Acknowledgments |
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xii | |
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1 Wireless Communications and Networking with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Introduction |
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1 | (11) |
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1.1 Brief Evolution of UAV Technology |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 UAV Types and Regulations |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Classification of UAVs |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Wireless Communications and Networking with UAVs |
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5 | (5) |
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1.3.1 UAVs as Flying Wireless Base Stations |
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6 | (2) |
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1.3.2 UAVs as Wireless Network User Equipment |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4 Summary and Book Overview |
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10 | (2) |
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2 UAV Applications and Use Cases |
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12 | (10) |
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2.1 UAVs for Public Safety Scenarios |
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12 | (1) |
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2.2 UAV-Assisted Ground Wireless Networks for Information Dissemination |
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13 | (1) |
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2.3 Three-Dimensional MIMO and Millimeter-Wave Communication with UAVs |
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14 | (2) |
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2.4 Drones in Internet of Things Systems |
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16 | (1) |
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2.5 UAVs for Virtual Reality Applications |
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16 | (2) |
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2.6 Drones in Wireless Backhauling for Ground Networks |
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18 | (1) |
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2.7 Cellular-Connected UAV UEs |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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3 Aerial Channel Modeling and Waveform Design |
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22 | (46) |
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3.1 Fundamentals of Radio Wave Propagation and Modeling |
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23 | (4) |
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3.2 Overview of Aerial Wireless Channel Characteristics |
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27 | (3) |
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3.3 Large-Scale Propagation Channel Effects |
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30 | (21) |
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3.3.1 Free-Space Path Loss |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (6) |
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3.3.3 Log-Distance Path Loss Models |
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37 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Empirical Path Loss Models |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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3.3.6 Line-of-Sight Probability |
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44 | (6) |
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3.3.7 Atmospheric and Weather Effects |
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50 | (1) |
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3.4 Small-Scale Propagation Effects |
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51 | (9) |
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3.4.1 Time Selectivity and Doppler Spread |
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52 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Frequency Selectivity and Delay Spread |
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54 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Spatial Selectivity and Angular Spread |
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56 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Envelope and Power Distributions |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (7) |
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60 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing |
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62 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum |
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64 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Continuous Phase Modulation |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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4 Performance Analysis and Tradeoffs |
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68 | (22) |
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4.1 UAV Network Modeling: Challenges and Tools |
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68 | (2) |
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4.2 Downlink Performance Analysis for UAV BS |
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70 | (19) |
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70 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Network with a Static UAV |
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73 | (6) |
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4.2.3 Mobile UAV BS Scenario |
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79 | (4) |
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4.2.4 Representative Simulation Results |
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83 | (6) |
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89 | (1) |
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5 Deployment of UAVs for Wireless Communications |
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90 | (33) |
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5.1 Analytical Tools for UAV Deployment |
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91 | (3) |
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5.1.1 Centralized Optimization Theory |
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91 | (3) |
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5.2 Deployment of UAV BSs for Optimized Coverage |
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94 | (6) |
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94 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Deployment Analysis |
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96 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Representative Simulation Results |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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5.3 Deployment of UAV BSs for Energy-Efficient Uplink Data Collection |
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100 | (12) |
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5.3.1 System Model and Problem Formulation |
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101 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Ground-to-Air Channel Model |
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102 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Activation Model of IoT devices |
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102 | (1) |
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5.3.4 UAV BS Placement and Device Association with Power Control |
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103 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Update Time Analysis |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3.6 Representative Simulation Results |
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107 | (4) |
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111 | (1) |
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5.4 Proactive Deployment with Caching |
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112 | (10) |
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112 | (4) |
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5.4.2 Optimal Deployment and Content Caching for UAV BSs |
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116 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Representative Simulation Results |
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118 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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6 Wireless-Aware Path Planning for UAV Networks |
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123 | (22) |
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6.1 Need for. Wireless-Aware Path Planning |
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123 | (1) |
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6.2 Wireless-Aware Path Planning for UAV UEs: Model and Problem Formulation |
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124 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Problem Formulation |
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126 | (2) |
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6.3 Self-Organizing Wireless-Aware Path Planning for UAV UEs |
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128 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Path Planning as a Game |
