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xiii | |
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xxv | |
Preface |
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xxix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxxi | |
Author |
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xxxiii | |
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1 Introduction to Biomechanics |
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1 | (28) |
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1.1 What Is Biomechanics? |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (4) |
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1.6 Anthropometry and Center of Mass Determination |
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11 | (6) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (5) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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2 Structure of the Musculoskeletal System |
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29 | (20) |
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2.1 Gross Overview of Movements |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (3) |
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2.3 Mechanical Properties of Bone |
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35 | (3) |
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2.4 Soft Connective Tissue |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (4) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Wear and Osteoarthritis |
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44 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Cartilaginous Joints |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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3 Neuromuscular Physiology and Motor Control |
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49 | (38) |
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3.1 Introduction to Musculature |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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3.3 Basic Cell Physiology |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.5 Excitation-Contraction Sequence |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (3) |
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3.6.1 Types of Motor Units |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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3.7 Basic Muscle Properties (Mechanics) |
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62 | (7) |
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3.7.1 Active Length-Tension Relationship |
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63 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Passive Length-Tension Relationship |
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64 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Velocity-Tension Relationship |
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65 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Active State Properties |
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66 | (1) |
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3.7.5 Developments Leading to Hill's Muscle Model |
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67 | (1) |
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3.7.6 Fatigue and Endurance |
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67 | (2) |
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3.8 Energy, Metabolism, and Heat Production |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (4) |
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72 | (2) |
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3.9.2 Golgi Tendon Organs |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.10 Reflexes and Motor Control |
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76 | (7) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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3.10.4 Reciprocal Inhibition |
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80 | (1) |
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3.10.5 Clasp-Knife Reflex |
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81 | (1) |
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3.10.6 Other Polysynaptic Reflexes |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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4 Modeling of Muscle Mechanics |
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87 | (78) |
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4.1 Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions |
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87 | (6) |
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4.1.1 Partial Fraction Expansion |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (6) |
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99 | (9) |
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4.3.1 Active Muscle Response |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Generalized Approach |
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109 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Frequency Domain |
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110 | (3) |
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4.4.3 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Laplace Domain |
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113 | (2) |
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4.5 Frequency Analysis of Passive Muscle |
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115 | (2) |
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4.6 Hatze's Multielement Model |
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117 | (9) |
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4.7 Applications of the Hatze Muscle Model |
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126 | (1) |
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4.8 Control Theory and Motor Control |
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127 | (11) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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4.8.3 Second-Order System |
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129 | (6) |
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4.8.4 Human Information Processing and Control of Movements |
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135 | (3) |
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4.9 Root-Locus Approach to Muscle Modeling |
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138 | (20) |
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138 | (10) |
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4.9.2 Muscle Spindle Model |
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148 | (4) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (4) |
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5 Models of the Upper Limbs |
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165 | (36) |
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5.1 Anatomy of the Hand and Wrist |
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165 | (10) |
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5.1.1 Bones of the Hand and Wrist |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Muscles of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand |
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167 | (1) |
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5.1.4 Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis |
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167 | (1) |
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5.1.5 Flexor Tendon Sheath Pulley Systems |
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168 | (4) |
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172 | (1) |
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5.1.7 Select Finger Anthropometry Data |
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173 | (2) |
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5.2 Static Tendon-Pulley Models |
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175 | (4) |
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5.3 Dynamic Tendon-Pulley Models |
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179 | (2) |
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5.4 Complex Tendon Models |
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181 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Optimization Methods |
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181 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Combined Approaches |
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182 | (1) |
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5.5 Two-Dimensional Hand Model |
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183 | (6) |
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5.6 Direct Measurement Validation Studies |
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189 | (3) |
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5.7 Critical Evaluation of Modeling Approaches |
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192 | (4) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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6 Musculoskeletal Disorders and Risk Factors |
