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E-grāmata: Acquisition of English Grammar and Phonology by Cantonese ESL Learners: Challenges, Causes and Pedagogical Insights [Taylor & Francis e-book]

  • Formāts: 202 pages, 29 Tables, black and white; 5 Line drawings, black and white; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Research in Language Education
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Dec-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781003252498
  • Taylor & Francis e-book
  • Cena: 142,30 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Standarta cena: 203,28 €
  • Ietaupiet 30%
  • Formāts: 202 pages, 29 Tables, black and white; 5 Line drawings, black and white; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Research in Language Education
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Dec-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781003252498
"Chan's exploration of the acquisition of English grammar and phonology by Cantonese learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) offers insights into the specific challenges that learners often encounter, and their origins, and posits ways to help them overcome the challenges. Possible sources of the challenges are also examined. The content covers the basic differences between English and Cantonese grammar as well as those between English and Cantonese phonology. Chan discusses the kinds of grammatical and phonological problems that Cantonese ESL learners often have in their acquisition of English. In terms of grammar, various structures are reviewed, including errors which are clearly due to L1 interference and also those which may not be directly L1-related. Learners' common misconceptions about relevant concepts are also revealed. In terms of phonology, both speech perception and speech production problems at the segmental and supra-segmental levels are examined. For learner problems which may be the result of L1 interference, a contrastive approach is adopted in analysing the cause and nature of the errors. Chan also offers readers pedagogical insights to target common grammatical problems, including the use of an algorithmic approach, the use ofa discovery-based consciousness-raising approach, and the use of metalinguistic explanations. As far as the learning of English phonology is concerned, she argues that the training of speech production should go hand-in-hand with that of speech perception. Future research can experiment with the proposed teaching ideas with Cantonese ESL learners and learners of other native languages. Researchers and ESL teaching professionals will find the insights and research contained within this volume invaluable when encountering or researching Chinese ESL learners"--

Chan’s exploration of the acquisition of English grammar and phonology by Cantonese learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) offers insights into the specific challenges that learners often encounter and posits ways to help them overcome those challenges. Possible sources of the challenges are also examined.

The book covers the basic differences between English and Cantonese grammar as well as those between English and Cantonese phonology. Chan discusses the kinds of grammatical and phonological problems that Cantonese ESL learners often have in their acquisition of English. In terms of grammar, various structures are reviewed, including errors which are clearly due to L1 interference and also those which may not be directly L1-related. Learners’ common misconceptions about relevant concepts are also revealed. In terms of phonology, both speech perception and speech production problems at the segmental and suprasegmental levels are examined. For learner problems which may be the result of L1 interference, a contrastive approach is adopted in analysing the cause and nature of the errors. Chan also offers readers pedagogical insights to target common grammatical problems, including the use of an algorithmic approach, the use of a discovery-based consciousness-raising approach and the use of metalinguistic explanations. As far as the learning of English phonology is concerned, she argues that the training of speech production should go hand-in-hand with that of speech perception. Future research can experiment with the proposed teaching ideas with Cantonese ESL learners and learners of other native languages.

Researchers and ESL teaching professionals will find the insights and research contained within this volume invaluable when encountering or researching Chinese ESL learners.



Chan’s exploration of the acquisition of English grammar and phonology by Cantonese learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) offers insights into the specific challenges encountered and posits ways to overcome these.
