| New to This Edition |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xv | |
| Features of This Book |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
| About the Authors |
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xxi | |
| Chapter 1 Weather Analysis: The Tools Of The Trade |
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1 | (32) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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Measuring the Fundamentals: The Where, the When, and the Warmth |
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3 | (8) |
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Spatial Scales: Going the Distance |
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4 | (1) |
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Map Projections: Going Flat Out |
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4 | (4) |
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Time Scales: Synchronized Sands through the Hourglass |
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8 | (1) |
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Temperature Scales: A Matter of Degrees |
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8 | (3) |
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Mathematical Tools: How to Crunch Numbers and Like It |
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11 | (5) |
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Converting Units: Just for Good Measure |
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11 | (1) |
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Spatial and Temporal Scales: The Big One That Got Away |
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12 | (2) |
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Statistics: From the Mean to the Extreme |
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14 | (2) |
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Weather Analysis: Spatial Tools |
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16 | (12) |
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Topographic Maps: Elevating the Discussion on Isoplething |
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17 | (2) |
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Isoplething Weather Maps: Getting Down and Dirty with Data |
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19 | (4) |
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Caution! Gradient Ahead: Weather Conditions May Change Rapidly |
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23 | (1) |
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Weather Observing Networks: Straight to the Source |
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24 | (1) |
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The Station Model: Templates of Local Observations |
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25 | (3) |
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Meteograms: Messages in Time |
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28 | (5) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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32 | (1) |
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Focus on Optics: Sky Lights |
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32 | (1) |
| Chapter 2 The Global Ledger Of Heat Energy |
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33 | (24) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Radiation: A Dose of Reality |
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35 | (10) |
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: More Than Meets the Eye |
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35 | (3) |
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Temperature and Radiation: The Movers and the Shakers |
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38 | (1) |
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On the Receiving End of Emitted Radiation: Distance and Angle |
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38 | (2) |
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The Three Fates of Emitted Radiation: Absorption, Transmission, and Scattering |
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40 | (4) |
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Balance of Radiation: The Ins and Outs of Energy |
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44 | (1) |
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Heating the Atmosphere: From the Ground Up |
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45 | (12) |
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The Solar Energy Budget: Savings and Loans |
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45 | (1) |
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Clouds and Greenhouse Gases: Bonus Energy for the Surface |
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46 | (2) |
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Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming: The Same, but Different |
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48 | (1) |
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Conduction: A Touchy Subject |
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49 | (2) |
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Convection: Up, Up, and Away in My Beautiful Hot-Air Balloon |
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51 | (1) |
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Eddies: The Essence of Convection |
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52 | (1) |
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A Complete Energy Budget: A Full Accounting |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (7) |
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Focus on Optics: Why Is the Sky Blue? |
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55 | (1) |
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Why Is the Martian Sky Butterscotch? |
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55 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Global And Local Controllers Of Temperature |
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57 | (30) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Seasonal Temperature Variations: Like Pinball, They Depend on Tilt |
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58 | (3) |
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Average Patterns of Global and Regional Temperature: Location, Location, Location |
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61 | (9) |
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Latitudinal Gradients: Another Boxing Lesson |
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61 | (2) |
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More Uneven Heating: Land versus Water |
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63 | (2) |
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Temperature and Altitude: Snow-Capped Tropical Mountains |
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65 | (2) |
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Ocean Currents: Giant Gyres That Team with the Wind |
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67 | (3) |
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Fronts: The Battle Between Warm and Cold Air |
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70 | (5) |
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A Short Primer on Temperature Forecasting: When Advection Is Important and When It's Not |
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73 | (2) |
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Daily Variations of Temperature: Often Lagging Behind |
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75 | (3) |
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Variations in The Diurnal Range: More Location, Location, Location |
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76 | (1) |
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Variations in the Diurnal Range: Weather or Not |
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77 | (1) |
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Temperature Measurement: Don't Trust Bank Thermometers or Sportscasters |
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78 | (9) |
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Thermometers: All Designed with One Goal in Mind |
