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E-grāmata: Count and Mass Across Languages [Oxford Scholarship Online E-books]

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Count and Mass Across LanguagesPalielināt
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This volume explores the expression of the concepts count and mass in human language and probes the complex relation between seemingly incontrovertible aspects of meaning and their varied grammatical realizations across languages. In English, count nouns are those that can be counted and pluralized (two cats), whereas mass nouns cannot be, at least not without a change in meaning (#two rices). The chapters in this volume explore the question of the cognitive and linguistic universality and variability of the concepts count and mass from philosophical, semantic, and morpho-syntactic points of view, touching also on issues in acquisition and processing. The volume also significantly contributes to our cross-linguistic knowledge, as it includes chapters with a focus on Blackfoot, Cantonese, Dagaare, English, Halkomelem, Lithuanian, Malagasy, Mandarin, Ojibwe, and Persian, as well as discussion of several other languages including Armenian, Hungarian, and Korean. The overall consensus of this volume is that while the general concepts of count and mass are available to all humans, forms of grammaticalization involving number, classifiers, and determiners play a key role in their linguistic treatment, and indeed in whether these concepts are grammatically expressed at all. This variation may be reflect the fact that count/mass is just one possible realization of a deeper and broader concept, itself related to the categories of nominal and verbal aspect.
General Preface ix
The Contributors x
Abbreviations xv
1 The count mass distinction: Issues and perspectives
1(8)
Jila Ghomeshi
Diane Massam
1.1 Setting the stage
1(2)
1.2 Are count and mass conceptually universal and are they mapped to the real world uniformly?
3(1)
1.3 Are count and mass universally expressed in language and are they always expressed in the same way?
4(1)
1.4 If count and mass are not expressed in the same way universally, how are they expressed?
5(2)
1.5 Conclusion
7(2)
2 Lexical nouns are both +MASS and + COUNT, but they are neither +MASS nor + COUNT
9(18)
Francis Jeffry Pelletier
2.1 Introduction: Informal accounts of +MASS and +COUNT
9(2)
2.2 +MASS and +COUNT as syntax
11(1)
2.3 +MASS and +COUNT as semantics
11(2)
2.4 Problems with the syntactic approach
13(2)
2.5 Problems with the semantic approach
15(2)
2.6 Evaluation, and a flaw in common
17(1)
2.7 A different approach
17(4)
2.8 Related proposals
21(2)
2.9 Cross-linguistic comments
23(1)
2.10 Further advantages
24(2)
2.11 A final philosophical remark
26(1)
3 Aspects of individuation
27(27)
Elizabeth Cowper
Daniel Currie Hall
3.1 Introduction
27(3)
3.2 Taxonomy of English nouns
30(4)
3.3 Chinese
34(2)
3.4 Plurality and classifiers
36(1)