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128 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Equilibrium of the UAV UE Path Planning Game |
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130 | (1) |
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6.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning for Online Path Planning and Resource Management |
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131 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Deep ESN Architecture |
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131 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Deep ESN-Based UAV UE Update Rule |
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133 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Deep RL for Wireless-Aware Path Planning |
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134 | (2) |
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6.5 Representative Simulation Results |
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136 | (8) |
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144 | (1) |
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7 Resource Management for UAV Networks |
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145 | (36) |
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7.1 Cell Association in UAV-Assisted Wireless Networks under Hover Times Constraints |
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145 | (14) |
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146 | (3) |
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7.1.2 Optimal and Fair Cell Partitioning for Data Service Maximization under Hover Time Constraints |
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149 | (4) |
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7.1.3 Extensive Simulations and Numerical Results |
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153 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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7.2 Resource Planning and Cell Association for 3D Wireless Cellular Networks |
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159 | (10) |
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7.2.1 A Rigorous Model for 3D Cellular Networks |
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159 | (2) |
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7.2.2 3D Deployment of a Cellular Network with UAV BSs: A Truncated Octahedron Structure |
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161 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Latency-Minimal 3D Cell Association |
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164 | (2) |
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7.2.4 Representative Simulation Results |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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7.3 Managing Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum Resources in Wireless Networks with UAVs |
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169 | (11) |
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7.3.1 Model of an LTE-U UAV BS Network |
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170 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Models for Data Rates and Queuing |
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172 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Resource Management Problem Formulation and Solution |
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174 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Representative Simulation Results |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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8 Cooperative Communications in UAV Networks |
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181 | (26) |
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8.1 CoMP Transmission in Wireless Systems with Cellular-Connected UAV UEs |
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183 | (9) |
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8.1.1 A Model for CoMP in Networks with Aerial UAV UEs |
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183 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Probabilistic Caching Placement and Serving Distance Distributions |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Analysis of Coverage Probability |
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186 | (3) |
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8.1.5 Representative Simulation Results |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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8.2 Reconfigurable Antenna Arrays of UAVs: UAV BS Scenario |
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192 | (13) |
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8.2.1 UAV-Based Antenna Array in the Sky: A Basic Model |
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193 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Transmission Time Minimization: Optimizing UAV Positions within the Array |
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195 | (4) |
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8.2.3 Control Time Minimization: Time-Optimal Control of UAVs |
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199 | (3) |
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8.2.4 Representative Simulation Results |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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9 From LTE to 5G NR-Enabled UAV Networks |
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207 | (33) |
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9.1 Mobile Technologies-Enabled UAVs |
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208 | (2) |
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9.1.1 Connectivity Aspects |
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208 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Services beyond Connectivity |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (6) |
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211 | (1) |
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9.2.2 System Architecture |
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212 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Radio Interface Protocols |
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213 | (2) |
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9.2.4 Physical Layer Time-Frequency Structure |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (10) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (3) |
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9.3.4 Latency and Reliability |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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9.5 3GPP Standardization on Connected UAV |
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227 | (7) |
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9.5.1 3GPP Release-15 Study Item on LTE-Connected UAV |
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228 | (3) |
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9.5.2 3GPP Release-15 Work Item on LTE-Connected UAV |
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231 | (1) |
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9.5.3 3GPP Release-16 Study Item on Remote UAV Identification |
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232 | (2) |
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9.6 Towards 5G NR-Enabled UAVs |
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234 | (4) |
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234 | (2) |
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9.6.2 Superior Connectivity Performance |
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236 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Service Differentiation with Network Slicing |
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237 | (1) |
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9.6.4 Network Intelligence |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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10 Security of UAV Networks |
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240 | (18) |
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10.1 Overview on UAV Security Problems |
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240 | (3) |
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10.2 Security of UAV UEs in Delivery Systems |
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243 | (14) |
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10.2.1 Modeling the Security of a UAV Delivery System |
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244 | (2) |
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10.2.2 UAV Security as a Network Interdiction Game |
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246 | (4) |
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10.2.3 Security of UAV Delivery Systems in Presence of Human Decision Makers |
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250 | (3) |
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10.2.4 Representative Simulation Results |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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10.3 Concluding Remarks on UAV Security |
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257 | (1) |
References |
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258 | (21) |
Index |
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279 | |