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E-grāmata: Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue

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Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue, Second Edition continues in the tradition of the popular first edition, filling the void in forensic texts on the subject. While most books on firearms focus solely on the physical aspects of firearms, this book addresses forensic issues relating to the chemical aspects of firearms and ammunition. It draws on the latest published literature including books, scientific papers, technical reports, manufacturers literature, newspaper articles, and personal observations and research conducted by the author.

This edition is fully updated, introducing the history and development of firearms and ammunition including advances in the chemical analysis of them. Several changes in primer compositions and the particle classification system are addressed with new techniques added on evidence collection and testing methods. Coverage details chemical aspects of forensic firearms casework with particular emphasis on the detection of gunshot residues (GSR), firearm discharge residues (FDR), and cartridge discharge residues (CDR) on a suspects skin and clothing surfaces. Two new chapters have been added. One deals with unusual firearms case while the other summarizes a controversial, high-profile Australian case involving inorganic and organic gunshot residue, highlighting the dangers of incorrect forensic evidence and the increased need for careful training of forensic scientists.











Fully updated to reflect the latest techniques and tests for particle and chemical classification





Provides a complete history of firearms and ammunition development as well as advances in the chemical analysis involved in forensic firearm casework





Features a one-of-a-kind chapter on processing suspects, a crucial component in many firearms and explosives residue cases

