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xiv | |
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xv | |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
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1 | (5) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Importance of Understanding ESL Learners' Errors |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Intended Audience of the Book |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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2 English and Chinese-Cantonese Grammar in Contrast |
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6 | (15) |
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The English Language and the Chinese Language |
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6 | (1) |
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Basic Sentence Constituents: English Subject vs. Chinese-Cantonese Topic |
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7 | (1) |
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English and Chinese-Cantonese Verbs/Verb Phrases |
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8 | (1) |
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Finiteness and Nonfiniteness in English and Chinese-Cantonese |
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8 | (2) |
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Tense vs. Aspect in English and Chinese-Cantonese |
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10 | (1) |
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Passive Constructions in English and Chinese-Cantonese |
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11 | (1) |
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English and Chinese-Cantonese Noun Phrases |
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12 | (1) |
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English and Chinese-Cantonese Determiners |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Chinese-Cantonese Classifiers |
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14 | (1) |
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English and Chinese-Cantonese Relative Structures |
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14 | (2) |
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English and Chinese-Cantonese Adjectives/Adjective Phrases |
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16 | (2) |
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English Prepositions and Chinese-Cantonese Coverbs |
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18 | (1) |
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Clause Combining Strategies: Parataxis vs Hypotaxis |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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3 English and Cantonese Phonology in Contrast |
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21 | (13) |
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The English and Cantonese Consonant Systems |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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The English and Cantonese Vowel Systems |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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The English and Cantonese Syllable Structures |
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29 | (1) |
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The English and Cantonese Tones |
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30 | (1) |
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The English and Cantonese Rhythmic Patterns |
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31 | (1) |
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Words in Connected Speech |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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4 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Grammar I: Interlingual Errors |
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34 | (21) |
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34 | (1) |
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Inaccurate Directionality |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Double Correlatives/Conjunctions |
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39 | (1) |
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Duplicated Comparatives or Superlatives |
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40 | (1) |
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Incorrect Order of Adverbs |
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40 | (1) |
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Independent Clause as Subject or Object/Complement |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Pseudo-Tough Movement Structures |
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46 | (1) |
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Pseudo-Passives and Under-Generation of Passives |
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46 | (1) |
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The Somewhere Has Something Problem |
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47 | (1) |
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The Too + Adj + to VP Structure |
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48 | (1) |
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There + Have Existential Structures |
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48 | (1) |
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Transitivity Pattern Confusion |
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49 | (1) |
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Serial Verb Constructions |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Misuse of "On the Contrary " |
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51 | (1) |
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Periphrastic-Topic Constructions |
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52 | (1) |
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A Taxonomy of Interlingual Errors Made by Cantonese ESL Learners |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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5 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Grammar II: English Article Errors |
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55 | (12) |
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English Articles and Reference Representation |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Typology of English Article Errors |
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56 | (1) |
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Over-Extension (the for ZERO) |
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57 | (1) |
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Over-Extension (a/an for ZERO) |
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57 | (1) |
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Under-Extension (ZERO for a/an) |
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57 | (1) |
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Under-Extension (ZERO for the) |
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57 | (1) |
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Substitution (a/an for the) |
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57 | (1) |
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Substitution (the for a/an) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Cantonese ESL Learners' Confusion Between Specificity and Definiteness |
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58 | (2) |
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Problems With the Definite Generic |
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60 | (1) |
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Problems With Noun Countability |
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61 | (1) |
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Some Misconceptions About the English Article System |
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62 | (1) |
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Confusion Between Articles and Other Determiners |
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62 | (1) |
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Inappropriate Mappings Between Articles/Determiners and References |
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63 | (1) |
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Inappropriate Hypothesis About Subject Complement |
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63 | (1) |
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Inappropriate Hypothesis About Post-Modifiers |
