Guided tour of the book |
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xiv | |
Online resources contents |
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xvi | |
Foreword |
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xvii | |
Preface |
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xviii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xx | |
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xxi | |
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Table of legislation and other instruments |
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xxv | |
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Part I INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LITIGATION |
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1 | (46) |
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3 | (32) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Philosophy of Criminal Litigation |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Classifying criminal offences |
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8 | (2) |
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1.6 Personnel and organisations within the criminal justice system |
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10 | (1) |
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1.7 The criminal courts and personnel |
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11 | (2) |
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1.8 The European Convention on Human Rights 1950 (ECHR 1950) |
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13 | (3) |
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1.9 Criminal Procedure Rules (Crim PR) 2020 |
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16 | (1) |
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1.10 Professional conduct---an introduction |
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17 | (18) |
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2 An Introduction to the Law of Criminal Evidence and Advocacy |
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35 | (12) |
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35 | (1) |
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2.2 The purpose of the law of criminal evidence |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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2.5 Procedure for deciding the admissibility of disputed evidence |
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38 | (1) |
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2.6 Assessing the evidence---the prosecuting solicitor's role |
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38 | (1) |
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2.7 Assessing the evidence---the defence solicitor's role |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.9 Clarifying the evidential issues |
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40 | (1) |
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2.10 Concluding remarks on criminal evidence |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (6) |
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Part II INVESTIGATION AND THE DECISION TO CHARGE |
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47 | (116) |
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3 The Powers to Stop, Search, and Arrest |
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49 | (16) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2 Stop and search before arrest |
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50 | (1) |
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3.3 Stop and search at common law |
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50 | (1) |
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3.4 Statutory powers to stop and search in a public place before arrest |
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50 | (2) |
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3.5 Specific powers to stop and search before arrest |
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52 | (1) |
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3.6 The consequences of an unlawful stop and search |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (5) |
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58 | (1) |
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3.9 Searching the suspect's person and/or property upon arrest |
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58 | (4) |
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3.10 The European Convention on Human Rights 1950 |
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62 | (3) |
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4 Detention and Interrogation |
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65 | (24) |
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66 | (1) |
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4.2 Interviewing a volunteer at the police station or elsewhere |
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67 | (1) |
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4.3 Action immediately following arrest |
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68 | (1) |
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4.4 The role of the custody officer |
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68 | (3) |
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4.5 Detention before charge (following arrest)---s. 37(3) PACE 1984 |
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71 | (2) |
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4.6 Reviewing a suspect's detention |
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73 | (1) |
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4.7 The suspect's right to intimation and/or legal advice |
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74 | (3) |
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4.8 Other rights and safeguards enjoyed by the suspect whilst in detention |
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77 | (1) |
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4.9 The treatment of vulnerable suspects and the provision of an appropriate adult (AA) |
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77 | (2) |
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4.10 Interviewing the suspect |
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79 | (1) |
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4.11 The requirement to caution |
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80 | (1) |
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4.12 What constitutes a fair interview? |
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81 | (1) |
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4.13 How should an interview be recorded? |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (4) |
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86 | (3) |
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5 The Right to Silence at the Police Station |
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89 | (11) |
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89 | (1) |
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5.2 What are the risks associated with s. 34 CJPOA 1994? |
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90 | (4) |
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5.3 Drawing inferences from a failure to account under ss. 36 and 37 CJPOA 1994 |
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94 | (2) |
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5.4 The importance of correctly directing the jury |
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96 | (1) |
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5.5 The practical aspects associated with remaining silent |
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96 | (4) |
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6 Challenging Unlawfully and Unfairly Obtained Evidence |
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100 | (16) |
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100 | (1) |
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6.2 What is unlawfully or unfairly obtained evidence? |
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101 | (1) |
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6.3 What is a confession? |
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101 | (1) |
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6.4 A suspect's rights at the police station |
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102 | (1) |
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6.5 Challenging the admissibility of a confession under ss. 76 and 78 PACE 1984 |
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103 | (3) |
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6.6 The procedure for determining the admissibility of a confession |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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6.8 Evidence obtained in consequence of an inadmissible confession |
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106 | (1) |
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6.9 Challenging the admissibility of other non-confession prosecution evidence |
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107 | (1) |
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6.10 Common law discretion |
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107 | (1) |
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6.11 Discretion under s. 78 PACE 1984 |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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6.13 Illegally/unfairly obtained evidence---practical considerations |
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111 | (5) |
