| New to This Edition |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xiv | |
| Features of This Book |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| About the Authors |
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xix | |
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Chapter 1 Weather Analysis: The Tools of the Trade |
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1 | (50) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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Measuring the Fundamentals: The Where, the When, and the Warmth |
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3 | (7) |
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Spatial Scales: Going the Distance |
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4 | (1) |
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Map Projections: Going Flat Out |
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4 | (4) |
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Time Scales: Synchronized Sands through the Hourglass |
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8 | (1) |
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Temperature Scales: A Matter of Degrees |
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8 | (2) |
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Mathematical Tools: How to Crunch Numbers and Like It |
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10 | (7) |
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Converting Units: Just for Good Measure |
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11 | (1) |
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Spatial and Temporal Scales: The Big One That Got Away |
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12 | (1) |
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Statistics: From the Mean to the Extreme |
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12 | (5) |
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Weather Analysis: Spatial Tools |
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17 | (12) |
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Topographic Maps: Elevating the Discussion on Isoplething |
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18 | (2) |
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Isoplething Weather Maps: Getting Down and Dirty with Data |
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20 | (2) |
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Caution! Gradient Ahead: Weather Conditions May Change Rapidly |
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22 | (1) |
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Weather Observing Networks: Straight to the Source |
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23 | (2) |
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The Station Model: Templates of Local Observations |
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25 | (4) |
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Meteograms: Messages in Time |
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29 | (22) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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31 | (1) |
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Focus on Optics: Sky Lights |
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32 | (1) |
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Chapter 1 Laboratory Exercises |
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33 | (18) |
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Chapter 2 The Global Ledger of Heat Energy |
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51 | (32) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Radiation: A Dose of Reality |
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53 | (10) |
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum: More Than Meets the Eye |
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53 | (3) |
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Temperature and Radiation: The Movers and the Shakers |
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56 | (2) |
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The Three Fates of Emitted Electromagnetic Radiation: Absorption, Transmission, and Scattering |
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58 | (4) |
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Balance of Radiation: The Ins and Outs of Energy |
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62 | (1) |
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Heating the Atmosphere: From the Ground Up |
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63 | (9) |
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The Solar Energy Budget: Savings and Loans |
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63 | (1) |
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Clouds and Greenhouse Gases: Bonus Energy for the Ground |
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64 | (2) |
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Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming: The Same, but Different |
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66 | (1) |
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Conduction: A Touchy Subject |
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67 | (2) |
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Convection: Up, Up, and Away in My Beautiful Hot-Air Balloon |
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69 | (1) |
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Eddies: The Essence of Convection |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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Focus on Optics: Why is the Sky Blue? |
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72 | (11) |
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Why is the Martian Sky Butterscotch? |
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72 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Laboratory Exercises |
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75 | (8) |
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Chapter 3 Global and Local Controllers of Temperature |
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83 | (42) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Seasonal Temperature Variations Like Pinball, They Depend on Tilt |
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85 | (2) |
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Average Patterns of Global and Regional Temperature: Location, Location, Location |
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87 | (8) |
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Latitudinal Gradients: Another Boxing Lesson |
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87 | (1) |
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More Uneven Heating: Land versus Water |
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88 | (3) |
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Temperature and Altitude: If Mountaintops Are Closer to the Sun, Why Are They Colder? |
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91 | (2) |
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Ocean Currents: Giant Gyres That Team with the Wind |
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93 | (2) |
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Fronts: At the Leading Edge of Hot and Cold |
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95 | (5) |
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A Short Primer on Temperature Forecasting: When Advection is Important and When It's Not |
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98 | (2) |
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Daily Variations of Temperature: Often Lagging Behind |
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100 | (3) |
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The Diurnal Range: A Year in the Life of a Day |
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100 | (1) |
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Variations in the Diurnal Range: Battle for Local Control |
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101 | (2) |
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Temperature Measurement: Don't Trust Bank Thermometers or Sportscasters |
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103 | (22) |
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Thermometers: All Designed with One Goal in Mind |
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103 | (1) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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104 | (3) |