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64 | (1) |
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Confusion Between English Articles and Similar L1 Linguistic Items |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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6 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Grammar III: Other Errors |
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67 | (20) |
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67 | (1) |
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Inappropriate Selection of Affixes |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Confusion Between "Concern" and "Concerned About" |
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70 | (2) |
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Inappropriate Case Selection |
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72 | (1) |
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Mis-ordering of Constituents in Indirect Questions |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Inappropriate Prepositions |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Misuse of Relative Clauses |
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74 | (1) |
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Omission of Relative Pronouns |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Use of Inappropriate Relative Pronouns |
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77 | (1) |
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Use of Resumptive Pronouns |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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Coordination of Constituents at Different Levels |
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79 | (1) |
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Coordination of Different Kinds of Clauses |
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80 | (1) |
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Coordination of Different Kinds of Phrases |
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80 | (1) |
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Probable Causes of Faulty Parallelism |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Verb Form Selection Problems |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Misuse of It as Discourse Deixis |
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84 | (1) |
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A Taxonomy of Intralingual Errors Made by Cantonese ESL Learners |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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7 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Phonology I: Speech Production |
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87 | (16) |
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87 | (1) |
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Devoicing of English Voiced Plosives |
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88 | (1) |
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Non-Release of English Final Plosives |
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88 | (1) |
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Learner Problems? Casual Speech? |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Voiced Alveolar (/z/) and Voiced Labio-Dental (N/) Fricatives |
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89 | (1) |
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Dental Fricatives (/θ/and/o/) |
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89 | (1) |
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Palato-Alveolar Fricatives (and) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Neutralization of /l/ and /n/ in Initial Position |
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90 | (1) |
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Vocalization and Deletion of Final /l/ |
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91 | (1) |
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Deletion of Final /n/ After a Diphthong |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Deletion or Vowel Epenthesis: What Is the Choice? |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Unnecessary Aspiration of Plosives After /s/ |
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95 | (1) |
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Segment Composition of Clusters |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Indistinguishable Long and Short Vowel Pairs |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Insertion of Consonantal Glide Before /i:/ and /I/ |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Words in Connected Speech |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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8 Learner Problems in the Acquisition of English Phonology II: Speech Perception |
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103 | (15) |
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Importance of Understanding Speech Perception |
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103 | (1) |
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Similarity, Dissimilarity and Equivalence |
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104 | (1) |
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Cantonese ESL Learners' Perception of English Speech Sounds |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Relationship Between Speech Perception and Speech Production |
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108 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Speech Perception |
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109 | (1) |
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Effects of Previous Word Knowledge |
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109 | (1) |
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Interaction of Positional and Voicing Effects |
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110 | (1) |
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Frequency of Occurrence of Target Sound |
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110 | (1) |
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Effects of L1-L2 Phonetic Similarity |
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111 | (1) |
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Perceived Similarity (and Dissimilarity) |
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111 | (1) |
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Learners' Perceived Similarity Between English and Cantonese Sounds |
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112 | (1) |
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Perceived Degrees of Similarity Between English and Cantonese Consonants |
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112 | (1) |
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Perceived Degrees of Similarity Between English and Cantonese Vowels |
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113 | (2) |
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Relationship Between L1-L2 Perceived Similarity and L2 Perception |
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115 | (1) |
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Relationship Between L1-L2 Perceived Similarity andL2 Production |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
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9 Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of Grammar and Phonology: L1 Influence? |
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118 | (18) |
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Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of English Grammar |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Lack of Positive Transfer |
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119 | (1) |
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Possible "Positive" Transfer? |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Lack of Awareness/Inadequate Mastery of Target L2 Norms |
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120 | (1) |
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Confusion Caused by "Similar" L2 Structures |
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121 | (1) |
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Use of Adverbials Before Verbs |
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121 | (1) |
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Tough Movement Structures |
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122 | (1) |
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Existential Structures in the Perfect Tense |