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79 | (12) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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81 | (3) |
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Focus on Optics: Subsuns and Sun Pillars: Magical Mirrors |
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84 | (2) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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86 | (1) |
| Chapter 4 The Role Of Water In Weather |
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87 | (30) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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Hydrologic Cycle: The Tortoise and the Hare |
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89 | (2) |
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Evaporation: Water Molecules Can Check Out, but They Can Never Leave...Well Almost Never |
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91 | (5) |
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Temperature: The Warden of Evaporation Rates |
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91 | (1) |
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Net Evaporation: Evaporation Edges Condensation |
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92 | (3) |
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Vapor Pressure Gradient: A Proxy for the Net Evaporation Rate |
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95 | (1) |
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Net Condensation: A Cloud Is Born |
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96 | (9) |
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Clouds and Relative Humidity: There's Nothing Magical about 100% |
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96 | (3) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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97 | (2) |
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A Tried-and-True Recipe for Clouds: A Pinch (of Nuclei), a Dash (of Vapor), Then Chill |
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99 | (1) |
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Lifting the Air: Caution! Air Molecules at Work |
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99 | (4) |
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Clouds without Lifting: Special Recipes |
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103 | (2) |
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Assessing Moisture: Applications to Weather Forecasting |
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105 | (6) |
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Relative Humidity versus Dew Point: To Each His Own |
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105 | (1) |
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How to Change Dew Points: From Up, Down, and All Around |
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106 | (2) |
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Dew Points and Weather Forecasting: A Few Applications |
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108 | (3) |
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Rain Gauges: Putting the Precipitation Puzzle Together |
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111 | (6) |
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Focus on Optics: The Color of Clouds: Of Star Trek and Milk |
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113 | (4) |
| Chapter 5 Satellite And Radar Imagery: Remote Sensing Of The Atmosphere |
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117 | (30) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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Weather Satellites: Different Views, Different Orbits, Different Missions |
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119 | (13) |
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Visible Cloud Imagery: Scanning the Globe |
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121 | (3) |
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Infrared Satellite Imagery: It Goes Out through the Atmospheric Window |
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124 | (2) |
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Water Vapor Imagery: Infrared Imagery, With a Twist |
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126 | (6) |
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Radar: Echoes from a Storm |
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132 | (15) |
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Reflectivity Mode: Boomerang Microwaves |
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132 | (7) |
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Velocity Mode: Building Additional Evidence for Tornado Detection |
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139 | (4) |
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Dual-Polarization Radar: Entering Another Dimension |
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143 | (1) |
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Velocity Azimuth Display: Radar on the Spot |
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144 | (5) |
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Focus on Optics: Why Is Snow White? |
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146 | (1) |
| Chapter 6 Surface Patterns Of Pressure And Wind |
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147 | (30) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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Pressure as a Weight: How to Read the Scales |
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149 | (8) |
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Correction to Sea Level: Getting Rid of Elevation |
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151 | (3) |
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Isoplething Sea-Level Pressure: Seeing the Forest from the Trees |
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154 | (3) |
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Circulations of Air Around Highs and Lows: Some Are Clockwise, Others Are Not |
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157 | |
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Pressure Gradient Force: The Leader of the "Pack" |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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Apparent Forces: Your Bottom Deceives You |
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160 | (1) |
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Coriolis Force: As the World Turns |
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161 | (5) |
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Surface Air Flow: Diagrams of Football Plays in Meteorology |
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166 | (3) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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167 | (2) |
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Controlling the Weights of Air Columns in the Middle Latitudes: A Well-Balanced Diet of Convergence and Divergence |
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169 | |
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Fronts Revisited: Fitting into the Pressure Pattern I |
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72 | (105) |
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Reflecting Ahead and Looking Back: All About the Weights of Air Columns |
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174 | (1) |
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Focus on Optics: The Inferior Mirage: A Piece of the Sky |
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175 | (2) |
| Chapter 7 Upper-Air Patterns Of Pressure And Wind |
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177 | (30) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Constant Pressure Surfaces: Like Crumpled Throw Rugs |
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179 | (7) |
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Creating and Interpreting Maps on Constant Pressure Surfaces: Step by Step |
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181 | (5) |
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Upper-Air Patterns of Height and Wind: It All Boils Down to Warm and Cold |
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186 | (6) |
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Interpreting Heights on Constant Pressure Surfaces: Clearing the First Hurdle |