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Focus on Optics: Subsuns and Sun Pillars: Magical Mirrors |
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107 | (2) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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109 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Laboratory Exercises |
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111 | (14) |
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Chapter 4 The Role of Water in Weather |
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125 | (44) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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Hydrologic Cycle: Tortoise and the Hare |
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127 | (1) |
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Evaporation: Water Molecules Can Check Out, but They Can Never... Well Almost Never |
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128 | (7) |
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Temperature: The Warden of Evaporation Rates |
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129 | (1) |
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Water Vapor and Temperature: The Keys to Solving the Puzzle of Potential Evaporation in Africa |
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130 | (1) |
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Net Evaporation: Evaporation Edges Condensation |
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130 | (4) |
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Vapor Pressure Gradient: A Proxy for the Net Evaporation Rate |
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134 | (1) |
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Net Condensation: A Cloud is Born |
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135 | (9) |
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Clouds and Relative Humidity: There's Nothing Magical about 100% |
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135 | (1) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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136 | (1) |
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A Tried-and-True Recipe for Clouds: A Pinch (of Nuclei), a Dash (of Vapor), Then Chill |
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137 | (1) |
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Lifting the Air: Caution! Air Molecules at Work |
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138 | (2) |
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Clouds without Lifting: Special Recipes |
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140 | (4) |
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Assessing Moisture: Applications to Weather Forecasting |
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144 | (6) |
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Relative Humidity versus Dew Points: To Each His Own |
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144 | (2) |
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How to Change Dew Points: From Up, Down, and All Around |
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146 | (1) |
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Dew Points and Weather Forecasting: A Few Applications |
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147 | (3) |
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Rain Gauges: Putting the Precipitation Puzzle Together |
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150 | (19) |
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Focus on Optics: The Color of Clouds: of Star Trek and Milk |
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151 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Laboratory Exercises |
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155 | (14) |
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Chapter 5 Satellite and Radar Imagery: Remote Sensing of The Atmosphere |
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169 | (44) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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Weather Satellites: Different Views, Different Orbits, Different Missions |
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171 | (13) |
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Visible Cloud Imagery: Say Cheese! |
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173 | (3) |
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Infrared Satellite Imagery: It Goes Out through the Atmospheric Window |
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176 | (2) |
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Water Vapor Imagery: Near-Sighted Vision |
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178 | (6) |
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Radar: Echoes from a Storm |
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184 | (29) |
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Reflectivity Mode: Boomerang Microwaves |
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185 | (6) |
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Velocity Mode: Building Additional Evidence for Tornado Detection |
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191 | (3) |
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Wind Profiler: Filling in the Gaps |
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194 | (2) |
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Focus on Optics: Why is Snow White? |
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196 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Laboratory Exercises |
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197 | (16) |
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Chapter 6 Surface Patterns of Pressure and Wind |
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213 | (46) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Pressure as a Weight: How to Read the Scales |
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215 | (7) |
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Correction to Sea Level: Getting Rid of Elevation |
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217 | (3) |
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Isoplething Sea-Level Pressure: Seeing the Forest from the Trees |
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220 | (2) |
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Circulations of Air Around Highs and Lows: Some Are Clockwise, Others Are Not |
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222 | (16) |
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Pressure Gradient Force: The Leader of the "Pack" |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (2) |
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Apparent Forces: Your Bottom Deceives You |
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227 | (1) |
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Coriolis Force: As the World Turns |
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228 | (3) |
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Surface Air Flow: Diagrams of Football Plays in Meteorology |
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231 | (2) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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233 | (3) |
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Controlling the Weights of Air Columns in the Middle Latitudes: A Well-Balanced Diet of Convergence and Divergence |
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236 | (2) |
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Fronts Revisited: Fitting into the Pressure Pattern |
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238 | (21) |
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Reflecting Ahead and Looking Back: All About the Weights of Air Columns |
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240 | (1) |
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Focus on Optics: The Inferior Mirage: A Piece of the Sky |
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241 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Laboratory Exercises |
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243 | (16) |
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Chapter 7 Upper-Air Patterns of Pressure and Wind |
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259 | (50) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Constant Pressure Surfaces: Like Crumpled Throw Rugs |
