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1 | (10) |
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7 | (4) |
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11 | (8) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (4) |
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18 | (1) |
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3 Legality Requirement as a Safeguard to Abuse |
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19 | (20) |
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3.1 Legality Requirement Assessment |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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3.1.2 The Timing of the Alleged Illegal Act |
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23 | (1) |
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3.2 Implied Application: Good Faith & Clean Hands |
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23 | (4) |
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3.3 Procedural Setting of Legality Examination |
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27 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Jurisdictional Stage Approach |
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28 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Merits Stage Approach |
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30 | (4) |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (2) |
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4 Applicable Law for the Examination of Illicit Conduct |
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39 | (8) |
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4.1 Choice of Law in Investment Treaties |
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40 | (2) |
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4.2 Tribunal's Determination of the Applicable Law |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (10) |
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5.1 Evidence in International Arbitration |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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Part II Current Arbitral Practice in the Context of Corruption and Fraud |
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6 Arbitral Tribunals Upholding Corruption and Fraud Arguments |
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57 | (42) |
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6.1 World Duty Free v. Kenya |
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57 | (5) |
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6.1.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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58 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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58 | (3) |
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6.1.3 Analysis of the Award |
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61 | (1) |
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6.2 Metal-Tech v. Uzbekistan |
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62 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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63 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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64 | (4) |
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6.2.3 Analysis of the Award |
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68 | (3) |
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6.3 Churchill and Planet v. Indonesia |
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71 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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71 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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72 | (4) |
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6.3.3 Analysis of the Award |
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76 | (1) |
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6.4 Spentex v. Uzbekistan |
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77 | (11) |
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6.4.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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78 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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78 | (5) |
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6.4.3 Tribunal's Criticism and Cost Assessment |
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83 | (3) |
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6.4.4 Analysis of the Award |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (7) |
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6.5.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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89 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Findings and Analysis of the Arbitral Tribunal |
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89 | (4) |
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6.5.3 Analysis of the Award |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (4) |
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7 Arbitral Tribunals Not Upholding Corruption and Fraud Arguments |
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99 | (30) |
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99 | (3) |
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7.1.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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99 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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100 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Analysis of the Award |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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102 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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103 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Analysis of the Award |
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105 | (1) |
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7.3 Siag and Vecchi v. Egypt |
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106 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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106 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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107 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Analysis of the Award |
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109 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Analysis of the Dissenting Opinion of Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuna |
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110 | (1) |
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7.4 Kim and Others v. Uzbekistan |
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111 | (8) |
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7.4.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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111 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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112 | (4) |
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7.4.3 Analysis of the Award |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (7) |
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7.5.1 Factual and Procedural Background |
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119 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal |
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121 | (3) |
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7.5.3 Analysis of the Award |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (18) |
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8.1 Ability of Investment Tribunals to Address the Issues of Corruption and Fraud |
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129 | (2) |
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8.2 Use of Fraud and Corruption Arguments as a "Shield" |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (2) |
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8.4 Burden & Standards of Proof: Different Approaches |
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135 | (3) |
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8.5 Addressing States' Responsibility for Illicit Acts |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (7) |
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Part III Challenges & Solutions |
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9 Difficulty of Proving Corruption and Fraud |
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147 | (20) |
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9.1 Red Flags as Means of Proof |
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149 | (6) |
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9.2 Shifting the Burden of Proof |
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155 | (6) |
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9.3 Flexible Standard of Proof |
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161 | (4) |
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165 | (2) |
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10 Consequences of Corruption for States |
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167 | (8) |
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174 | (1) |
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11 Multilateral Investment Court? |
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175 | (4) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (4) |
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181 | (2) |
Documents |
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183 | (4) |
Cases |
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187 | |