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187 | (1) |
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Determining Wind Directions on Constant Pressure Surfaces: Buys-Ballot's Law |
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188 | (4) |
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Controllers of Wind Speeds Aloft: Because They Are There |
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192 | (8) |
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Leading to the Jet stream: A Recurring Theme of Warm and Cold |
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194 | (4) |
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Mid-Latitude Jet Stream: A Fast Current within a High-Altitude River of Westerly Winds |
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198 | (2) |
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Pattern Recognition: Part of the Art of Forecasting |
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200 | (7) |
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Jet Streaks: The White-Water Rapids of the Jet Stream |
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200 | (2) |
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Upper-Air Pattern Recognition: Wavy or Not? |
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202 | (1) |
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Blocking Highs: Not an Offensive Lineman's Euphoria |
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203 | (6) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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205 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 The Role Of Stability In Weather |
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207 | (34) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Assessing the Potential for Vertical Ascent: The Sky's the Limit |
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209 | (4) |
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Positively Buoyant Air Parcels: In High Spirits |
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211 | (2) |
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Stability: Nudge and Judge |
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213 | (5) |
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Lapse Rates: Keeping Track of Temperatures Inside and Outside a Parcel |
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213 | (3) |
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Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate: Tapping Hidden Heat Energy |
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216 | (2) |
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Ways to Change Stability: From the Ground Floor Up |
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218 | (7) |
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Low-Level Stability and Instability: Grounded in Ground Temperatures |
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219 | (3) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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220 | (2) |
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Stability Changes Aloft: The Opposite of What Occurs at the Ground |
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222 | (3) |
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Categorizing Clouds and Precipitation: Stable Versus Unstable |
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225 | (9) |
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Clouds and Precipitation in an Unstable Atmosphere: Growing by Heaps and Bounds |
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225 | (1) |
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The Bergeron-Findeisen Process: There's Snow in Summer Thunderstorms |
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226 | (4) |
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Clouds and Precipitation in a Stable Atmosphere: Layered and Stratiform |
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230 | (2) |
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Clouds with Stable and Unstable Components: Having It Both Ways |
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232 | (2) |
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Other Signs of Stability and Instability: From Smoke to Summer Breezes |
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234 | (7) |
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Smoke: Fanning and Looping |
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235 | (1) |
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Cloud Clues: UFOs and Castles |
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235 | (3) |
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Wind Clues: Afternoon Summer Breeze |
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238 | (5) |
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Focus on Optics: Superior Mirage: The Phantom of the Arctic |
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239 | (2) |
| Chapter 9 Thunderstorms |
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241 | (44) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Lightning and Thunder: Birthright of the Thunderstorm |
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243 | (6) |
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Lightning Formation: The Shocking Truth |
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244 | (3) |
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Thunder: Atmospheric Rumbles |
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247 | (1) |
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Lightning Safety: Avoiding Hair-Raising Situations |
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248 | (1) |
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Origins of Thunderstorms: To Be, or Not To Be |
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249 | (9) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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250 | (1) |
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Instability and Lifting: Thunderstorm Preludes |
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250 | (3) |
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Thunderstorm Climatology: Blooming Where You're Planted |
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253 | (5) |
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Types of Discrete Convection: When Thunderstorms Go It Alone |
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258 | (13) |
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Vertical Wind Shear: Typecasting Thunderstorms |
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260 | (2) |
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Structure of Single-Cell Thunderstorms: A Life in Three Acts |
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262 | (4) |
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Multicell Thunderstorms: All for One and One for All |
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266 | (2) |
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Supercell Thunderstorms: Heavy Hitters |
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268 | (3) |
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Taking Thunderstorm Inventory: A Full Stock of Weather Dangers |
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271 | (9) |
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Flash Flooding: The Number-One Thunderstorm Killer |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (4) |
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Microbursts: Dangerous Breaths from the Skies |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (5) |
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Focus on Optics: Rainbows: Branding the Sky |
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280 | (5) |
| Chapter 10 Tropical Weather, Part I: Patterns Of Wind, Water, And Weather |
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285 | (30) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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Weather and Climate at Low Latitudes: Persistent Patterns |
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288 | (16) |
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The Hadley Circulation: In Control of the Tropics and Subtropics |
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290 | (2) |
