Preface |
|
xiii | |
Lable of Cases |
|
xv | |
Lable of Statutes |
|
xxix | |
Lable of Statutory Instruments |
|
xxxvii | |
|
1 Elements of Environmental Law |
|
|
1 | (24) |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.2 What is environmental law? |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.3 Environmental law: an overview |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
1.5 The public regulation of private pollution |
|
|
6 | (6) |
|
1.6 Private law: the role of the individual, companies and non-governmental organisations in the regulation of pollution |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
1.7 The sources of environmental law |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
1.8 Legal and policy principles |
|
|
14 | (3) |
|
1.9 Alternatives to the Command and Control approach to pollution regulation |
|
|
17 | (3) |
|
1.10 Summary of key points |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
2 The Administration and Enforcement of Environmental Law |
|
|
25 | (37) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
2.2 The system of pollution control prior to the Environment Act 1995 |
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
|
31 | (3) |
|
2.4 The Environment Agency |
|
|
34 | (15) |
|
2.5 The local authorities |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
2.6 Other bodies concerned with environmental protection |
|
|
50 | (3) |
|
2.7 The role of the courts in the administration and enforcement of environmental law |
|
|
53 | (7) |
|
2.8 A specialist environmental court? |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
2.9 Online resource centre |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
2.10 Summary of key points |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
3 European Union Environmental Law |
|
|
62 | (54) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
3.2 The development of the European Union (EU): from EEC to EU |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
|
67 | (3) |
|
3.4 The institutional framework |
|
|
70 | (6) |
|
3.5 The enforcement of EU law: direct actions against Member States |
|
|
76 | (5) |
|
3.6 Judicial review of EU law |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
3.7 The preliminary rulings procedure |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
3.8 The effect of EU law on the domestic legal system |
|
|
85 | (8) |
|
3.9 The development of EU environmental law and policy |
|
|
93 | (5) |
|
3.10 The environmental provisions of the TEU and TFEU |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
3.11 Stricter environmental rules in Member States |
|
|
100 | (6) |
|
3.12 Environmental Action Programmes |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
3.13 EU environmental legislation |
|
|
109 | (4) |
|
3.14 Online resource centre |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
3.15 Summary of key points |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
|
116 | (68) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
4.2 Control over water pollution: an overview |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
4.3 Polluting substances and polluting activities |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
4.4 The historical development of the public regulation of water pollution |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
4.5 The water industry and the Water Industry Act 1991 |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
4.7 The regulator's statutory water pollution responsibilities |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
|
127 | (8) |
|
4.9 Water pollution offences |
|
|
135 | (12) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
4.11 Proving water pollution |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
4.13 Preventive approaches to water pollution control |
|
|
151 | (4) |
|
4.14 The prevention and remediation of polluted controlled waters |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
4.15 Access to information |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
4.16 The private regulation of water pollution |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
4.17 Disposal of wastes into sewers |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
|
164 | (4) |
|
4.19 Controls relating to drinking water |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
4.20 The interface of the Water Resources Act 1991 and Water Industry Act 1991 with other statutory water pollution controls |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
4.21 Water pollution: the European Union and the pace of regulatory change |
|
|
171 | (7) |
|
|
178 | (4) |
|
4.23 Online resource centre |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
4.24 Summary of key points |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (75) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
5.3 The historical development of statutory waste controls |
|
|
190 | (4) |
|
5.4 The legal definition of waste |
|
|
194 | (6) |
|
5.5 Exceptions to materials and substances classified as directive waste and exemptions from the requirement to obtain an environmental permit |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
5.8 The system of waste regulation |
|
|
202 | (4) |
|
5.9 The waste management permitting system |
|
|
206 | (7) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
5.11 Permit-related powers |
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
5.12 Surrender of permits (reg 25 Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
5.15 Supervision and monitoring of permits (reg 34 Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010) |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
5.16 Clean-up powers (s 59 EPA 1990) |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
222 | (9) |
|
5.18 Hazardous waste offences |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
5.19 Waste strategy for England and Wales |
|
|
232 | (10) |
|
5.20 Producer responsibility |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
5.22 International waste law |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
5.24 The interface between the waste management regime and other regulatory pollution controls |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
|
248 | (8) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
5.27 Online resource centre |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
5.28 Summary of key points |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
6 Environmental Permitting |
|
|
259 | (44) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
6.2 The development of an integrated approach to pollution control |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
6.3 The system of integrated pollution control |
|
|
263 | (4) |
|
6.4 The Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Directive |
|
|
267 | (3) |
|
6.5 The Better Regulation agenda and the introduction of environmental permitting |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
6.6 Environmental permitting: regulated facilities |
|
|
272 | (5) |
|
6.7 Environmental permits |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
6.8 The regulatory bodies |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
6.9 Applying for an environmental permit |
|
|
279 | (4) |
|
6.10 Public consultation and participation in decision-making |
|
|
283 | (3) |
|
6.11 Applications to vary, transfer or surrender an environmental permit |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
6.12 Setting permit conditions and ensuring compliance with the IPPC Directive |