The book will serves as a useful to forensic chemists, investigators, ballistics experts, among other professionals serving in a variety of forensic disciplines.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxiii
About the Author xxv
Glossary xxvii
Section I Introduction
1 Definitions
3(7)
a Weapons
3(1)
b Firearms
3(6)
c Ammunition
9(1)
d Discharge of a Firearm
10(1)
References
10(3)
Section II Historical Aspects Of Firearms And Ammunition
2 History of Gunpowder
13(2)
3 History of Ignition Systems
15(4)
4 History of Bullets
19(4)
5 History of Ammunition
23(6)
6 History of Firearms
29(6)
Section III Chemical Aspects Of Firearms And Ammunition
7 Cartridge Cases
35(4)
8 Primer Cups (Caps)
39(2)
9 Priming Compositions
41(18)
10 Propellants
59(10)
11 Projectiles
69(26)
Bullets
69(9)
Armor-Piercing Bullets
73(2)
Tracer Bullets
75(1)
Incendiary Bullets
76(2)
Shotgun Pellets and Slugs
78(2)
Hand Loading
80(1)
Other Projectile Types
81(11)
Exploding Bullets
81(2)
Flare Loads
83(1)
Wax Bullets
83(1)
Wood Bullets
84(1)
Saboted Subcaliber Bullets
84(1)
Multiple Loads
85(1)
Special-Purpose Ammunition Types
85(3)
Poisoned Bullets
88(2)
Shot Loads
90(1)
Baton Rounds
90(1)
Paintballs
90(1)
Frangible Bullets
91(1)
Flechette Cartridge
91(1)
Airsoft Bullets
91(1)
Dardick Trounds
92(1)
Tear Gas Bullets
92(1)
References
92(3)
12 Complementary Ammunition Components
95(2)
13 Caseless Ammunition
97(2)
14 Blank Ammunition
99(4)
15 Firearm Construction Materials
103(6)
Surface Coatings
104(2)
References
106(3)
Section IV Firearm Discharge Residue
16 Firearm Discharge Residue Detection Techniques
109(18)
Introduction
109(1)
Firearm Discharge Residues
109(3)
Development of Firearm Discharge Residue Detection Techniques
112(8)
Paraffin Test
112(1)
Harrison and Gilroy Method
113(1)
Neutron Activation Analysis
114(1)
Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
115(1)
Particle Analysis Method
116(4)
Detection of Organics in Firearm Discharge Residue
120(3)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
120(1)
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
121(2)
References
123(4)
17 Properties of Firearm Discharge Residue
127(12)
Formation
127(2)
Morphology and Size
129(1)
Composition
130(1)
Deposition
131(2)
Quantity and Composition
133(1)
Distribution
134(1)
Persistence
135(1)
Sample Collection
135(1)
References
136(3)
Section V Experimental
18 Scenes of Crime Experiences
139(12)
Case One
139(1)
Case Two
140(1)
Case Three
141(1)
Case Four
142(2)
Case Five
144(1)
Case Six
145(1)
Case Seven
145(1)
Case Eight
146(1)
Case Nine
146(1)
Case Ten
147(1)
Case Eleven
147(1)
Case Twelve
148(1)
Other Observations
148(2)
Comment
150(1)
19 Objectives, Sampling Procedures,
Instrumentation, and Conditions
151(4)
Instrumentation
153(1)
Scanning Electron Microscopy
153(1)
Gas Chromatography/Thermal Energy Analyzer
154(1)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Pendant Mercury Drop Electrode
155(1)
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
155(1)
Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
155(1)
Sampling
155(1)
Cartridge Cases
155(1)
FDR/Explosive Residue
156(1)
References
156(1)
20 Particle Classification Scheme
157(14)
Blank Cartridges
157(6)
Toy Caps
163(1)
Matches
164(1)
Flares
164(1)
Fireworks
165(1)
Accompanying Elements
166(1)
Particle Classification Scheme
166(3)
References
169(2)
21 Casework Related Tests
171(28)
Particles from Handling Ammunition
171(3)
Bullet Weight Loss on Firing
174(1)
Effect of Water on FDR
175(1)
Bullet Fragmentation
176(1)
RPG7 Rocket Launcher
177(3)
Discharge Residue from Black Powder Ammunition
180(4)
Firearm Coatings
184(2)
Homogeneity of Propellants
186(1)
Bullet Hole Perimeters
186(7)
Persistence
193(2)
Antimony Free Primers
195(1)
Analysis of a Baton Round
196(1)
References
197(2)
22 Analysis of Ammunition
199(22)
Introduction
199(1)
Primer Types
199(1)
Propellant Analysis
199(11)
Miscellaneous Ammunition Components
210(6)
Interpretation of Ammunition Analysis
216(4)
Reference
220(1)
23 Ammunition Containing Mercury
221(16)
Frequency of Occurrence
221(3)
Mercury Containing Particles in Casework
224(2)
Distribution of Mercury after Discharge
226(9)
Loss of Mercury from Spent Cartridge Cases
235(1)
References
236(1)
24 Lead Free Ammunition
237(10)
Section VI Suspect Processing Procedures
25 Firearm Discharge Residue Sampling
247(6)
Time Delays
247(1)
Contamination Avoidance
248(1)
Evidence Protection Kit
249(1)
Comment
250(1)
References
251(2)
26 Sampling of Skin and Clothing Surfaces for Firearm Discharge Residue
253(12)
Introduction
253(1)
Sampling of Clothing
254(6)
Sampling Kits
260(1)
Clothing Examination
260(1)
Discussion
261(2)
References
263(2)
27 Development of a Method for Organic Firearm Discharge Residue Detection
265(18)
Development of the SPE System
266(1)
Efficiency of Millilab Extraction
267(2)
Recovery and Analysis of FDR from Clothing
269(1)
Survey of Clothing Submitted to the Laboratory for FDR Examination
270(1)
Current Method for Organic FDR Detection
271(8)
Sampling of Clothing
276(1)
Recovery of Organic Residue from Deldrin Unit
277(1)
Recovery of Organic Residue from Swab
278(1)
Solid Phase Extraction Procedure
279(1)
Recovery of Inorganic FDR from Deldrin
279(1)
Recovery of Inorganic FDR from Swab
280(1)
Contamination Avoidance
280(1)
Statement of Witness (SOW) Reports
280(2)
Category 1
281(1)
Category 2
281(1)
Category 3
281(1)
Category 4
282(1)
References
282(1)
28 Consequences of Incorrect GSR Evidence
283(14)
Basic Information
286(1)
GSR Particles in the Mazda Car
287(1)
Trial 1995
288(1)
Silencer Theory
288(2)
Sound Barrier
290(1)
Inorganic GSR
290(2)
Rogue Propellant Particles
292(1)
Robustness of PMC Propellant
293(1)
Test One
293(1)
Test Two
293(1)
Comments on Tests One and Two
294(1)
Barrel Shortening Test
294(1)
Judicial Enquiry
295(2)
Conclusion 297(6)
Index 303
Dr. James Smyth Wallace is a retired forensic scientist who worked in the firearms section of the Northern Ireland Forensic Science Laboratory for nearly 25 years. He worked numerous complex and controversial cases including a number of terrorist-related incidents. Previously a member of the Forensic Science Service, he is interested in quality assurance, crime scene examination, and all aspects of research in the development of chemical examinations relating to firearms casework.
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