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The Intertropical Convergence Zone: A Creature of the Sea |
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292 | (1) |
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Subtropical High-Pressure Systems: Merging Traffic from the Tropics |
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293 | (3) |
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Completing the Hadley Circuits: Jack-of-All-Trades |
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296 | (3) |
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The Subtropical Jet Stream: An Ice-Skating _ Application |
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299 | (3) |
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The Asian Summer Monsoon: A Gigantic. Long-Lived Sea Breeze |
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302 | (2) |
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El Nino: The Trades Falter |
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304 | (11) |
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The Equatorial Eastern and Central Pacific: Not as Warm as You Might Think |
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305 | (2) |
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El Nino: Changing of the Guard |
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307 | (1) |
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Weather Impacts from El Nino: Near and Far |
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308 | (10) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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314 | (1) |
| Chapter 11 Tropical Weather, Part II: Hurricanes |
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315 | (42) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (3) |
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Tropical Cyclones: A Global Perspective |
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318 | (4) |
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Naming Tropical Cyclones: Ham with Chicken Livers and Mushrooms |
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319 | (3) |
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Recipe For Hurricanes: Six Ingredients in Just the Right Measure |
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322 | (13) |
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High Sea-Surface Temperatures: The Foundation for Organized Thunderstorms |
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323 | (1) |
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Warm Water Below: When the Wind Stirs the Sea |
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324 | (1) |
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Conditional Instability: Paving the Way for Tall Thunderstorms |
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325 | (1) |
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Ingredient #3: A Moist Middle Troposphere |
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326 | (1) |
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Vertical Wind Shear: Exposing The Low-Level Circulation |
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327 | (2) |
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Tropical Cyclones and the Coriolis Force: Giving Storms a Little Latitude |
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329 | (2) |
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Easterly Waves: Out of Africa |
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331 | (4) |
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Starting and Revving The Heat Engine: Running On All Cylinders |
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335 | (5) |
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Tropical Cyclone Health: Keeping the Weight Off |
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336 | (2) |
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Latent Heat Feedback: Amplifying the Storm |
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338 | (2) |
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Eye of A Hurricane: At The Center of the Storm |
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340 | (4) |
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Features of the Eye: Tight Spirals and Football Stadiums |
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341 | (3) |
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Hurricane Alert: Assessing The Risk |
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344 | (8) |
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Hurricane Movement: Subtropical Highs at the Steering Wheel |
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345 | (2) |
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Hour of Danger: Landfall and Storm Surge |
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347 | (5) |
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The Role of the National Hurricane Center (N HC): Its Mission and Vision |
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352 | (5) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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356 | (1) |
| Chapter 12 Mid-Latitude I: Linking Surface And Upper-Air Patterns |
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357 | (20) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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Low-and High-Pressure Systems: Weight Watchers Versus Body Builders |
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359 | (9) |
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Assessing Upper-Air Convergence and Divergence: Air Parcels Become Figure Skaters |
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362 | (2) |
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Upper-Air Vorticity Patterns: Putting a Different Spin on Ridges and Troughs |
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364 | (4) |
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Anticipating Big Storms: Favorable Upper-Level Patterns |
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368 | (6) |
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Long and Short Waves: Don't Judge A Wave by its Size |
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368 | (2) |
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Jet Streaks:Ag Storm Makers |
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370 | (4) |
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Staying Lean: Keeping the Weight Off |
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374 | (3) |
| Chapter 13 Mid-Latitude II: The Cyclone Model |
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377 | (18) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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Birth of a Low: Which Comes First, the Chicken or the Egg? |
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378 | (3) |
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The First Domino Falls: Upper-Level Divergence |
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379 | (1) |
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Cold and Warm Air Advection: A Follower and a Leader |
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379 | (2) |
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Self-Development: Determining the Destiny of Low Pressure |
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381 | (4) |
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Cold Advection: Dig That Trough t |
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381 | (2) |
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Lows (and Highs) on the Move: Not Helpless Sticks in a Fishing Stream |
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383 | (1) |
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Occlusion: The End of Weight-Watching |
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384 | (1) |
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Cyclone Model Weather: As the Low Goes |
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385 | (7) |
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Weather Ahead of an Approaching Warm Front: Lowering and Thickening Cloudy |
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386 | (1) |
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Warm Conveyor Belt: The Subtropical Connection |
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387 | (2) |