3.5 Plural marking in Chinese?
37(5)
3.6 Apparent plural marking in Korean
42(3)
3.7 Individuation in Persian
45(7)
3.8 Conclusions
52(2)
4 Collectives in the intersection of mass and count nouns: A cross-linguistic account
54(21)
Heike Wiese
4.1 Introduction
54(3)
4.2 Conceptual and morphosyntactic distinctions in the mass/count domain
57(9)
4.3 Variation in syntactic-conceptual mass/count correspondences
66(5)
4.4 Semantics as a mediator of syntactic and conceptual classifications
71(2)
4.5 Conclusions
73(2)
5 Individuation and inverse number marking in Dagaare
75(24)
Scott Grimm
5.1 Introduction
75(2)
5.2 The semantic basis of inverse number marking in Dagaare
77(10)
5.3 Language internal correlates
87(3)
5.4 Cross-linguistic correlates
90(4)
5.5 A formal account of -ri
94(3)
5.6 Conclusion
97(2)
6 General number and the structure of DP
99(13)
Ileana Paul
6.1 Introduction
99(1)
6.2 Malagasy
100(7)
6.3 Cross-linguistic considerations
107(3)
6.4 The emerging typology
110(2)
7 Plural marking beyond count nouns
112(17)
Saeed Ghaniabadi
7.1 Introduction
112(1)
7.2 Background on Persian noun phrases
113(1)
7.3 Data
114(7)
7.4 Definiteness/Number syncretism
121(1)
7.5 Categorial identity of Persian plural marker
122(2)
7.6 Analysis
124(4)
7.7 Conclusion
128(1)
8 Aspectual effects of a pluractional suffix: Evidence from Lithuanian
129(17)
Solveiga Armoskaite
8.1 The problem: -ine- is not a dedicated aspectual morpheme
129(2)
8.2 Suffix -ine- is Number
131(8)
8.3 The aspectual effects of -ine- are epiphenomenal
139(4)
8.4 Conclusions & further questions
143(3)
9 Decomposing the mass/count distinction: Evidence from languages that lack it
146(26)
Martina Wiltschko
9.1 Introduction
146(1)
9.2 The mass/count distinction is not universally associated with categorical properties
147(11)
9.3 The source of the categorical properties of the mass/count distinction
158(4)
9.4 Variation in the content of the categorical properties: [ ± bounded] versus [ ± animate]
162(7)
9.5 Conclusion
169(3)
10 On the mass/count distinction in Ojibwe
172(27)
Eric Mathieu
10.1 Introduction
172(2)
10.2 Number as an inflectional category in Ojibwe
174(9)
10.3 Ojibwe pluralized mass nouns
183(7)
10.4 Basis for a solution
190(8)
10.5 Conclusion
198(1)
11 Counting and classifiers
199(21)
Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng
11.1 Introduction: Three puzzles
199(3)
11.2 Count/mass at the classifier level
202(3)
11.3 Chinese classifiers
205(4)
11.4 Do all classifiers individuate or divide?
209(6)
11.5 Plural classifiers
215(3)
11.6 Conclusion
218(2)
12 Countability and numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese
220(18)
Niina Ning Zhang
12.1 Introduction
220(1)
12.2 Decomposing countability
221(6)
12.3 The two features in nouns
227(2)
12.4 The two features in unit words
229(2)
12.5 Comparing with the dichotomous-contrast analysis
231(2)
12.6 Reflections on theories of the relation between CLs and countability
233(4)
12.7 Summary
237(1)
13 Semantic triggers, linguistic variation and the mass-count distinction
238(23)
Alan C. Bale
David Barner
13.1 Introduction
238(1)
13.2 English, Mandarin, and the mass-count distinction
239(9)
13.3 English and Mandarin heuristics and the age of distinction
248(3)
13.4 Possible triggers for a parametric distinction
251(8)
13.5 Conclusion
259(2)
14 Classifying and massifying incrementally in Chinese language comprehension
261(22)
Natalie M. Klein
Greg N. Carlson
Renjie Li
T. Florian Jaeger
Michael K. Tanenhaus
14.1 Background
261(2)
14.2 Previous research
263(2)
14.3 Experiment One: English measure phrases
265(6)
14.4 Experiment Two: Chinese massifiers
271(4)
14.5 Experiment Three: Chinese count classifiers
275(3)
14.6 Comparing across language and ontology
278(4)
14.6 Conclusions
282(1)
References 283(22)
Index 305
Diane Massam is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Toronto where she served as Chair of Linguistics from 2002 to 2008. Her research focus is on syntactic theory, in the areas of argument structure, case, predication, and word order, working mainly on Niuean, a Polynesian language. She is the co-editor of Ergativity: Emerging issues (Springer 2006) and has published papers in many journals such as Lingua, Oceanic Linguistics, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, English Language and Linguistics, and Syntax. She has held several research grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and was co-editor of Squibs for Linguistic Inquiry (1998-2002), honorary research fellow at the University of Auckland (2001), visiting professor at Harvard University (2006), and an Erskine Fellow at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand (2010).
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