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201 | (70) |
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6.1 Extent of the Problem |
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201 | (1) |
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6.2 Common Musculoskeletal Disorders and Their Etiology |
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202 | (10) |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Bone and Cartilage Disorders |
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209 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Myofascial Pain and Trigger Points |
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209 | (3) |
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6.2.8 Theories for MSD Causation |
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212 | (1) |
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6.3 Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of MSDs |
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212 | (4) |
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6.4 Epidemiologic Approach to MSDs |
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216 | (31) |
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6.4.1 Introduction to Epidemiology |
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216 | (8) |
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6.4.2 Statistical Analyses |
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224 | (7) |
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6.4.3 Multivariate Modeling |
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231 | (5) |
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6.4.4 Quality of Epidemiological Research |
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236 | (11) |
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6.5 Scientific Research and Evidence for Occupational Risk Factors |
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247 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Hand/Wrist: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
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249 | (1) |
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6.5.5 Hand/Wrist: Tendinitis |
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250 | (1) |
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6.5.6 Hand/Arm: Vibration Syndrome |
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250 | (1) |
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6.6 Scientific Research and Evidence for Psychosocial Risk Factors |
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251 | (3) |
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6.7 Iatrogenesis: A Contrarian View |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (11) |
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271 | (40) |
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271 | (1) |
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7.2 Wrist- and Finger-Motion Measurements |
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271 | (8) |
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7.2.1 Types of Measurement Devices |
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271 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Calibration Methods |
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273 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Static Measurements: Range of Motion |
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276 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Dynamic Measurements: Angular Velocity and Acceleration |
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277 | (2) |
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7.3 Pressure- and Force-Distribution Measurements |
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279 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Early Pressure Devices |
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279 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Force-Sensing Electronic Components |
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281 | (4) |
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7.3.3 Integrated-Touch Glove System |
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285 | (2) |
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7.4 Nerve-Conduction Measurements |
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287 | (9) |
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287 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Nerve Stimulation and Recording |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (7) |
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7.5.1 EMG Instrumentation |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (6) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (8) |
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8 Job and Worksite Analysis |
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311 | (50) |
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8.1 The Need for Job Analysis |
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311 | (1) |
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8.2 Reliability and Validity of Assessment Tools |
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311 | (12) |
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311 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Reliability of Assessments |
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312 | (3) |
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8.2.3 Reliability of Analysts |
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315 | (3) |
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8.2.4 Accuracy and Precision |
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318 | (3) |
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321 | (2) |
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8.3 Initial Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems |
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323 | (5) |
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323 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Surveys and Subjective Ratings |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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8.3.2.2 Body Discomfort Maps |
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326 | (1) |
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8.3.2.3 Subjective Ratings |
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326 | (1) |
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8.3.2.4 Nordic Questionnaire |
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327 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Limitations of Surveys |
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327 | (1) |
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8.4 Gross Posture and Task Analyses |
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328 | (8) |
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8.4.1 Early Recording of Postures |
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328 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Owaco Working Posture Analysis System |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Rapid Upper Limb Assessment |
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329 | (2) |
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8.4.5 Video Posture Analyses |
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331 | (3) |
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334 | (2) |
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8.5 Quantitative Upper Limb WRMSD Risk-Assessment Tools |
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336 | (9) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (4) |
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340 | (4) |
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8.5.4 Recent Developments |
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344 | (1) |
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8.6 Data-Driven Upper Limb WRMSD Risk Index |
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345 | (6) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (3) |
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354 | (7) |
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361 | (50) |
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361 | (1) |
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9.1.1 Historical Development of Tools |
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361 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Tools and Musculoskeletal Injuries |
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361 | (1) |
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9.1.3 General Tool Principles |
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362 | (1) |
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9.2 General Biomechanical Considerations of Tools |
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362 | (12) |
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9.2.1 Anatomy and Types of Grip |
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362 | (2) |
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9.2.2 The Biomechanics of a Power Grip |
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364 | (2) |