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261 | (5) |
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Creating and Interpreting Maps on Constant Pressure Surfaces: Step by Step |
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263 | (3) |
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Upper-Air Patterns of Height and Wind: It All Boils Down to Warm and Cold |
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266 | (8) |
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Interpreting Heights on Constant Pressure Surfaces: Clearing the First Hurdle |
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269 | (2) |
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Determining Wind Directions on Constant Pressure Surfaces: Buys-Ballot's Law |
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271 | (3) |
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Controllers of Wind Speeds Aloft: Because They Are There |
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274 | (10) |
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Controllers of Wind Speeds Aloft: A Recurring Theme of Warm and Cold |
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275 | (3) |
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Vertical Profile of Wind Speeds: Leading Up to the Jet Stream |
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278 | (2) |
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Mid-Latitude Jet Stream: A Fast Current within a High-altitude River of Westerly Winds |
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280 | (4) |
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Pattern Recognition: Part of the Art of Forecasting |
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284 | (25) |
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Jet Streaks: The White-Water Rapids of the Jet Stream |
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285 | (1) |
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Upper-Air Pattern Recognition: Wavy or Not? |
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285 | (2) |
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Blocking Highs: Not an Offensive Lineman's Euphoria |
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287 | (2) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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289 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Laboratory Exercises |
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291 | (18) |
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Chapter 8 The Role of Stability in Weather |
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309 | (50) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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Assessing the Potential for Vertical Ascent: The Sky's the Limit |
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311 | (3) |
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Positively Buoyant Air Parcels: In High Spirits |
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313 | (1) |
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Stability: Nudge and Judge |
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314 | (6) |
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Lapse Rates: Keeping Track of Temperatures Inside and Outside |
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315 | (2) |
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Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate: Tapping Hidden Heat Energy |
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317 | (3) |
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Ways to Change Stability: From the Ground Floor Up |
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320 | (8) |
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Low-Level Stability and Instability: Grounded in Ground Temperatures |
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321 | (1) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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322 | (2) |
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Stability Changes Aloft: The Opposite of What Occurs at the Ground |
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324 | (4) |
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Categorizing Clouds and Precipitation: Stable versus Unstable |
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328 | (11) |
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Clouds and Precipitation in an Unstable Atmosphere: Growing by Heaps and Bounds |
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328 | (2) |
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The Bergeron-Findeisen Process: There's Snow in Summer Thunderstorms |
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330 | (3) |
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Clouds and Precipitation in a Stable Atmosphere: Layered and Stratiform |
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333 | (3) |
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Clouds with Stable and Unstable Components: Having It Both Ways |
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336 | (3) |
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Other Signs of Stability and Instability: From Smoke to Summer Breezes |
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339 | (20) |
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Smoke: Fanning and Looping |
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339 | (2) |
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Cloud Clues: UFOs and Castles |
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341 | (1) |
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Wind Clues: Afternoon Summer Breeze |
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342 | (1) |
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Focus on Optics: Superior Mirage: The Phantom of the Arctic |
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343 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Laboratory Exercises |
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345 | (14) |
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359 | (58) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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Lightning and Thunder: Birthright of the Thunderstorm |
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361 | (6) |
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Lightning Formation: The Shocking Truth |
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362 | (3) |
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Thunder: Atmospheric Rumbles |
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365 | (1) |
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Lightning Safety: Avoiding Hair-Raising Situations |
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366 | (1) |
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Origins of Thunderstorms: To Be, or Not To Be |
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367 | (9) |
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Instability and Lifting: Thunderstorm Preludes |
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367 | (1) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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368 | (3) |
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Thunderstorm Climatology: Blooming Where You're Planted |
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371 | (5) |
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Classifying Thunderstorm Cells: Single, Multi, or Super |
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376 | (10) |
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Vertical Wind Shear: Typecasting Thunderstorms |
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378 | (1) |
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Structure of Single-Cell Thunderstorms: A Life in Three Acts |
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379 | (4) |
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Multicell Thunderstorms: All for One and One for All |
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383 | (1) |
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Supercell Thunderstorms: Heavy Hitters |
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383 | (3) |
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Taking Thunderstorm Inventory: A Full Stock of Weather Dangers |
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386 | (10) |
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Flash Flooding: The Number-One Thunderstorm Killer |