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123 | (1) |
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A Chain of Verbs in English Sentences |
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123 | (1) |
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Acceptable "Somewhere Has Something" Sentences |
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123 | (1) |
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Misapplication of L2 Rules/Overgeneralization |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Universal Processes and Developmental Errors |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Interaction Between L1- and Non-L1-RelatedFactors |
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127 | (1) |
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Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of English Phonology |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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Relations Between LI Transfer, Similarity and Typological Markedness |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (3) |
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10 The Teaching of Grammar to Cantonese ESL Learners |
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136 | (19) |
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Importance of Explicit Grammar Teaching and Explicit Error Correction |
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136 | (2) |
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An Algorithmic Approach to Error Correction |
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138 | (1) |
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Applications of an Algorithmic Approach |
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139 | (1) |
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An Example: Pseudo-Tough Movement |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Summary of Correction Procedure |
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142 | (1) |
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Merits of an Algorithmic Approach |
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143 | (1) |
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Other Consciousness-Raising Teaching Techniques |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Teaching the Use of Ergative Verbs Using a Discovery-Based Consciousness-Raising Approach |
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144 | (2) |
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Merits of Discovery-Based Consciousness-Raising Strategies |
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146 | (1) |
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Use of Metalinguistic Explanations in the Teaching of Grammar |
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146 | (1) |
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Merits of Metalinguistic Explanations and Empirical Evidence |
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146 | (1) |
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Teaching of English Articles Using Metalinguistic Explanations |
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147 | (1) |
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Unveiling Shadowy Effects of Correct Article Use |
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147 | (1) |
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Using Learners' Dictionaries, Concordances and Corpuses for Countability and Article Use |
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148 | (1) |
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Tackling Confusion Between Definiteness and Specificity |
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149 | (1) |
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Strengthening Learners' Awareness of the Definite Generic and Highlighting the Contexts for Expressing Genericity Using Different Articles |
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150 | (2) |
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Comparing English Articles With Similar but Distinct Native Language Items |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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11 The Teaching of Phonology to Cantonese ESL Learners |
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155 | (13) |
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ESL Pronunciation Teaching Goals |
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155 | (1) |
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Disputes Between Linguists and Educationalists |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Priorities of Phonology Teaching |
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156 | (1) |
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English as an International Language (EIL)/a Lingua Franca (ELF) |
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156 | (1) |
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Learners' Own Learning Goals |
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157 | (1) |
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Teaching of Individual Problematic Sounds vs. Teaching of Problematic Patterns |
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157 | (1) |
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Segmental vs. Suprasegmental Problems |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Diagnosis of Speech Perception Problems |
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159 | (1) |
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Diagnosis of Speech Production Problems |
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159 | (1) |
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Research-Driven Curriculum |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Conducting L1-L2 Contrastive Comparisons |
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161 | (1) |
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Helping Learners Observe Visual Articulatory Cues |
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162 | (1) |
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Helping Learners Observe Computer-Analysable Articulatory and/or Acoustic Properties |
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163 | (1) |
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Arousing Learners' Awareness of Phonological Phenomena or Variations |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (2) |
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12 Conclusions: The Way Forward |
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168 | (5) |
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A Brief Summary: Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of Grammar and Phonology, Sources of Learner Problems and Pedagogical Insights |
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168 | (1) |
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Cantonese ESL Learners' Acquisition of Grammar and Phonology |
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168 | (1) |
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Sources of Learner Problems |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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L2 Grammar Learning, Teaching and Future Research |
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170 | (1) |
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Inclusion of Larger Learner Samples |
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170 | (1) |
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Contexts in Which Pedagogical Endeavours Can Be Situated |
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171 | (1) |
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Incorporation of Technological Advances |
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171 | (1) |
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L2 Phonology Learning, Teaching and Future Research |
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172 | (1) |
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Timeframes of Data Collection |
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172 | (1) |
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Baselines Adoptedfor Comparisons |
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173 | (1) |
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Learners' Preferences and A ttitudes |
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173 | (1) |
Conclusion |
|
173 | (2) |
References |
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175 | (21) |
Index |
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196 | |