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7 Obtaining Identification Evidence |
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116 | (16) |
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116 | (1) |
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7.2 The dangers of eye-witness identification |
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117 | (1) |
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7.3 How is eye-witness identification obtained? |
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117 | (1) |
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7.4 Distinguishing between known and unknown suspects |
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117 | (1) |
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7.5 When must an identification procedure be held? |
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118 | (2) |
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7.6 Is a formal identification procedure a mandatory requirement? |
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120 | (2) |
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7.7 The formal identification procedures |
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122 | (1) |
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7.8 The consequences of failing to comply with Code D |
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123 | (1) |
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7.9 Recognition by police officers from photographic and CCTV images |
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124 | (1) |
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7.10 Prior identification on social media |
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124 | (1) |
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7.11 Voice identification |
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125 | (1) |
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7.12 Dock identifications |
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125 | (1) |
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7.13 Forensic identification procedures |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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7.16 The practical issues associated with identification evidence |
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128 | (4) |
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8 The Decision to Prosecute and the Prosecution's Duties of Disclosure of Evidence |
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132 | (31) |
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133 | (1) |
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8.2 Statutory charging under the CJA 2003 |
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134 | (5) |
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8.3 CPS prosecuting policies |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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8.5 The selection of charges---section 6, Code for Crown Prosecutors |
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142 | (1) |
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8.6 Alternatives to prosecution |
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142 | (2) |
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8.7 Can the defence solicitor influence the decision to charge? |
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144 | (1) |
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8.8 Pre-trial disclosure of evidence---an introduction |
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145 | (2) |
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8.9 Used and unused material |
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147 | (1) |
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8.10 Disclosure obligations on the police |
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148 | (2) |
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8.11 The CPS obligation to disclose `used' material---'IDPC (Initial Details of the Prosecution Case) |
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150 | (1) |
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8.12 CPS obligations to disclose unused material (Crim PR, Part 15) |
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151 | (3) |
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8.13 Disclosing information held by third parties |
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154 | (1) |
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8.14 Withholding relevant evidence |
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154 | (1) |
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8.15 Further information on disclosure |
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155 | (8) |
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Part III FROM CHARGE TO TRIAL |
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163 | (134) |
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9 Funding of Criminal Defence Services and First Appearance Process |
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165 | (22) |
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166 | (1) |
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9.2 Legal aid---a human right? |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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9.4 Pre-charge advice and assistance |
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167 | (1) |
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9.5 Funded representation in court |
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167 | (1) |
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9.6 Representation orders |
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168 | (1) |
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9.7 The interests of justice test (CRM14) |
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168 | (4) |
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9.8 Means testing (CRM15) |
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172 | (1) |
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9.9 The means test as applied to cases tried in the magistrates' court |
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172 | (3) |
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9.10 The means test in cases triable on indictment |
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175 | (2) |
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9.11 What work can be done under a representation order? |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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9.13 Acquitted defendants and Defendants' Costs Order |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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9.15 First appearance before the magistrates' court in summary-only and either-way offences |
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178 | (3) |
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9.16 Preparing for the first appearance before the magistrates' court |
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181 | (6) |
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10 The Law and Practice Relating to Court Bail |
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187 | (22) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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10.4 Section 25 CJPOA 1994 |
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189 | (1) |
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10.5 Grounds for refusing bail |
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189 | (1) |
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10.6 Grounds for denying bail for an indictable imprisonable offence (Sch. 1 Part 1 para. 2 BA 1976) |
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189 | (3) |
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10.7 Substantiating the grounds for opposing bail---the statutory factors (Sch. 1 Para. 9 BA 1976) |
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192 | (1) |
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10.8 Grounds for denying bail for a summary-only imprisonable offence (Sch. 1 Part 1A) |
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193 | (1) |
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10.9 Grounds for denying bail for a non-imprisonable offence (Sch. 1 Part II) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (2) |
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10.12 Procedure at a contested bail hearing |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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10.14 How many bail applications can be made? |
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200 | (1) |
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10.15 Where bail is refused |
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200 | (1) |
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10.16 Appeal by the prosecution |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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10.18 Varying bail conditions |
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201 | (1) |
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10.19 Where an accused fails to surrender to bail |
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202 | (1) |
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10.20 Bail granted by the Crown Court |
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202 | (1) |
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10.21 Bail and the High Court |
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203 | (1) |
