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Commonsense Reasoning [Hardback]

4.00/5 (12 ratings by Goodreads)
(IBM Watson Group and IBM Research, New York, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 432 pages, height x width: 235x191 mm, weight: 1040 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Mar-2006
  • Izdevniecība: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers In
  • ISBN-10: 0123693888
  • ISBN-13: 9780123693884
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Commonsense ReasoningPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 432 pages, height x width: 235x191 mm, weight: 1040 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Mar-2006
  • Izdevniecība: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers In
  • ISBN-10: 0123693888
  • ISBN-13: 9780123693884
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780123693884.html
Keywords:
To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T. Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers. Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense world.

· Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and mental states.
· The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus.
· Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning, introducing the event calculus as the best method overall.
· Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves.
· Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
· Describes software tools that can be downloaded and used for automated commonsense reasoning, and real-world applications that have been built using the event calculus.

To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T. Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers. Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense world.

• Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and mental states.
• The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus.
• Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning, introducing the event calculus as the best method overall.
• Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves.
• Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
• Describes software tools that can be downloaded and used for automated commonsense reasoning, and real-world applications that have been built using the event calculus.

Recenzijas

A comprehensive exposition of reasoning about actions and change using the circumscription-based Event Calculus. The book has an excellent up-to-date bibliography on actions and change.” --Chitta Baral, Arizona State University

Central to the idea of Artificial Intelligence is getting computers to understand simple facts about people and everyday lifewhat we call Common Sense. Amid the technical discussions about inference algorithms and knowledge representation, a larger question arises: What have we actually learned in the past 30 years about how to put Commonsense knowledge in computers? Look no further than Erik Mueller's Commonsense Reasoning for a deep and insightful survey of the state of the art in this topic. Some say that Commonsense defies logic; here Mueller shows that logic, at least, can put up a good fight.” --Henry Lieberman, MIT Media Laboratory

Erik Mueller has given the most thorough treatment of common sense knowledge and reasoning yet to appear.” --John McCarthy, Stanford University

The strength of this book is that it uses a uniform representation formalism, the event calculus, to solve a variety of commonsense reasoning problems. Researchers will find the book an inspiring tool which provides many ideas for applications of action formalisms. Thanks to both the exemplary presentation style and numerous examples, the book is also well-suited for teachers and students alike.” --Michael Thielscher, Dresden University of Technology

Developing systems that can perform actions and deal with change is a major challenge in intelligent system design, because it requires the construction of sophisticated models for knowledge representation and reasoning. This book provides important ideas and methods which can be used to model commonsense reasoning about events in complex and dynamic environments. The content is well thought out, and difficult topics are presented in highly accessible ways. The author tells a compelling story that highlights the utility of event calculus for applications that require commonsense models of action and change.” --Mary-Anne Williams, University of Technology, Sydney, and Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Inc.

"People with better commonsense than others are better observers of context and have more patterns that are more readily accessible. Nevertheless, commonsense reasoning is an important area of study. Mueller's book will be valuable to those involved in this field." --Robert W. Ferguson, Software Quality Professional 12/06-2/07

Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Introduction
1(18)
What Is Commonsense Reasoning?
2(1)
Key Issues of Commonsense Reasoning
2(6)
Summary
7(1)
Brief History of Commonsense Reasoning
8(2)
Logical Methods
8(1)
Nonlogical Methods
9(1)
The Event Calculus
10(9)
Events, Fluents, and Timepoints
10(1)
A Simple Example
11(1)
Automated Event Calculus Reasoning
12(1)
Bibliographic Notes
13(6)
PART I Foundations
The Event Calculus
19(36)
First-Order Logic
19(3)
Syntax of First-Order Logic
19(1)
Semantics of First-Order Logic
20(1)
Proof Theory
20(1)
Many-Sorted First-Order Logic
21(1)
Notational Conventions
21(1)
Event Calculus Basics
22(1)
Event Calculus Sorts
22(1)
Event Calculus Predicates
22(1)
States of a Fluent
23(1)
Event Calculus Axiomatizations
23(7)
The (Continuous) Event Calculus
24(3)
The Discrete Event Calculus
27(3)
Choosing between the Event Calculus and the Discrete Event Calculus
30(1)
Reification
30(2)
Unique Names Axioms
31(1)
Conditions
32(1)
Circumscription
32(3)
Computing Circumscription
34(1)
Example: Circumscription of Happens
34(1)
Example: Circumscription of Initiates
35(1)
Domain Descriptions
35(6)
Example: Sleep
38(2)
Inconsistency
40(1)
Reasoning Types
41(14)
Deduction and Temporal Projection
41(1)
Abduction and Planning
41(1)
Example: Sleep Abduction
42(1)
Postdiction
43(1)
Model Finding
44(1)
Bibliographic Notes
44(8)
Exercises
52(3)
PART II Commonsense Phenomena
The Effects of Events
55(20)
Positive and Negative Effect Axioms
55(8)
Example: Telephone
56(7)
Effect Axiom Idioms
63(1)
Preconditions
64(2)
Fluent Preconditions
65(1)
Action Preconditions
65(1)
Example: Walking through a Door
66(1)
State Constraints
66(9)
Example: Telephone Revisited
69(1)
Bibliographic Notes
70(3)
Exercises
73(2)
The Triggering of Events
75(10)
Trigger Axioms
75(3)
Example: Alarm Clock
75(3)
Preventing Repeated Triggering
78(5)
Example: Bank Account Service Fee
79(4)
Triggered Fluents
83(2)
Bibliographic Notes
83(1)
Exercises
84(1)
The Commonsense Law of Inertia
85(16)
Representation of the Commonsense Law of Inertia
85(5)
Frame Problem
86(1)
Classical Frame Axioms
86(1)
Explanation Closure Axioms
87(1)
Minimizing Event Occurrences
87(1)
Introduction of Initiates Predicate
88(1)
Minimizing Event Effects
89(1)
Introduction of Terminates Predicate
89(1)
Discussion
90(1)
Representing Release from the Commonsense Law of Inertia
90(4)
Example: Yale Shooting Scenario
90(1)
Releasing from Inertia
91(1)
Restoring Inertia
92(1)
Explanation Closure Axioms for ReleasedAt
93(1)
Example: Russian Turkey Scenario
93(1)
Release Axioms
94(7)
Bibliographic Notes
95(4)
Exercises
99(2)
Indirect Effects of Events
101(30)
Effect Axioms
101(4)
Example: Carrying a Book
101(3)
Discussion
104(1)
Primitive and Derived Fluents
105(2)
Example: Device
105(2)
Release Axioms and State Constraints
107(3)
Example: Carrying a Book Revisited
107(3)
Effect Constraints
110(1)
Example: Carrying a Book Revisited
110(1)
Causal Constraints
111(6)
Example: Thielscher's Circuit
114(3)
Trigger Axioms
117(14)
Example: Thielscher's Circuit with Delays
117(3)
Example: Shanahan's Circuit with Delays
120(5)
Bibliographic Notes
125(5)
Exercises
130(1)
Continuous Change
131(12)
Trajectory Axioms
131(5)
Example: Falling Object
131(1)
Example: Falling Object with Events
132(4)
Introduction of Trajectory Predicate
136(1)
Antitrajectory Axioms
136(3)
Example: Hot Air Balloon
137(2)
Using AntiTrajectory Instead of Releases
139(4)
Example: Falling Object with AntiTrajectory
139(2)
Bibliographic Notes
141(1)
Exercises
142(1)
Concurrent Events
143(12)
Restricting Concurrency
143(3)
State Constraints
143(1)
Event Occurrence Constraints
144(2)
Discussion
146(1)
Cumulative and Canceling Effects
146(9)
Example: Camera with Flash
147(2)
Example: Moving Robot
149(3)
Bibliographic Notes
152(2)
Exercises
154(1)
Nondeterministic Effects of Events
155(10)
Determining Fluents
155(4)
Example: Roulette Wheel
156(3)
Disjunctive Event Axioms
