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E-grāmata: Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modeling and Musculoskeletal Injuries, Second Edition

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(The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA)
  • Formāts: 564 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439884775
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Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modeling and Musculoskeletal Injuries, Second EditionPalielināt
  • Formāts: 564 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439884775
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There is already a wealth of literature covering cumulative trauma disorders and medical management, as well as the biomechanics of manual material handling and lower back problems. However, despite a spike in the number of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) in the upper limbsdue to a sharp increase in the amount of computer-related jobsfew if any books have focused exclusively on WRMSDs, until now.

Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modeling and Musculoskeletal Injuries, Second Edition offers vital information and tools to improve analysis of external forces and their effects on the human body. This can help ergonomists better understand job stressors and the role they play in the development of disorders, enabling them to modify the work environment and educate practitioners to better control harmful situations.

Using the authors medical and engineering expertise to distill essential subject matter and useful technical data, this comprehensive text explores:











Biomechanics of the upper limbs and the motor control system The structure and physiology of the human musculoskeletal and neuromuscular systems Recent research findings and solutions to various ergonomic problems Models of various components of the neuromuscular systems, as well as larger systems in the upper limbs Risk factors for disorders and tools used to identify their causes

Designed as a textbook for a typical semester-long graduate-level engineering or kinesiology course, this book includes a link to an ancillary website that offers materials such as PowerPoint® slides, sample exams, and an instructor's manual with complete solutions. It also serves as a practical, up-to-date, engineering-oriented resource for researchers, industrial ergonomists, industrial hygienists, and medical professionals who require supplementary material.
List of Figures
xiii
List of Tables
xxv
Preface xxix
Acknowledgments xxxi
Author xxxiii
1 Introduction to Biomechanics
1(28)
1.1 What Is Biomechanics?
1(1)
1.2 Basic Concepts
1(2)
1.3 Coordinate Systems
3(1)
1.4 Force Vector Algebra
4(3)
1.5 Static Equilibrium
7(4)
1.6 Anthropometry and Center of Mass Determination
11(6)
1.7 Friction
17(2)
1.8 Dynamics
19(5)
Questions
24(1)
Problems
25(3)
References
28(1)
2 Structure of the Musculoskeletal System
29(20)
2.1 Gross Overview of Movements
29(3)
2.2 Skeletal System
32(3)
2.3 Mechanical Properties of Bone
35(3)
2.4 Soft Connective Tissue
38(3)
2.5 Joints
41(4)
2.5.1 Articular Joints
41(2)
2.5.2 Joint Lubrication
43(1)
2.5.3 Wear and Osteoarthritis
44(1)
2.5.4 Cartilaginous Joints
44(1)
Questions
45(1)
Problems
45(1)
References
46(3)
3 Neuromuscular Physiology and Motor Control
49(38)
3.1 Introduction to Musculature
49(1)
3.2 Structure of Muscle
50(3)
3.3 Basic Cell Physiology
53(3)
3.4 Nervous System
56(1)
3.5 Excitation-Contraction Sequence
57(2)
3.6 Motor Units
59(3)
3.6.1 Types of Motor Units
59(1)