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10.22 Human rights and bail |
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203 | (1) |
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10.23 Bail---the practical considerations |
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203 | (6) |
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11 Prosecuting an Either-Way Offence |
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209 | (17) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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11.3 The allocation hearing/mode of trial enquiry---ss. 17-20 MCA 1980 |
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211 | (5) |
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11.4 The reasons for electing trial in the magistrates' court or in the Crown Court |
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216 | (2) |
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11.5 The special procedure in criminal damage cases |
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218 | (1) |
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11.6 Special rules relating to certain either-way offences |
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218 | (1) |
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11.7 Sending an either-way offence to the Crown Court |
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218 | (2) |
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11.8 Post-allocation matters where case is to be sent to the Crown Court |
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220 | (1) |
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11.9 Application for dismissal of the either-way offence sent to the Crown Court |
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221 | (1) |
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11.10 Changing the allocation decision |
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222 | (4) |
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12 Prosecuting Summary Offences |
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226 | (22) |
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226 | (1) |
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12.2 Commencing a prosecution in the magistrates' court |
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227 | (1) |
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12.3 Pleading guilty by post |
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228 | (1) |
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12.4 Defendant unaware of court proceedings |
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228 | (1) |
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12.5 Joinder of offences and defendants in the information |
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228 | (2) |
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12.6 The early stages of a summary-only/either-way offence |
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230 | (2) |
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12.7 Preparing for trial (defence perspective) |
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232 | (3) |
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12.8 Preparing for trial (prosecution perspective) |
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235 | (1) |
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12.9 Rights of audience before magistrates' court and terms of address |
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236 | (1) |
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12.10 Failure of the defendant to attend trial |
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236 | (1) |
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12.11 The procedure at a summary trial on a not guilty plea |
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236 | (12) |
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13 Crown Court Proceedings Pre-Trial |
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248 | (31) |
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249 | (1) |
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13.2 The Digital Case System (DCS) |
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249 | (1) |
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13.3 The defendant's first court appearance for an indictable-only offence---s. 51 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 |
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250 | (1) |
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13.4 Better Case Management (BCM) |
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251 | (1) |
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13.5 The Plea and Trial Preparation Hearing (PTPH) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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13.7 Preparatory steps in the early stages of an indictable-only offence |
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255 | (1) |
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13.8 Disclosing `used' material in indictable-only cases |
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255 | (1) |
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13.9 Disclosing `unused' material---CPIA 1996 |
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256 | (5) |
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13.10 What if the pre-trial disclosure of evidence reveals a weak prosecution case? |
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261 | (1) |
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13.11 Preparatory hearings |
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261 | (1) |
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13.12 Preparing for trial |
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262 | (17) |
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14 Trial Before the Crown Court |
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279 | (18) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
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14.3 Supporting the advocate at trial |
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283 | (1) |
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14.4 Last-minute checklist |
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283 | (1) |
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14.5 First day of the trial |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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14.7 Arraignment and pleas |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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14.9 The course of trial on indictment---Crim PR, Part 25.9 |
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287 | (1) |
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14.10 The course of trial---presenting evidence---Crim PR, Part 25.11 |
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288 | (2) |
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14.11 Defence submission of no case to answer |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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14.13 The closing speeches |
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291 | (1) |
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14.14 The summing-up and directing the jury---Crim PR, Part 25.14 |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (1) |
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14.16 The procedure after the jury's decision---Crim PR, Part 25.16 |
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294 | (1) |
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14.17 Acquitted defendants |
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294 | (1) |
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14.18 The prosecution's right of appeal |
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294 | (1) |
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14.19 Judge-only trials on indictment |
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295 | (2) |
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Part IV PROVING THE CASE---THE RULES OF CRIMINAL EVIDENCE |
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297 | (98) |
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299 | (7) |
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299 | (1) |
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15.2 The legal burden of proof---the general rule |
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299 | (1) |
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15.3 Exceptions to Woolmington---reverse burden clauses |
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300 | (1) |
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15.4 The standard of proof required to discharge the legal burden |
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301 | (1) |
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15.5 The evidential burden |
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301 | (1) |
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15.6 Discharging the legal and evidential burdens of proof---an example |
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302 | (1) |
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15.7 Challenges to reverse burden clauses under Article 6 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 (ECHR 1950) |
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302 | (1) |
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15.8 Formal admissions---s. 10 CJA 1967 |
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303 | (1) |
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15.9 Burdens of proof---practical considerations |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (23) |