|
|
287 | (5) |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
6.14 Appeals and public registers |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
6.15 Criminal law enforcement |
|
|
295 | (3) |
|
6.16 The interface of IPPC with other regulatory controls |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
6.17 Online resource centre |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
6.18 Summary of key points |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (48) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
7.2 The legacy of contaminated land and the evolution of the statutory regime |
|
|
305 | (6) |
|
7.3 The statutory framework of the contaminated land regime |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
7.4 The definition of contaminated land |
|
|
313 | (10) |
|
7.5 The duty to inspect land |
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
7.6 The remediation notice |
|
|
326 | (7) |
|
7.7 The appropriate person |
|
|
333 | (6) |
|
7.8 Allocating the cost of remediation, exclusion and apportionment |
|
|
339 | (4) |
|
7.9 The Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) Regulations 2009 |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
7.11 Interface with other controls |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
7.12 Online resource centre |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
7.13 Summary of key points |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
|
351 | (30) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
8.2 Problems caused by air pollution |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
8.5 The Environment Act 1995 and air quality in England and Wales |
|
|
355 | (4) |
|
8.6 Other legislative controls |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
8.7 Local authority air pollution control (LAAPC) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
8.8 The Clean Air Act 1993 (CAA) |
|
|
360 | (8) |
|
8.9 Statutory nuisances relating to air quality |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
8.10 Pollution from motor vehicles |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (3) |
|
8.12 Acid rain, ozone, global warming and the international dimension |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
8.13 Climate change and England and Wales |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
8.14 Online resource centre |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
8.15 Summary of key points |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
381 | (37) |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
9.2 What are the statutory nuisances? |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
9.3 Prejudicial to health or a nuisance |
|
|
384 | (4) |
|
9.4 The specific statutory nuisances and corresponding exemptions |
|
|
388 | (5) |
|
9.5 Responsibility of the local authorities |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (7) |
|
9.7 Appeals against an abatement notice |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
9.8 Non-compliance with an abatement notice |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
9.9 Defences against non-compliance with an abatement notice |
|
|
408 | (5) |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
9.11 Relationship with other legislative controls |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
9.12 Online resource centre |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
9.13 Summary of key points |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (59) |
|
10.1 Introduction: the problem of noise and the legal regulation of noise |
|
|
419 | (6) |
|
10.2 Noise policy and the EU Environmental Noise Directive |
|
|
425 | (4) |
|
10.3 National noise strategy and noise policy statement |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
10.4 Noise prevention; emission standards |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
10.5 Controlling noise from construction sites |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
10.6 Noise from loudspeakers and intruder alarms |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
10.7 Control of industrial noise: environmental permitting |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
10.8 Prevention of noise through the planning system |
|
|
437 | (4) |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
10.10 The common law as a tool for the resolution of noise disputes |
|
|
443 | (9) |
|
10.11 Noise as a statutory nuisance |
|
|
452 | (11) |
|
10.12 Failure to comply with an abatement notice |
|
|
463 | (5) |
|
|
468 | (4) |
|
10.14 Other statutory provisions |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
10.15 Alternative dispute resolution and mediation |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
10.16 Online resource centre |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
10.17 Summary of key points |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
|
477 | (49) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
11.2 Common law actions (environmental torts) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
11.4 General defences to intentional torts |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
11.5 Torts and environmental damage |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
484 | (12) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
11.10 Defences in public nuisance and private nuisance actions |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
11.11 Remedies in nuisance actions |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (7) |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
11.14 The rule in Rylands v Fletcher |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
11.15 Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather plc |
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
11.16 An evaluation of the environmental torts as a means of environmental protection |
|
|
517 | (3) |
|
11.17 Statutory civil actions |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
11.18 Statutory provisions which alter rights under common law |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
11.19 Civil liability and the EU |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
11.20 Online resource centre |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
11.21 Summary of key points |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
12 The Private Regulation of Environmental Pollution: Public Concern, Private Prosecution, Judicial Review, Access to Information and Human Rights |
|
|
526 | (68) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
528 | (7) |
|
12.3 Recognition of the need for public participation |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
12.4 The Aarhus Convention |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
12.5 Access to environmental information |
|
|
538 | (4) |
|
12.6 Environmental Information Regulations 2004 |
|
|
542 | (12) |
|
12.7 Public participation in environmental decision-making |
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
12.8 Access to justice in environmental matters---the Aarhus Convention and EU legislation |
|
|
556 | (7) |
|
12.9 Judicial review in English law |
|
|
563 | (13) |
|
12.10 Private prosecutions |
|
|
576 | (3) |
|
|
579 | (12) |
|
12.12 Online resource centre |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
12.13 Summary of key points |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (2) |
Appendix: Legal Resources: A Basic Guide for Non-Lawyers |
|
594 | (3) |
Index |
|
597 | |