List of Figures
xiv
List of Tables
xv
List of Abbreviations
xvii
Acknowledgements xix
1 Introduction
1(5)
Objectives of the Book
1(1)
Target Group of Learners
1(1)
English in China Today
2(1)
Importance of Understanding ESL Learners' Errors
2(1)
Scope of the Book
3(1)
Sources of Data
3(1)
Intended Audience of the Book
4(1)
Organization of the Book
4(2)
2 English and Chinese-Cantonese Grammar in Contrast
6(15)
The English Language and the Chinese Language
6(1)
Basic Sentence Constituents: English Subject vs. Chinese-Cantonese Topic
7(1)
English and Chinese-Cantonese Verbs/Verb Phrases
8(1)
Finiteness and Nonfiniteness in English and Chinese-Cantonese
8(2)
Tense vs. Aspect in English and Chinese-Cantonese
10(1)
Passive Constructions in English and Chinese-Cantonese
11(1)
English and Chinese-Cantonese Noun Phrases
12(1)
English and Chinese-Cantonese Determiners
12(1)
Generic Reference
13(1)
Definite Reference
13(1)
Indefinite Reference
13(1)
Chinese-Cantonese Classifiers
14(1)
English and Chinese-Cantonese Relative Structures
14(2)
English and Chinese-Cantonese Adjectives/Adjective Phrases
16(2)
English Prepositions and Chinese-Cantonese Coverbs
18(1)
Clause Combining Strategies: Parataxis vs Hypotaxis
18(1)
Conclusion
19(2)
3 English and Cantonese Phonology in Contrast
21(13)
The English and Cantonese Consonant Systems
21(1)
Plosives/Stops
21(2)
Fricatives
23(1)
Affricates
24(1)
Nasals and Lateral
25(1)
Approximants
26(1)
The English and Cantonese Vowel Systems
26(1)
Pure Vowels
27(1)
Diphthongs
28(1)
The English and Cantonese Syllable Structures
29(1)
The English and Cantonese Tones
30(1)
The English and Cantonese Rhythmic Patterns
31(1)
Words in Connected Speech
31(1)
Weak Forms
31(1)
Linkage
32(1)
Conclusion
32(2)
4 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Grammar I: Interlingual Errors
34(21)
Lexical Level
34(1)
Inaccurate Directionality
35(1)
Synonym Confusion
35(1)
Vocabulary Compensation
36(1)
Syntactic Level
37(1)
Be + Base Form
37(1)
Be + -ed/-en
38(1)
Calquing
38(1)
Double Correlatives/Conjunctions
39(1)
Duplicated Comparatives or Superlatives
40(1)
Incorrect Order of Adverbs
40(1)
Independent Clause as Subject or Object/Complement
41(1)
In-Prepositional Phrases
42(1)
Misuse o/Until/Till
43(1)
Omission of Copula
44(1)
Omission of Subject
45(1)
Pseudo-Tough Movement Structures
46(1)
Pseudo-Passives and Under-Generation of Passives
46(1)
The Somewhere Has Something Problem
47(1)
The Too + Adj + to VP Structure
48(1)
There + Have Existential Structures
48(1)
Transitivity Pattern Confusion
49(1)
Serial Verb Constructions
50(1)
Discoursal Level
51(1)
Misuse of "On the Contrary "
51(1)
Periphrastic-Topic Constructions
52(1)
A Taxonomy of Interlingual Errors Made by Cantonese ESL Learners
53(1)
Conclusion
53(2)
5 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Grammar II: English Article Errors
55(12)
English Articles and Reference Representation
55(1)
Definite Reference
55(1)
Indefinite Reference
55(1)
Generic Reference
55(1)
Typology of English Article Errors
56(1)
Over-Extension (the for ZERO)
57(1)
Over-Extension (a/an for ZERO)
57(1)
Under-Extension (ZERO for a/an)
57(1)
Under-Extension (ZERO for the)
57(1)
Substitution (a/an for the)
57(1)
Substitution (the for a/an)
58(1)
Co-Occurrence
58(1)
Word-Order
58(1)
Cantonese ESL Learners' Confusion Between Specificity and Definiteness
58(2)
Problems With the Definite Generic
60(1)
Problems With Noun Countability
61(1)
Some Misconceptions About the English Article System
62(1)
Confusion Between Articles and Other Determiners
62(1)
Inappropriate Mappings Between Articles/Determiners and References
63(1)
Inappropriate Hypothesis About Subject Complement
63(1)
Inappropriate Hypothesis About Post-Modifiers
64(1)
Confusion Between English Articles and Similar L1 Linguistic Items
64(1)
Conclusion
65(2)
6 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Grammar III: Other Errors
67(20)
Morphological Level
67(1)
Inappropriate Selection of Affixes
67(1)
Overuse of Affixes
68(1)
Lexical Level
68(1)
Synforms
68(1)
Syntactic Level
69(1)
Concord Problems
69(1)
Confusion Between "Concern" and "Concerned About"
70(2)
Inappropriate Case Selection
72(1)
Mis-ordering of Constituents in Indirect Questions
73(1)
Misuse of Prepositions
73(1)
Inappropriate Prepositions
73(1)
Superfluous Prepositions
74(1)
Missing Prepositions
74(1)
Misuse of Relative Clauses
74(1)
Omission of Relative Pronouns
75(1)
Omission of Finite Verbs
76(1)
Use of Inappropriate Relative Pronouns
77(1)
Use of Resumptive Pronouns
77(2)
Non-Parallel Structures
79(1)
Coordination of Constituents at Different Levels
79(1)
Coordination of Different Kinds of Clauses
80(1)
Coordination of Different Kinds of Phrases
80(1)
Probable Causes of Faulty Parallelism
81(1)
Punctuation Problems
81(1)
Comma Splices
81(1)
Sentence Fragments
82(1)
Verb Form Selection Problems
82(1)
Word Class Confusion
83(1)
Discoursal Level
84(1)
Misuse of It as Discourse Deixis
84(1)
A Taxonomy of Intralingual Errors Made by Cantonese ESL Learners
85(1)
Conclusion
85(2)
7 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Phonology I: Speech Production
87(16)
Plosives
87(1)
Devoicing of English Voiced Plosives
88(1)
Non-Release of English Final Plosives
88(1)
Learner Problems? Casual Speech?
