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1 | (14) |
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1.1 The Motivations for This Study |
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1 | (5) |
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1.1.1 The Importance of China's Energy Economy |
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1 | (4) |
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1.1.2 China's Energy Economics Is Still in Its Transition |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The Importance of Understanding China's Energy Economy |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2 The Foci of This Study |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 The Motivation for Each Topic |
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6 | (6) |
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1.3.1 A Survey of the Literature |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.2 China's Energy Situation in the New Millennium |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Energy Reforms and Market Development |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Tests for the Emergence of an Energy Market |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Factor Substitution and the Demand for Energy |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3.6 The Changes and Determinants of Energy Intensity |
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9 | (3) |
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1.4 Organization of the Study |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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2 A Survey of the Literature |
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15 | (34) |
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2.1 The Topics to Be Reviewed and the Approaches to Be Used |
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15 | (1) |
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2.1.1 The Topics to Be Reviewed |
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15 | (1) |
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2.1.2 The Organizing Approaches Used in This Survey |
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16 | (1) |
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2.2 Economic Growth and Energy Consumption |
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16 | (9) |
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2.2.1 What Do Existing Surveys of the Literature Show? |
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16 | (2) |
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2.2.2 What Can Be Learnt from This Survey? |
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18 | (5) |
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2.2.3 Why Do the Results Differ? |
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23 | (2) |
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2.3 The Changes in Energy Intensity of China |
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25 | (9) |
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2.3.1 The Definition of Energy Intensity |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3.2 The Methods Used to Decompose Energy Intensity |
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26 | (2) |
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2.3.3 What Can Be Learnt from Existing Studies? |
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28 | (5) |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4 Substitution of and Demand for Energy |
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34 | (5) |
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2.4.1 The Existing Studies |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (2) |
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2.5 Energy Price Convergence in China |
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39 | (1) |
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2.5.1 The Importance of Energy Price Convergence |
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39 | (1) |
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2.5.2 An Area Where Less Research Has Been Undertaken |
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39 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Where More Work Needs to Be Done |
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40 | (1) |
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2.6 The Reforms in China's Energy Industry |
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40 | (3) |
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2.6.1 The Reforms of the Regulatory System |
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41 | (1) |
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2.6.2 The Reforms of Pricing Deregulation |
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42 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Some Observations and Conclusions |
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42 | (1) |
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2.7 Main Findings of the Existing Studies |
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43 | (6) |
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3 China's Energy Situation in the New Millennium |
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49 | (36) |
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3.1 An Historical Perspective of China's Energy Situation |
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49 | (2) |
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3.2 China's Energy Resources |
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51 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Natural Gas Reserves |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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3.3 Energy Industry Regulation |
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56 | (1) |
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3.4 Capacity Building in the Energy Sector |
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56 | (2) |
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3.5 Energy Transportation |
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58 | (4) |
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3.6 Energy Pricing Mechanisms |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (5) |
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3.8 Energy Supply, Demand and Trade |
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68 | (7) |
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3.8.1 Primary Energy Supply and Demand |
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68 | (5) |
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3.8.2 Electricity Supply and Demand |
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73 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Energy Trade Patterns |
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73 | (2) |
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3.9 Renewable Energy Laws, Programs and Policy |
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75 | (4) |
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3.9.1 Unfavorable Energy Situation |
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75 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Renewable Energy Laws and Regulations |
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75 | (1) |
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3.9.3 Renewable Energy Research and Programs |
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76 | (1) |
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3.9.4 Renewable Energy Development Policies |
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77 | (2) |
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3.10 Looking Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities |
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79 | (6) |
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3.10.1 Factors Affecting Energy Demand |
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79 | (2) |
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3.10.2 Factors Affecting Energy Supply |
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81 | (4) |
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85 | (16) |
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4.1 Univariate Unit Root Tests |
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86 | (1) |
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4.2 Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Tests |
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87 | (4) |
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4.3 The Second Order Translog Cost Function |
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91 | (1) |
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4.4 Aggregate Energy Price Index |
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92 | (1) |
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4.5 Elasticities of Substitution and Demand |
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93 | (1) |
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4.6 Assumptions for Regional Dummy Variables |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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4.8 Model Specification Tests |
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96 | (2) |
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4.9 Decomposition of Energy Intensity |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (24) |
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5.1 The Importance of Data |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (4) |
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107 | (5) |
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112 | (2) |
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5.6 Cost Series Construction |
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114 | (11) |
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5.6.1 Total Factor Cost Series |
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114 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Total Energy Cost Series |
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115 | (10) |
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6 Energy Reforms and Changing Prices |
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125 | (16) |
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6.1 Changing Energy Regulation in China |
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125 | (5) |
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6.1.1 The Previous Regulatory System |
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125 | (1) |
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6.1.2 The Emergence of a New Regulatory System |
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126 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Deregulation of Specific Sectors |
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128 | (2) |
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6.2 Reforms of the Energy Pricing Mechanism |
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130 | (3) |
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6.2.1 The Features of Energy Reforms |
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130 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Evolution of Energy Price Policies |
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131 | (2) |
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6.3 The Changes in Energy Prices |
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133 | (2) |
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6.3.1 Historical Observations |
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134 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Observations Across Provinces |
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134 | (1) |
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6.4 Reconciling Energy Reforms and Price Changes |
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135 | (6) |
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7 Factor Substitution and the Demand for Energy |
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141 | (22) |
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7.1 Estimates for the Aggregate Economy |
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141 | (8) |
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7.1.1 Inter-factor Substitution and Demand |
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141 | (4) |
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7.1.2 Inter-fuel Substitution and Demand |
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145 | (4) |
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7.2 Estimates for the Regional Aggregate Economy |
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149 | (3) |
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7.2.1 Inter-factor Substitution and Demand |
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149 | (3) |
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7.2.2 Inter-fuel Substitution and Demand |
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152 | (1) |
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7.3 Estimates for the National Industrial Economy |
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152 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Inter-factor Substitution and Demand |
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154 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Inter-fuel Substitution and Demand |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (1) |
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7.5 Conclusions and Implications |
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160 | (3) |
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8 Technological Change and the Decomposition of Energy Intensity |
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163 | (8) |
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8.1 Decomposition for the Aggregate Economy |
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163 | (1) |
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8.2 Decomposition in the Industrial Economy |
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164 | (1) |
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8.3 A Comparison of Decompositions Between the Two Sectors |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (3) |
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8.5 Conclusions and Implications |
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170 | (1) |
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9 Gradual Reforms and the Emergence of Energy Market |
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171 | (40) |
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171 | (10) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (14) |
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9.2.1 The ADF Unit Root Tests |
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181 | (9) |
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9.2.2 Panel Unit Root Tests |
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190 | (5) |
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9.3 Inter-fuel Price Trends and Cointegration Tests |
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195 | (14) |
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9.3.1 Inter-fuel Price Trends |
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195 | (9) |
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9.3.2 Panel Cointegration Tests |
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204 | (5) |
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9.4 Comparisons with Other Studies |
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209 | (1) |
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9.5 Conclusions and Implications |
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209 | (2) |
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10 Conclusions and Implications |
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211 | (8) |
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10.1 Main Findings and Conclusions |
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211 | (1) |
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10.2 An International Perspective on Energy Markets |
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212 | (2) |
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10.2.1 The Energy Industry as a Special Case? |
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212 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Market vs. Regulation? |
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213 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Why Regulate the Energy Sector More Than Others? |
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213 | (1) |
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10.2.4 How to Evaluate China's Energy Reforms? |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
Appendices |
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219 | (36) |
References |
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255 | |