan Gender Gap among Donors in 2008 and 2012 |
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214 | (5) |
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Gender and Other Donor Demographics |
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219 | (4) |
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Interest and Participation |
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223 | (1) |
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The Democratic Party's Advantage among Female Donors |
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224 | (1) |
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Male and Female Donor Responses to Messenger, Message, and Medium |
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224 | (13) |
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237 | (9) |
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8 The Timing of Donations in Presidential Campaigns |
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246 | (47) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (6) |
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Drivers of Fundraising Success |
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257 | (2) |
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The Relationship between Number and Amount of Donations |
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259 | (3) |
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Events and the Timing of Donations: Primary Election |
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262 | (9) |
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Events and the Timing of Donations: General Election |
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271 | (3) |
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Candidate Viability and the Timing of Donations |
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274 | (4) |
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Small Donors in 2008 and 2012 |
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278 | (2) |
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Large Donors in 2008 and 2012 |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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Motivations of Different Donors |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (9) |
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9 Policy Implications of Changing Laws, Regulations, and of Who Donates |
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293 | (42) |
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294 | (1) |
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Limits on Contributions and Electioneering |
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294 | (7) |
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Super PACs and "Independent" Electioneering |
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301 | (3) |
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304 | (2) |
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Increasing the Representativeness of Those Who Fund Campaigns |
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306 | (4) |
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Tax Credits and Deductions |
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310 | (7) |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (1) |
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Engagement in 2008, 2012, and Beyond |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (12) |
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10 What Explains Donor Behavior? |
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335 | (34) |
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Message, Messenger, Medium, and Structure |
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337 | (14) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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The Internet and Political Engagement |
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356 | (1) |
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Solicitation and Motivation |
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357 | (1) |
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Looking beyond 2008 and 2012 |
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358 | (11) |
Appendix A |
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369 | (12) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (6) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (2) |
Appendix B |
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381 | (14) |
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382 | (13) |
Appendix C |
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395 | (9) |
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395 | (9) |
Appendix D |
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404 | (35) |
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404 | (35) |
Appendix E |
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439 | (10) |
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439 | (1) |
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Factor Analysis of Participation Items (2008) |
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439 | (4) |
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Factor Analysis of Items about Motivation to Contribute and Become Involved in the Election |
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443 | (6) |
Index |
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449 | |