88(1)
Fricatives
89(1)
Voiced Alveolar (/z/) and Voiced Labio-Dental (N/) Fricatives
89(1)
Dental Fricatives (/θ/and/o/)
89(1)
Palato-Alveolar Fricatives (and)
90(1)
Affricates
90(1)
Nasals and Liquids
90(1)
Neutralization of /l/ and /n/ in Initial Position
90(1)
Vocalization and Deletion of Final /l/
91(1)
Deletion of Final /n/ After a Diphthong
91(1)
Other Problems
92(1)
Consonant Clusters
92(1)
Deletion
93(1)
Vowel Epenthesis
93(1)
Deletion or Vowel Epenthesis: What Is the Choice?
94(1)
Substitution
94(1)
Unnecessary Aspiration of Plosives After /s/
95(1)
Segment Composition of Clusters
95(2)
Pure Vowels
97(1)
Indistinguishable Long and Short Vowel Pairs
97(1)
/æ/ and /e/
98(1)
Insertion of Consonantal Glide Before /i:/ and /I/
98(1)
/3:/ and /e/
98(1)
Diphthongs
98(1)
Words in Connected Speech
99(1)
Rhythm
100(1)
Sentence Stress
100(1)
Conclusion
101(2)
8 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Phonology II: Speech Perception
103(15)
Importance of Understanding Speech Perception
103(1)
Similarity, Dissimilarity and Equivalence
104(1)
Cantonese ESL Learners' Perception of English Speech Sounds
105(1)
Obstruents
106(1)
Sonorant Consonants
107(1)
Vowels
108(1)
Relationship Between Speech Perception and Speech Production
108(1)
Factors Affecting Speech Perception
109(1)
Effects of Previous Word Knowledge
109(1)
Interaction of Positional and Voicing Effects
110(1)
Frequency of Occurrence of Target Sound
110(1)
Effects of L1-L2 Phonetic Similarity
111(1)
Perceived Similarity (and Dissimilarity)
111(1)
Learners' Perceived Similarity Between English and Cantonese Sounds
112(1)
Perceived Degrees of Similarity Between English and Cantonese Consonants
112(1)
Perceived Degrees of Similarity Between English and Cantonese Vowels
113(2)
Relationship Between L1-L2 Perceived Similarity and L2 Perception
115(1)
Relationship Between L1-L2 Perceived Similarity andL2 Production
115(1)
Conclusion
116(2)
9 Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of Grammar and Phonology: L1 Influence?
118(18)
Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of English Grammar
118(1)
Extent of L1 Transfer
118(1)
Lack of Positive Transfer
119(1)
Possible "Positive" Transfer?