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9.2.3 The Biomechanics of a Precision Grip |
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366 | (2) |
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9.2.4 Measurement of Skin Coefficient of Friction |
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368 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Grip Force Coordination |
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369 | (3) |
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9.2.6 Static Muscle Loading |
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372 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Awkward Wrist Position |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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9.2.9 Repetitive Finger Action |
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374 | (1) |
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9.3 Handles for Single-Handled Tools |
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374 | (4) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Texture and Materials |
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377 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Angulation of Handle |
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377 | (1) |
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9.4 Handles for Two-Handled Tools |
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378 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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9.5 Other Tool Considerations |
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380 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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9.6 Agricultural and Forestry Tools |
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382 | (10) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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9.6.1.11 Blade Size, Shape, and Thickness |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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9.6.2.1 Length and Striking Efficiency |
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387 | (1) |
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9.6.2.2 Weight and Striking Efficiency |
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388 | (2) |
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9.6.2.3 Other Considerations |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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9.6.3.1 General Considerations |
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390 | (1) |
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9.6.3.2 Pulling versus Pushing |
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390 | (1) |
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9.6.4 Other Agricultural Tools |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (9) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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9.7.8 Miscellaneous Tools |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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9.7.8.2 Surgical Instruments |
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400 | (1) |
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9.7.8.3 Dental Instruments |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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9.7.8.5 Writing Instruments |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (9) |
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10 The Office Environment |
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411 | (62) |
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10.1 General Musculoskeletal Problems |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (23) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (3) |
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10.2.1.2 Disk Compression Forces |
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415 | (1) |
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10.2.1.3 Electromyography |
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416 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Seated Posture at a Computer Workstation |
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416 | (1) |
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10.2.2.1 Standard Posture |
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416 | (3) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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10.2.2.5 Alternate Posture |
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420 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Determination of Seated Comfort |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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10.2.3.2 Postural Changes |
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421 | (1) |
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10.2.3.3 Task Performance |
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421 | (1) |
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10.2.3.4 Subjective Assessment |
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421 | (2) |
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10.2.3.5 Physical Measures |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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10.2.4.1 Seat Pressure Distribution |
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423 | (1) |
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10.2.4.2 Sores and Ulcers |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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10.2.5 Sit-Stand, Forward-Sloping, and Saddle Chairs |
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426 | (1) |
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10.2.5.1 Sit-Stand Chairs |
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426 | (1) |
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10.2.5.2 Trunk-Thigh Angle |
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427 | (1) |
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10.2.5.3 Forward Sloping Chairs |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (1) |
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10.2.5.5 Compromise Seat Pan |
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429 | (1) |
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10.2.6 Work Surface and Line of Sight |
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430 | (1) |
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10.2.6.1 Work Surface Height |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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10.2.6.3 Tilted Work Surface |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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10.2.6.5 Work Space Envelope |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (10) |
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10.3.1 Standard Keyboard Features |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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10.3.1.3 Key Size, Displacement, and Resistance |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Split and Sloped Keyboards |
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439 | (1) |
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10.3.2.1 Standard Keyboard Problems |
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439 | (1) |
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10.3.2.2 Optimum Split Angles |
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440 | (1) |
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10.3.2.3 Performance Effects |
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441 | (1) |
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10.3.2.4 Negative Slope Keyboards |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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10.3.3.1 Standard QWERTY Layout |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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10.3.6 Forearm and Wrist Supports |
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445 | (1) |
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10.4 Mouse and Other Cursor-Positioning Devices |
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445 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Cursor Positioning |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (3) |
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10.4.3 Mouse Alternatives |
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449 | (1) |
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10.5 Notebooks and Handheld PCs |
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450 | (2) |
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10.6 Interventions for Office Work |
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452 | (3) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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|
456 | (17) |
Glossary |
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473 | (20) |
Author Index |
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493 | (22) |
Subject Index |
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515 | |