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386 | (5) |
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391 | (2) |
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Microbursts: Dangerous Breaths from the Skies |
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393 | (3) |
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396 | (21) |
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Focus on Optics: Rainbows: Branding the Sky |
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397 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 Laboratory Exercises |
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401 | (16) |
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Chapter 10 Tropical Weather, Part I: Patterns of Wind, Water, and Weather |
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417 | (46) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (3) |
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Weather and Climate at Low Latitudes: Persistent Patterns |
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420 | (19) |
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The Hadley Circulation: In Control of the Tropics and Subtropics |
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423 | (2) |
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The Intertropical Convergence Zone: A Creature of the Sea |
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425 | (3) |
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Subtropical High-Pressure Systems: Merging Traffic from the Tropics |
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428 | (3) |
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Completing the Hadley Circuits: Jack-of-All-Trades |
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431 | (3) |
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The Subtropical Jet Stream: Another Ice-Skating Application |
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434 | (1) |
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The Asian Summer Monsoon: A Gigantic, Long-Lived Sea Breeze |
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435 | (4) |
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El Nino: The Trades Falter |
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439 | (24) |
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The Equatorial Eastern and Central Pacific: Not as Warm as You Might Think |
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440 | (2) |
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El Nino: Changing of the Guard |
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442 | (1) |
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Weather Impacts from El Nino: Near and Far |
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443 | (5) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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448 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Laboratory Exercises |
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449 | (14) |
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Chapter 11 Tropical Weather, Part II: Hurricanes |
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463 | (60) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (3) |
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Tropical Cyclones: A Global Perspective |
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466 | (3) |
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Naming Tropical Cyclones: Ham with Chicken Livers and Mushrooms |
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467 | (2) |
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Recipe For Hurricanes: Six Ingredients in Just the Right Measure |
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469 | (14) |
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High Sea-Surface Temperatures: The Foundation for Organized Thunderstorms |
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471 | (1) |
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Warm Water Below: When the Wind Stirs the Sea |
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472 | (1) |
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Conditional Instability: Paving the Way for Tall Thunderstorms |
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473 | (2) |
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Ingredient #3: A Moist Middle Troposphere |
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475 | (1) |
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Vertical Wind Shear: A Little Goes a Long Way |
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476 | (3) |
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Rotation Needed: Stay Away from the Equator! |
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479 | (1) |
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Easterly Waves: Out of Africa |
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480 | (3) |
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The South Atlantic Ocean: The Basin without a Hurricane Season |
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483 | (3) |
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A Tropical Cyclone Intensifies: Conditional Instability of the Second Kind |
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486 | (3) |
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Latent Heat Feedback: Amplifying the Storm |
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486 | (3) |
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Features of a Hurricane: With an Eye to the Sky |
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489 | (11) |
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Hurricane Movement: Subtropical Highs at the Steering Wheel |
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494 | (2) |
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Hour of Danger: Landfall and Storm Surge |
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496 | (4) |
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The Role of the National Hurricane Center (NHC): Its Mission and Vision |
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500 | (23) |
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Weather Folklore and Commentary |
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503 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Laboratory Exercises |
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505 | (18) |
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Chapter 12 Mid-Latitude I: Linking Surface and Upper-Air Patterns |
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523 | (38) |
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523 | (1) |
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523 | (3) |
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Low- and High-Pressure Systems: Weight Watchers versus Body Builders |
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526 | (7) |
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Assessing Upper-Air Convergence and Divergence: Air Parcels Become Figure Skaters |
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528 | (3) |
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Upper-Air Vorticity Patterns: Putting a Different Spin on Ridges and Troughs |
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531 | (2) |
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Long and Short Waves: Don't Judge a Wave by Its Size |
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533 | (7) |
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Jet Streaks: Big-Storm Makers |
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536 | (4) |
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Staying Lean: Keeping the Weight off |
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540 | (21) |
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Chapter 12 Laboratory Exercises |
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541 | (20) |
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Chapter 13 Mid-Latitude II: The Cyclone Model |
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561 | (40) |
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561 | (1) |
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561 | (1) |
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Birth of a Low: Which Comes First, the Chicken or the Egg? |
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562 | (2) |
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The First Domino Falls: Upper-Level Divergence |
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563 | (1) |