159(6)
Example: Running and Driving
159(2)
Bibliographic Notes
161(1)
Exercises
161(4)
PART III Commonsense Domains
Space
165(22)
Relational Space
165(7)
Basic Representation
165(1)
Extended Representation
166(3)
Example: Moving a Newspaper and a Box
169(3)
Metric Space
172(8)
Example: Two Baseballs Colliding
173(7)
Object Identity
180(7)
Example: One Screen
181(2)
Example: Two Screens
183(1)
Bibliographic Notes
184(1)
Exercises
185(2)
The Mental States of Agents
187(38)
Beliefs, Goals, and Plans
187(20)
Reactive Behavior
187(1)
Goal-Driven Behavior
188(1)
Formalization
188(3)
Example: Hungry Cat Scenario
191(16)
Emotions
207(18)
Emotion Theory
207(1)
Formalization
208(8)
Example: Lottery
216(3)
Bibliographic Notes
219(2)
Exercises
221(4)
PART IV Default Reasoning
Default Reasoning
225(16)
Atemporal Default Reasoning
225(2)
Temporal Default Reasoning
227(1)
Default Reasoning Method
227(1)
Defaults and the Qualification Problem
228(4)
Example: Device Revisited
229(1)
Example: Broken Device
230(1)
Strong and Weak Qualifications
231(1)
Example: Erratic Device
231(1)
Default Events and Properties
232(9)
Default Events
232(1)
Default Properties
233(1)
Bibliographic Notes
234(4)
Exercises
238(3)
PART V Programs and Applications
The Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner
241(12)
Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Architecture
241(1)
Encoding Satisfiability Problems
242(1)
Simple Examples
242(4)
Deduction
242(2)
Abduction
244(1)
Postdiction
244(1)
Model Finding
245(1)
Example: Telephone
246(3)
Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Language
249(4)
Bibliographic Notes
249(2)
Exercises
251(2)
Applications
253(18)
Business Systems
253(8)
Payment Protocols
253(4)
Workflow Modeling
257(4)
Natural Language Understanding
261(4)
Story Understanding
262(3)
Vision
265(6)
Bibliographic Notes
267(1)
Exercises
268(3)
PART VI Logical and Nonlogical Methods
Logics for Commonsense Reasoning
271(28)
The Situation Calculus
271(4)
Relational and Functional Fluents
271(1)
Actions
272(1)
Action Effects
272(1)
Action Preconditions
273(1)
Equivalence of the Situation Calculus and the Event Calculus
273(1)
Discussion
274(1)
The Features and Fluents Framework
275(4)
Temporal Action Logics
275(4)
Action Languages
279(6)
C+
279(6)
The Fluent Calculus
285(3)
States
286(1)
Plus and Minus Macros
286(1)
State Update Axioms
286(1)
Nondeterministic Effects
287(1)
Concurrent Actions
287(1)
Discussion
288(1)
Discussion and Summary
288(11)
Bibliographic Notes
290(8)
Exercises
298(1)
Nonlogical Methods for Commonsense Reasoning
299(22)
Qualitative Reasoning
299(1)
QSIM
299(1)
Analogical Processing
300(3)
Structure-Mapping Engine
300(3)
Probabilistic Reasoning
303(3)
Probability and Action
303(3)
Bayesian Networks
306(1)
Society of Mind
306(15)
ThoughtTreasure
307(2)
Polyscheme
309(3)
EM-ONE
312(2)
Bibliographic Notes
314(3)
Exercises
317(4)
PART VII Conclusion
Conclusion
321(40)
What Was Accomplished?
321(1)
What Is the Event Calculus?
321(1)
How Is the Event Calculus Used?
322(1)
Where Is This Leading?
322(1)
Closing Remarks
323(4)
Bibliographic Notes
324(3)
PART VIII Appendices
A. Logical Foundations
327(16)
A.1 Relations
327(1)
A.2 Inductive Definitions
328(1)
A.3 First-Order Logic
329(1)
A.3.1 Syntax of First-Order Logic
329(2)
A.3.2 Semantics of First-Order Logic
331(2)
A.3.3 Proof Theory
333(1)
A.4 Many-Sorted First-Order Logic
334(1)
A.4.1 Syntax of Many-Sorted First-Order Logic
334(2)
A.4.2 Semantics of Many-Sorted First-Order Logic
336(1)
A.5 Second-Order Logic
336(1)
A.6 Datatypes
337(1)
A.6.1 Real Numbers
337(1)
A.6.2 Lists
338(1)
A.7 Circumscription
339(1)
A.7.1 Definition of Circumscription
339(1)
A.7.2 Example: Circumscription of P(A)
340(1)
A.7.3 Parallel Circumscription
340(1)
Bibliographic Notes
341(2)
B. Equivalence of EC and DEC
343(8)
C. Events with Duration
351(2)
Bibliographic Notes
352(1)
D. Answers to Selected Exercises
353(8)
References 361(30)
Index 391