3.6.2 Motor-Unit Twitch
60(2)
3.7 Basic Muscle Properties (Mechanics)
62(7)
3.7.1 Active Length-Tension Relationship
63(1)
3.7.2 Passive Length-Tension Relationship
64(1)
3.7.3 Velocity-Tension Relationship
65(1)
3.7.4 Active State Properties
66(1)
3.7.5 Developments Leading to Hill's Muscle Model
67(1)
3.7.6 Fatigue and Endurance
67(2)
3.8 Energy, Metabolism, and Heat Production
69(3)
3.9 Receptors
72(4)
3.9.1 Muscle Spindles
72(2)
3.9.2 Golgi Tendon Organs
74(1)
3.9.3 Other Receptors
75(1)
3.10 Reflexes and Motor Control
76(7)
3.10.1 Stretch Reflex
76(2)
3.10.2 γ-Loop Control
78(2)
3.10.3 α-γ Coactivation
80(1)
3.10.4 Reciprocal Inhibition
80(1)
3.10.5 Clasp-Knife Reflex
81(1)
3.10.6 Other Polysynaptic Reflexes
82(1)
Questions
83(1)
Problems
84(1)
References
84(3)
4 Modeling of Muscle Mechanics
87(78)
4.1 Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions
87(6)
4.1.1 Partial Fraction Expansion
88(5)
4.1.2 Transfer Functions
93(1)
4.2 Viscoelastic Theory
93(6)
4.3 Hill's Muscle Models
99(9)
4.3.1 Active Muscle Response
101(2)
4.3.2 Force Buildup
103(2)
4.3.3 Stress Relaxation
105(1)
4.3.4 Creep
106(1)
4.3.5 Time Constant
107(1)
4.4 Frequency Analysis
108(7)
4.4.1 Generalized Approach
109(1)
4.4.2 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Frequency Domain
110(3)
4.4.3 Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Laplace Domain
113(2)
4.5 Frequency Analysis of Passive Muscle
115(2)
4.6 Hatze's Multielement Model
117(9)
4.7 Applications of the Hatze Muscle Model
126(1)
4.8 Control Theory and Motor Control
127(11)
4.8.1 Basic Concepts
127(2)
4.8.2 First-Order System
129(1)
4.8.3 Second-Order System
129(6)
4.8.4 Human Information Processing and Control of Movements
135(3)
4.9 Root-Locus Approach to Muscle Modeling
138(20)
4.9.1 Root-Locus Method
138(10)
4.9.2 Muscle Spindle Model
148(4)
4.9.3 Time Delays
152(3)
4.9.4 Velocity Control
155(1)
4.9.5 Reflex Stiffness
155(3)
Questions
158(1)
Problems
159(2)
References
161(4)
5 Models of the Upper Limbs
165(36)
5.1 Anatomy of the Hand and Wrist
165(10)
5.1.1 Bones of the Hand and Wrist
165(1)
5.1.2 Joints of the Hand
166(1)
5.1.3 Muscles of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand
167(1)
5.1.4 Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
167(1)
5.1.5 Flexor Tendon Sheath Pulley Systems
168(4)
5.1.6 Wrist Mechanics
172(1)
5.1.7 Select Finger Anthropometry Data
173(2)
5.2 Static Tendon-Pulley Models
175(4)
5.3 Dynamic Tendon-Pulley Models
179(2)
5.4 Complex Tendon Models
181(2)
5.4.1 Reduction Methods
181(1)
5.4.2 Optimization Methods
181(1)
5.4.3 Combined Approaches
182(1)
5.5 Two-Dimensional Hand Model
183(6)
5.6 Direct Measurement Validation Studies
189(3)
5.7 Critical Evaluation of Modeling Approaches
192(4)
Questions
196(1)
Problems
197(1)
References
197(4)
6 Musculoskeletal Disorders and Risk Factors
201(70)
6.1 Extent of the Problem
201(1)
6.2 Common Musculoskeletal Disorders and Their Etiology
202(10)
6.2.1 Tendon Disorders
202(3)
6.2.2 Muscle Disorders
205(1)
6.2.3 Nerve Disorders
206(2)
6.2.4 Vascular Disorders
208(1)
6.2.5 Bursa Disorders
209(1)
6.2.6 Bone and Cartilage Disorders
209(1)
6.2.7 Myofascial Pain and Trigger Points
209(3)
6.2.8 Theories for MSD Causation
212(1)
6.3 Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of MSDs
212(4)
6.4 Epidemiologic Approach to MSDs
216(31)
6.4.1 Introduction to Epidemiology
216(8)
6.4.2 Statistical Analyses
224(7)
6.4.3 Multivariate Modeling
231(5)
6.4.4 Quality of Epidemiological Research
236(11)
6.5 Scientific Research and Evidence for Occupational Risk Factors
247(4)
6.5.1 Neck Disorders