119(1)
Non-L1-Related Factors
120(1)
Lack of Awareness/Inadequate Mastery of Target L2 Norms
120(1)
Confusion Caused by "Similar" L2 Structures
121(1)
Use of Adverbials Before Verbs
121(1)
Tough Movement Structures
122(1)
Existential Structures in the Perfect Tense
123(1)
A Chain of Verbs in English Sentences
123(1)
Acceptable "Somewhere Has Something" Sentences
123(1)
Misapplication of L2 Rules/Overgeneralization
124(1)
Selectional Mishits
125(1)
Universal Processes and Developmental Errors
125(1)
Avoidance Behaviour
126(1)
Interaction Between L1- and Non-L1-RelatedFactors
127(1)
Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of English Phonology
128(1)
Extent of L1 Transfer
128(1)
Typological Markedness
129(2)
Similarity
131(1)
Relations Between LI Transfer, Similarity and Typological Markedness
131(1)
Other Considerations
132(1)
Conclusion
133(3)
10 The Teaching of Grammar to Cantonese ESL Learners
136(19)
Importance of Explicit Grammar Teaching and Explicit Error Correction
136(2)
An Algorithmic Approach to Error Correction
138(1)
Applications of an Algorithmic Approach
139(1)
An Example: Pseudo-Tough Movement
139(1)
Correction Procedure
140(1)
Phase 1
140(1)
Phase 2
140(1)
Phase 3
141(1)
Phase 4
141(1)
Phases 5 and 6
141(1)
Phase 7
141(1)
Summary of Correction Procedure
142(1)
Merits of an Algorithmic Approach
143(1)
Other Consciousness-Raising Teaching Techniques
143(1)
Ergative Verbs
143(1)
Teaching the Use of Ergative Verbs Using a Discovery-Based Consciousness-Raising Approach
144(2)
Merits of Discovery-Based Consciousness-Raising Strategies
146(1)
Use of Metalinguistic Explanations in the Teaching of Grammar
146(1)
Merits of Metalinguistic Explanations and Empirical Evidence
146(1)
Teaching of English Articles Using Metalinguistic Explanations
147(1)
Unveiling Shadowy Effects of Correct Article Use
147(1)
Using Learners' Dictionaries, Concordances and Corpuses for Countability and Article Use
148(1)
Tackling Confusion Between Definiteness and Specificity
149(1)
Strengthening Learners' Awareness of the Definite Generic and Highlighting the Contexts for Expressing Genericity Using Different Articles
150(2)
Comparing English Articles With Similar but Distinct Native Language Items
152(1)
Conclusion
153(2)
11 The Teaching of Phonology to Cantonese ESL Learners
155(13)
ESL Pronunciation Teaching Goals
155(1)
Disputes Between Linguists and Educationalists
155(1)
Models of Pronunciation
156(1)
Priorities of Phonology Teaching
156(1)
English as an International Language (EIL)/a Lingua Franca (ELF)
156(1)
Learners' Own Learning Goals
157(1)
Teaching of Individual Problematic Sounds vs. Teaching of Problematic Patterns
157(1)
Segmental vs. Suprasegmental Problems
158(1)
Pre-Teaching Diagnosis
158(1)
Diagnosis of Speech Perception Problems
159(1)
Diagnosis of Speech Production Problems
159(1)
Research-Driven Curriculum
160(1)
Teaching Strategies
161(1)
Conducting L1-L2 Contrastive Comparisons
161(1)
Helping Learners Observe Visual Articulatory Cues
162(1)
Helping Learners Observe Computer-Analysable Articulatory and/or Acoustic Properties
163(1)
Arousing Learners' Awareness of Phonological Phenomena or Variations
164(1)
Use of CAPT
164(2)
Conclusion
166(2)
12 Conclusions: The Way Forward
168(5)
A Brief Summary: Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of Grammar and Phonology, Sources of Learner Problems and Pedagogical Insights
168(1)
Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of Grammar and Phonology
168(1)
Sources of Learner Problems
169(1)
Pedagogical Insights
169(1)
The Way Forward
170(1)
L2 Grammar Learning, Teaching and Future Research
170(1)
Inclusion of Larger Learner Samples
170(1)
Contexts in Which Pedagogical Endeavours Can Be Situated
171(1)
Incorporation of Technological Advances
171(1)
L2 Phonology Learning, Teaching and Future Research
172(1)
Timeframes of Data Collection
172(1)
Baselines Adoptedfor Comparisons
173(1)
Learners' Preferences and A ttitudes
173(1)
Conclusion 173(2)
References 175(21)
Index 196
Alice Yin Wa Chan (PhD) is Associate Professor in the Department of English at City University of Hong Kong. She gained her BA in linguistics from the University of Lancaster, UK, her MPhil in computer speech and language processing from the University of Cambridge, UK, and her PhD in linguistics from the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Before joining CityU, she had taught at different local universities in Hong Kong. She has published in various international journals, and contributed to edited books, professional magazines and conference proceedings. Her research and teaching interests include second language acquisition, English grammar, English phonetics and phonology, and lexicography.