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E-grāmata: Corruption and Fraud in Investment Arbitration: Procedural and Substantive Challenges

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This book offers an exciting overview of how the investor-state dispute settlement mechanism currently deals with allegations and/or evidence of fraud and corruption. It provides a detailed analysis of the legal framework under which arbitral tribunals usually operate in investment disputes involving allegations of illegality. Readers will find step-by-step examinations of the corruption and fraud arguments employed by arbitral tribunals in ten landmark ISDS cases, followed by a chapter summarizing the status quo on the topic. The final part of the book discusses the identified challenges of addressing illegality issues in investment arbitration and potential solutions, including the creation of a multilateral investment court.
1 Introduction
1(10)
References
7(4)
Part I Legal Framework
2 Fraud and Corruption
11(8)
2.1 Fraud
12(2)
2.2 Corruption
14(4)
References
18(1)
3 Legality Requirement as a Safeguard to Abuse
19(20)
3.1 Legality Requirement Assessment
21(2)
3.1.1 Severity
21(2)
3.1.2 The Timing of the Alleged Illegal Act
23(1)
3.2 Implied Application: Good Faith & Clean Hands
23(4)
3.3 Procedural Setting of Legality Examination
27(7)
3.3.1 Jurisdictional Stage Approach
28(2)
3.3.2 Merits Stage Approach
30(4)
3.4 Concluding Remarks
34(3)
References
37(2)
4 Applicable Law for the Examination of Illicit Conduct
39(8)
4.1 Choice of Law in Investment Treaties
40(2)
4.2 Tribunal's Determination of the Applicable Law
42(2)
4.3 Concluding Remarks
44(1)
References
45(2)
5 Evidence and Proof
47(10)
5.1 Evidence in International Arbitration
48(3)
5.2 Burden of Proof
51(1)
5.3 Standard of Proof
52(1)
5.4 Concluding Remarks
53(1)
References
54(3)
Part II Current Arbitral Practice in the Context of Corruption and Fraud
6 Arbitral Tribunals Upholding Corruption and Fraud Arguments
57(42)
6.1 World Duty Free v. Kenya
57(5)
6.1.1 Factual and Procedural Background
58(1)
6.1.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
58(3)
6.1.3 Analysis of the Award
61(1)
6.2 Metal-Tech v. Uzbekistan
62(9)
6.2.1 Factual and Procedural Background
63(1)
6.2.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
64(4)
6.2.3 Analysis of the Award
68(3)
6.3 Churchill and Planet v. Indonesia
71(6)
6.3.1 Factual and Procedural Background
71(1)
6.3.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
72(4)
6.3.3 Analysis of the Award
76(1)
6.4 Spentex v. Uzbekistan
77(11)
6.4.1 Factual and Procedural Background
78(1)
6.4.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
78(5)
6.4.3 Tribunal's Criticism and Cost Assessment
83(3)
6.4.4 Analysis of the Award
86(2)
6.5 Sanum v. Laos
88(7)
6.5.1 Factual and Procedural Background
89(1)
6.5.2 Findings and Analysis of the Arbitral Tribunal
89(4)
6.5.3 Analysis of the Award
93(2)
References
95(4)
7 Arbitral Tribunals Not Upholding Corruption and Fraud Arguments
99(30)
7.1 Sistem v. Kyrgyzstan
99(3)
7.1.1 Factual and Procedural Background
99(1)
7.1.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
100(1)
7.1.3 Analysis of the Award
101(1)
7.2 EDF v.Romania
102(4)
7.2.1 Factual and Procedural Background
102(1)
7.2.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
103(2)
7.2.3 Analysis of the Award
105(1)
7.3 Siag and Vecchi v. Egypt
106(5)
7.3.1 Factual and Procedural Background
106(1)
7.3.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
107(2)
7.3.3 Analysis of the Award
109(1)
7.3.4 Analysis of the Dissenting Opinion of Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuna
110(1)
7.4 Kim and Others v. Uzbekistan
111(8)
7.4.1 Factual and Procedural Background
111(1)
7.4.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
112(4)
7.4.3 Analysis of the Award
116(3)
7.5 Karkey v. Pakistan
119(7)
7.5.1 Factual and Procedural Background
119(2)
7.5.2 Findings and Analysis of the Tribunal
121(3)
7.5.3 Analysis of the Award
124(2)
References
126(3)
8 Learned Lessons
129(18)
8.1 Ability of Investment Tribunals to Address the Issues of Corruption and Fraud
129(2)
8.2 Use of Fraud and Corruption Arguments as a "Shield"
131(2)
8.3 Evidence & Red Flags
133(2)
8.4 Burden & Standards of Proof: Different Approaches
135(3)
8.5 Addressing States' Responsibility for Illicit Acts
138(2)
References
140(7)
Part III Challenges & Solutions
9 Difficulty of Proving Corruption and Fraud
147(20)
9.1 Red Flags as Means of Proof
149(6)
9.2 Shifting the Burden of Proof
155(6)
9.3 Flexible Standard of Proof
161(4)
References
165(2)
10 Consequences of Corruption for States
167(8)
References
174(1)
11 Multilateral Investment Court?
175(4)
References
177(2)
12 Conclusions
179(4)
References
181(2)
Documents 183(4)
Cases 187
Dr. Adilbek Tussupov is a qualified lawyer from Kazakhstan with research interests in Public International Law, International Arbitration and International Trade. He is a certified mediator (CEDR, London) and an international investment arbitration practitioner. Adilbek obtained his bachelors in law degree from the KAZGUU University (Kazakhstan), his LL.M. degree from Europa-Institut of the Saarland University (Germany) and a doctorate degree (summa cum laude) from the Saarland University (Germany). Adilbek worked as an in-house legal counsel in private and state owned enterprises, as well as a lecturer in universities in Central Asia. Currently, he is a foreign lawyer with the International Arbitration group of Herbert Smith Freehills LLP in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.