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Cold Conveyor Belt: On the Up and Up |
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389 | (1) |
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Dry Conveyor Belt: Fools Rush in Where Angels Fear to Tread |
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389 | (1) |
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Cold Front Weather: Curdling Clouds above a Wedge of Cheese |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (3) |
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Focus on Optics: Sundogs: Heeling at Their Master's Side |
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393 | (2) |
| Chapter 14 Mid-Latitude III: Spawning Severe Weather |
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395 | (28) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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Breeding Grounds For Supercells: A Lot Of Shear, A Little Lift |
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397 | (8) |
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Cooking up a Supercell: A Recipe with a Seemingly Secret Ingredient |
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398 | (1) |
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Ingredient #1: Getting All Your Ducks in a Vertical Row |
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398 | (2) |
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Ingredient #2: The Seemingly Secret Part of the Recipe |
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400 | (2) |
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Ingredient #3: It All Comes Down to CAPE |
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402 | (1) |
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Ingredient #4: Vertical Wind Shear |
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403 | (1) |
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Dry Lines: Initiating Discrete Supercells |
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404 | (1) |
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Mesoscale Convective Systems: Thunderstorms Get Organized |
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405 | (14) |
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Nocturnal Low-Level Jet. Acceleration After Dark |
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406 | (1) |
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The Mesoscale Convective Complex: King of Mesoscale Convective Systems |
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407 | (4) |
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Squall Lines: Nature's Blitzkreig |
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411 | (3) |
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Bow Echoes and Derechos: Radar Footprints of Widespread Windstorms |
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414 | (5) |
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Forecasting Severe Weather: Larko's Triangle and Final Thoughts |
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419 | (4) |
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Severe Thunderstorms: The Media and Chicken Little |
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421 | (2) |
| Chapter 15 A Closer Look At Tornadoes |
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423 | (26) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (3) |
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Land of Tornadoes: There's a Time and a Place |
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426 | (3) |
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Putting The Spin on Supercells: We're on a Roll |
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429 | (7) |
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Stretching the Mesocyclone: Atmospheric Aerobics-"Twist, One, Two, Three" |
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430 | (1) |
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Twisters on Radar: Look for a Hook |
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431 | (5) |
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The Chase: Close Encounters of the Tornadic Kind |
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436 | (9) |
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Chasing Tornadoes: Driving into a Wall |
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436 | (1) |
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Weather Instruments versus Tornadoes: Getting Blown Away |
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437 | (2) |
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Assessing Tornado Speeds: Giving Up the Chase |
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439 | (3) |
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Tornado Safety: What to Do When a Twister Chases You |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Chasing Tornado Myths: Elusive Hearsay |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Waterspouts, Fire Funnels, and Dust Devils: Whirlwind Cousins |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
Dust Devils: Tasmanian Devil |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Waterspouts: Tornadoes of the Sea |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Funnels of Fire: Whirls of Hot Embers |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
| Chapter 16 Mid-Latitude IV: Winter Weather |
|
449 | (32) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Winter Precipitation: A Product of the Environment |
|
|
450 | (7) |
|
The Snow Crystal: The Crown Jewel of Winter Precipitation |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Freezing Rain and Ice Pellets: Children of Low-Level Chill |
|
|
452 | (5) |
|
Forecasting Winter Storms: Pattern Recognition |
|
|
457 | (18) |
|
Jet Stream Patterns: Laying the Storm Tracks |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Winter storms along the East Coast: Rapid Cyclogenesis and Nor'easters |
|
|
458 | (6) |
|
Cold-Air Damming: Meteorology Meets Topography |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
Lake-Effect Snow: Your Very Own Private Snowstorm |
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
Winter Storms Along the West Coast: The Atmosphere Has Rivers Too |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Predicting Snow Accumulations: More Than Meets the Eye |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Human Impacts of Winter Weather: The Season of Discontent |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
Wind Chill: Keeping "Cool" in the Cold |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
Winter Weather Hazards: On the Road and in the Air |
|
|
477 | (8) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Postscript: Winter in the Balance |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
479 | (2) |
| Chapter 17 Numerical Weather Prediction |
|
481 | (2) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (2) |
| Chapter 18 The Human Impact On Weather And Climate |
|
483 | (36) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Too Much of a Good Thing? |
|
|
485 | (17) |
|
Greenhouse Gases: A Little Goes a Long Way |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
Other Greenhouse Gases: Carbon-Copy Warming |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
Temperature Trends over the Last Century: More Ups Than Downs |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
Sea Ice, Glaciers, and Sea Level: Painting a Consistent Picture |
|
|
493 | (3) |
|
Global Warming: A Result of the Enhanced Greenhouse? |
|
|
496 | (3) |
|
Future Trends: Modeling into the Unknown |
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
Ozone Depletion: Not Enough of a Good Thing? |
|
|
502 | (8) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
The Antarctic Ozone Hole: Cold and Alone |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
A Wider View of Ozone: Global Trends |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
Land Use Change: Impact on Weather and Climate |
|
|
510 | (6) |
|
Deforestation: Cutting across Natural Cycles |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
The Climate of Cities: Islands unto Themselves |
|
|
512 | (4) |
|
Closing Thoughts: The Speed of Change |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Focus on Optics: Red Skies and Volcanoes: Twilight Tides of Erupting Crimson |
|
|
517 | (2) |
| Glossary |
|
519 | (22) |
| Index |
|
541 | |