247(1)
6.5.2 Shoulder Disorders
248(1)
6.5.3 Elbow Disorders
249(1)
6.5.4 Hand/Wrist: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
249(1)
6.5.5 Hand/Wrist: Tendinitis
250(1)
6.5.6 Hand/Arm: Vibration Syndrome
250(1)
6.6 Scientific Research and Evidence for Psychosocial Risk Factors
251(3)
6.7 Iatrogenesis: A Contrarian View
254(1)
6.8 Legal Issues
255(1)
Questions
256(2)
Problems
258(2)
References
260(11)
7 Instrumentation
271(40)
7.1 Introduction
271(1)
7.2 Wrist- and Finger-Motion Measurements
271(8)
7.2.1 Types of Measurement Devices
271(2)
7.2.2 Calibration Methods
273(3)
7.2.3 Static Measurements: Range of Motion
276(1)
7.2.4 Dynamic Measurements: Angular Velocity and Acceleration
277(2)
7.3 Pressure- and Force-Distribution Measurements
279(8)
7.3.1 Early Pressure Devices
279(2)
7.3.2 Force-Sensing Electronic Components
281(4)
7.3.3 Integrated-Touch Glove System
285(2)
7.4 Nerve-Conduction Measurements
287(9)
7.4.1 Basic Concepts
287(1)
7.4.2 Nerve Stimulation and Recording
288(2)
7.4.3 Response Measures
290(3)
7.4.4 Limitations
293(3)
7.5 Electromyography
296(7)
7.5.1 EMG Instrumentation
296(1)
7.5.2 EMG Analysis
297(6)
Questions
303(1)
Problems
303(1)
References
303(8)
8 Job and Worksite Analysis
311(50)
8.1 The Need for Job Analysis
311(1)
8.2 Reliability and Validity of Assessment Tools
311(12)
8.2.1 Basic Concepts
311(1)
8.2.2 Reliability of Assessments
312(3)
8.2.3 Reliability of Analysts
315(3)
8.2.4 Accuracy and Precision
318(3)
8.2.5 Applications
321(2)
8.3 Initial Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems
323(5)
8.3.1 Initial Steps
323(1)
8.3.2 Surveys and Subjective Ratings
324(1)
8.3.2.1 Symptom Surveys
325(1)
8.3.2.2 Body Discomfort Maps
326(1)
8.3.2.3 Subjective Ratings
326(1)
8.3.2.4 Nordic Questionnaire
327(1)
8.3.3 Limitations of Surveys
327(1)
8.4 Gross Posture and Task Analyses
328(8)
8.4.1 Early Recording of Postures
328(1)
8.4.2 Owaco Working Posture Analysis System
329(1)
8.4.3 Posture Targeting
329(1)
8.4.4 Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
329(2)
8.4.5 Video Posture Analyses
331(3)
8.4.6 Task Analyses
334(2)
8.5 Quantitative Upper Limb WRMSD Risk-Assessment Tools
336(9)
8.5.1 Checklists
336(1)
8.5.2 Strain Index
336(4)
8.5.3 OCRA
340(4)
8.5.4 Recent Developments
344(1)
8.6 Data-Driven Upper Limb WRMSD Risk Index
345(6)
Questions
351(1)
Problems
351(3)
References
354(7)
9 Hand Tools
361(50)
9.1 Introduction
361(1)
9.1.1 Historical Development of Tools
361(1)
9.1.2 Tools and Musculoskeletal Injuries
361(1)
9.1.3 General Tool Principles
362(1)
9.2 General Biomechanical Considerations of Tools
362(12)
9.2.1 Anatomy and Types of Grip
362(2)
9.2.2 The Biomechanics of a Power Grip
364(2)
9.2.3 The Biomechanics of a Precision Grip
366(2)
9.2.4 Measurement of Skin Coefficient of Friction
368(1)
9.2.5 Grip Force Coordination
369(3)
9.2.6 Static Muscle Loading
372(1)
9.2.7 Awkward Wrist Position
373(1)
9.2.8 Tissue Compression
374(1)
9.2.9 Repetitive Finger Action
374(1)
9.3 Handles for Single-Handled Tools
374(4)
9.3.1 Handle Length
374(1)
9.3.2 Handle Diameter
375(1)
9.3.3 Handle Shape
376(1)
9.3.4 Texture and Materials
377(1)
9.3.5 Angulation of Handle
377(1)
9.4 Handles for Two-Handled Tools
378(2)
9.4.1 Grip Span
378(1)
9.4.2 Gender
379(1)
9.4.3 Handedness
380(1)
9.5 Other Tool Considerations
380(2)
9.5.1 Posture
380(1)
9.5.2 Weight
381(1)
9.5.3 Gloves
381(1)
9.5.4 Vibration
381(1)
9.5.5 Rhythm
382(1)
9.5.6 Miscellaneous
382(1)
9.6 Agricultural and Forestry Tools
382(10)
9.6.1 Shovels and Spades
382(1)
9.6.1.1 Shoveling Rate
383(1)
9.6.1.2 Shovel Load
383(1)
9.6.1.3 Throw Height