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Cold and Warm Air Advection: A Follower and a Leader |
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563 | (1) |
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Self-Development: Determining the Destiny of Low Pressure |
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564 | (6) |
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Cold Advection: Dig That Trough! |
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565 | (1) |
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Lows (and Highs) on the Move: Not Helpless Sticks in a Fishing Stream |
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565 | (2) |
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Occlusion: The End of Weight-Watching |
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567 | (3) |
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Cyclone Model Weather: As the Low Goes |
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570 | (31) |
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Weather Ahead of an Approaching Warm Front: Lowering and Thickening Clouds |
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570 | (1) |
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Warm Conveyor Belt: The Subtropical Connection |
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571 | (1) |
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Cold Conveyor Belt: On the Up and Up |
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572 | (1) |
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Cold Front Weather: Curdling Clouds above a Wedge of Cheese |
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572 | (2) |
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Dry Conveyor Belt: Fools Rush in Where Angels Fear to Tread |
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574 | (3) |
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Focus on Optics: Sundogs: Heeling at Their Master's Side |
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577 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Laboratory Exercises |
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579 | (22) |
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Chapter 14 Mid-Latitude III: Spawning Severe Weather |
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601 | (40) |
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601 | (1) |
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601 | (2) |
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Breeding Grounds for Supercells: A Lot of Shear, a Little Lift |
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603 | (5) |
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Dry Lines: Initiating Discrete Supercells |
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608 | (1) |
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Mesoscale Convective Systems: Thunderstorms Get Organized |
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608 | (13) |
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Nocturnal Low-Level Jet: Acceleration After Dark |
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610 | (1) |
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The Mesoscale Convective Complex: King of Mesoscale Convective Systems |
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611 | (4) |
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Squall Lines: Nature's Blitzkreig |
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615 | (3) |
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Bow Echoes and Derechos: Radar Footprints of Widespread Windstorms |
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|
618 | (3) |
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Forecasting Severe Weather: Larko's Triangle and Final Thoughts |
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621 | (20) |
|
Severe Thunderstorms: The Media and Chicken Little |
|
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623 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Laboratory Exercises |
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625 | (16) |
|
Chapter 15 A Closer Look At Tornadoes |
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641 | (36) |
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641 | (1) |
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641 | (3) |
|
Land of Tornadoes: There's a Time and a Place |
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644 | (2) |
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Putting the Spin on Supercells: We're on a Roll |
|
|
646 | (8) |
|
Stretching the Mesocyclone: Atmospheric Aerobics--"Twist, One, Two, Three" |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
Twisters on Radar: Look for a Hook |
|
|
650 | (4) |
|
The Chase: Close Encounters of the Tornadic Kind |
|
|
654 | (10) |
|
Chasing Tornadoes: Driving into a Wall |
|
|
654 | (2) |
|
Weather Instruments versus Tornadoes: Getting Blown Away |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Assessing Tornado Speeds: Giving Up the Chase |
|
|
657 | (4) |
|
Tornado Safety: What to Do When a Twister Chases You |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Chasing Tornado Myths: Elusive Hearsay |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
Waterspouts, Fire Funnels, and Dust Devils: Whirlwind Cousins |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
Dust Devils: Tasmanian Devil |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Waterspouts: Tornadoes of the Sea |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Funnels of Fire: Whirls of Hot Embers |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (11) |
|
Chapter 15 Laboratory Exercises |
|
|
667 | (10) |
|
Chapter 16 Mid-Latitude IV: Winter Weather |
|
|
677 | (46) |
|
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
Winter Precipitation: A Product of the Environment |
|
|
679 | (6) |
|
The Snow Crystal: The Crown Jewel of Winter Precipitation |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Freezing Rain and Ice Pellets: Children of Low-Level Chill |
|
|
680 | (5) |
|
Forecasting Winter Storms: Pattern Recognition |
|
|
685 | (13) |
|
Jet Stream Patterns: Laying the Storm Tracks |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Winter Storms along the East Coast: Rapid Cyclogenesis and Nor'easters |
|
|
686 | (4) |
|
Cold-air Damming: Mountain Barriers Built for Wintry Weather |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Lake-Effect Snow: Your Own Private Snowstorm |
|
|
691 | (6) |
|
Predicting Snow Accumulations: More Than Meets the Eye |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Human Impacts of Winter Weather: The Season of Discontent |
|
|
698 | (5) |
|
Wind Chill: Keeping "Cool" in the Cold |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Winter Weather Hazards: On the Road and in the Air |
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
The Superstorm of March 1993: Storm of the Century |
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
Postscript: Winter in the Balance |
|
|
706 | (17) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
707 | (2) |
|
Chapter 16 Laboratory Exercises |
|
|
709 | (14) |
|
Chapter 17 Numerical Weather Prediction |
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
Chapter 18 The Human Impact on Weather and Climate |
|
|
725 | (42) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Too Much of a Good Thing? |
|
|
726 | (16) |
|
Greenhouse Gases: Better Watch Where You Put Your Carbon |
|
|
728 | (4) |
|
Other Greenhouse Gases: Carbon-Copy Warming |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Temperature Trends over the Last Century: More Ups Than Downs |
|
|
733 | (3) |
|
Global Warming: A Result of the Enhanced Greenhouse? |
|
|
736 | (3) |
|
Future Trends: Modeling into the Unknown |
|
|
739 | (3) |
|
Ozone Depletion: Not Enough of a Good Thing? |
|
|
742 | (8) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
744 | (2) |
|
The Antarctic Ozone Hole: Cold and Alone |
|
|
746 | (2) |
|
A Wider View of Ozone: Global Trends |
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
Land Use Change: Impact on Weather and Climate |
|
|
750 | (6) |
|
Deforestation: Cutting across Natural Cycles |
|
|
751 | (2) |
|
The Climate of Cities: Islands unto Themselves |
|
|
753 | (3) |
|
Closing Thoughts: The Speed of Change |
|
|
756 | (11) |
|
Weather Folklore and Commentary |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Focus on Optics: Red Skies and Volcanoes: Twilight Tides of Erupting Crimson |
|
|
757 | (2) |
|
Chapter 18 Laboratory Exercises |
|
|
759 | (8) |
| Glossary |
|
767 | (20) |
| Index |
|
787 | |