384(1)
9.6.1.4 Throw Distance
384(1)
9.6.1.5 Posture
385(1)
9.6.1.6 Technique
385(1)
9.6.1.7 Lift Angle
385(1)
9.6.1.8 Length of Handle
385(1)
9.6.1.9 Handle Material
385(1)
9.6.1.10 Shovel Weight
386(1)
9.6.1.11 Blade Size, Shape, and Thickness
386(1)
9.6.2 Axes and Hammers
387(1)
9.6.2.1 Length and Striking Efficiency
387(1)
9.6.2.2 Weight and Striking Efficiency
388(2)
9.6.2.3 Other Considerations
390(1)
9.6.3 Saws
390(1)
9.6.3.1 General Considerations
390(1)
9.6.3.2 Pulling versus Pushing
390(1)
9.6.4 Other Agricultural Tools
391(1)
9.6.4.1 Hoes
391(1)
9.6.4.2 Wheelbarrows
391(1)
9.7 Industrial Tools
392(9)
9.7.1 Pliers
392(1)
9.7.2 Screwdrivers
393(1)
9.7.3 Knives
394(1)
9.7.4 Meat Hooks
394(1)
9.7.5 Power Tools
395(1)
9.7.5.1 Power Drills
395(2)
9.7.5.2 Nutrunners
397(1)
9.7.5.3 Handle Sizes
398(1)
9.7.6 Railroad Tools
398(1)
9.7.7 Mining Tools
399(1)
9.7.8 Miscellaneous Tools
399(1)
9.7.8.1 Soldering Irons
399(1)
9.7.8.2 Surgical Instruments
400(1)
9.7.8.3 Dental Instruments
400(1)
9.7.8.4 Food Scoops
400(1)
9.7.8.5 Writing Instruments
400(1)
9.7.8.6 Scissors
401(1)
9.7.8.7 Toothbrushes
401(1)
Questions
401(1)
Problems
402(1)
References
402(9)
10 The Office Environment
411(62)
10.1 General Musculoskeletal Problems
411(1)
10.2 Seated Workplace
412(23)
10.2.1 Seated Posture
412(1)
10.2.1.1 Spine
412(3)
10.2.1.2 Disk Compression Forces
415(1)
10.2.1.3 Electromyography
416(1)
10.2.2 Seated Posture at a Computer Workstation
416(1)
10.2.2.1 Standard Posture
416(3)
10.2.2.2 Screen Height
419(1)
10.2.2.3 Screen Distance
419(1)
10.2.2.4 Arms Support
419(1)
10.2.2.5 Alternate Posture
420(1)
10.2.3 Determination of Seated Comfort
420(1)
10.2.3.1 Fitting Trials
420(1)
10.2.3.2 Postural Changes
421(1)
10.2.3.3 Task Performance
421(1)
10.2.3.4 Subjective Assessment
421(2)
10.2.3.5 Physical Measures
423(1)
10.2.4 Seat Pressure
423(1)
10.2.4.1 Seat Pressure Distribution
423(1)
10.2.4.2 Sores and Ulcers
424(1)
10.2.4.3 Adaptive Seats
424(1)
10.2.4.4 Cushioning
425(1)
10.2.4.5 Two-Stage Seats
425(1)
10.2.4.6 Foot Pressure
426(1)
10.2.5 Sit-Stand, Forward-Sloping, and Saddle Chairs
426(1)
10.2.5.1 Sit-Stand Chairs
426(1)
10.2.5.2 Trunk-Thigh Angle
427(1)
10.2.5.3 Forward Sloping Chairs
427(2)
10.2.5.4 Saddle Chairs
429(1)
10.2.5.5 Compromise Seat Pan
429(1)
10.2.6 Work Surface and Line of Sight
430(1)
10.2.6.1 Work Surface Height
430(1)
10.2.6.2 Line of Sight
431(2)
10.2.6.3 Tilted Work Surface
433(1)
10.2.6.4 Working Area
434(1)
10.2.6.5 Work Space Envelope
434(1)
10.3 Keyboard
435(10)
10.3.1 Standard Keyboard Features
435(1)
10.3.1.1 Keyboard Slope
435(1)
10.3.1.2 Key Profile
436(1)
10.3.1.3 Key Size, Displacement, and Resistance
436(1)
10.3.1.4 Key Feedback
437(1)
10.3.1.5 Keying Forces
438(1)
10.3.2 Split and Sloped Keyboards
439(1)
10.3.2.1 Standard Keyboard Problems
439(1)
10.3.2.2 Optimum Split Angles
440(1)
10.3.2.3 Performance Effects
441(1)
10.3.2.4 Negative Slope Keyboards
441(1)
10.3.3 Layout of Keys
442(1)
10.3.3.1 Standard QWERTY Layout
442(1)
10.3.3.2 Dvorak Layout
443(1)
10.3.3.3 Other Layouts
443(1)
10.3.4 Chord Keyboards
443(1)
10.3.5 Numeric Keypads
444(1)
10.3.6 Forearm and Wrist Supports
445(1)
10.4 Mouse and Other Cursor-Positioning Devices
445(5)
10.4.1 Cursor Positioning
445(1)
10.4.2 Mouse
446(3)
10.4.3 Mouse Alternatives
449(1)
10.5 Notebooks and Handheld PCs
450(2)
10.6 Interventions for Office Work
452(3)
10.6.1 Rest Pauses
452(1)
10.6.2 Exercises
453(1)
10.6.3 Splints
454(1)
Questions
455(1)
References
456(17)
Glossary 473(20)
Author Index 493(22)
Subject Index 515
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