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306 | (1) |
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16.2 Dealing with witnesses before testifying |
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307 | (1) |
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16.3 Witness evidence---the preliminary issues |
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307 | (3) |
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16.4 Testifying under a special measures direction |
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310 | (1) |
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16.5 Types of special measures |
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311 | (3) |
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16.6 The practical issues of witness evidence |
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314 | (1) |
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16.7 Taking the oath or affirming |
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315 | (1) |
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16.8 Examination-in-chief |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (4) |
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16.10 Cross-examining the witness on his physical or mental disability |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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16.12 Cross-examining the complainant in a sexual offence |
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324 | (5) |
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17 Corroboration, the `Turnbull Guidelines', and Opinion Evidence |
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329 | (14) |
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329 | (1) |
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17.2 What is meant by corroboration? |
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330 | (1) |
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17.3 Corroboration required as a matter of law |
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330 | (1) |
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17.4 Corroboration and the exercise of judicial discretion |
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330 | (2) |
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17.5 The requirements of corroborative evidence |
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332 | (1) |
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17.6 The `Turnbull guidelines' |
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332 | (4) |
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336 | (1) |
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17.8 Facts personally perceived by the witness |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (3) |
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17.10 Expert evidence---practical considerations |
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339 | (4) |
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343 | (18) |
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343 | (1) |
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18.2 Hearsay evidence---the general rule |
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344 | (1) |
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18.3 Identifying hearsay evidence |
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344 | (3) |
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18.4 The statutory exceptions to the hearsay rule |
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347 | (1) |
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18.5 Hearsay evidence under the CJA 2003 |
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347 | (1) |
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18.6 The unavailable witness---s. 116 (first-hand hearsay) |
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348 | (2) |
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18.7 Business documents---s. 117 |
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350 | (1) |
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18.8 Hearsay admissible under the preserved common law rules---s. 118 CJA 2003 |
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351 | (2) |
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18.9 Admitting hearsay by agreement---s. 114(1)(c) CJA 2003 |
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353 | (1) |
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18.10 The `safety-valve'---s. 114(1)(d) and s. 121 CJA 2003 |
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353 | (2) |
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18.11 Miscellaneous hearsay provisions |
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355 | (1) |
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18.12 Important safeguards when admitting hearsay evidence |
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355 | (2) |
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18.13 Procedure for admitting hearsay evidence---Crim PR, Part 20 |
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357 | (1) |
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18.14 Hearsay evidence and the ECHR 1950 |
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357 | (2) |
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18.15 Hearsay evidence---trial considerations |
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359 | (2) |
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19 Character Evidence and the Accused as a Witness at Trial |
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361 | (27) |
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361 | (1) |
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19.2 The accused as a competent defence witness |
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362 | (1) |
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19.3 The course of the defendant's evidence |
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362 | (1) |
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19.4 Adverse inferences from the defendant's silence at trial---s. 35 CJPOA 1994 |
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|
363 | (2) |
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19.5 Disclosing evidence of the defendant's character |
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365 | (2) |
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19.6 Admitting evidence of the defendant's bad character |
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367 | (1) |
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19.7 Gateways to admission |
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|
368 | (9) |
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19.8 Bad character admitted between co-defendants---s. 101(1)(e) CJA 2003 |
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|
377 | (3) |
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19.9 Bad character to correct a false impression given by the defendant---s. 101(1)(f) CJA 2003 |
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|
380 | (1) |
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19.10 Bad character admitted under s. 101(1)(g) CJA 2003 |
|
|
381 | (2) |
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19.11 The practice and procedure for admitting evidence of a defendant's bad character |
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383 | (1) |
|
19.12 Relevance and use that can be made of bad character adduced under s. 101 and the importance of the direction to the jury |
|
|
384 | (1) |
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19.13 Miscellaneous matters |
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385 | (3) |
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388 | (7) |
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388 | (1) |
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20.2 Legal professional privilege in criminal cases |
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389 | (1) |
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20.3 The rationale for legal professional privilege |
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390 | (1) |
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20.4 Legal professional privilege and the courts |
|
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390 | (1) |
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20.5 Waiving/losing legal professional privilege |
|
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391 | (1) |
|
20.6 Powers of search and legal professional privilege |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
20.7 The privilege against self-incrimination |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
Part V POST-CONVICTION: SENTENCING AND APPEALS |
|
|
395 | (66) |
|
21 Sentencing Procedure and the General Principles of Sentencing |
|
|
397 | (19) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
21.2 Sentencing Act 2020 (the Code) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
21.3 The role of the CPS on sentence |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
21.4 The procedure on sentencing |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
21.5 Hierarchy of sentences |
|
|
401 | (1) |
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|
401 | (1) |
|
21.7 The basis of sentencing under the Code |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
21.8 Sentencing Council for England and Wales |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
21.9 Sentencing guidelines in the Crown Court |
|
|
405 | (1) |
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21.10 How does the defence solicitor assess the seriousness of an offence? |
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406 | (1) |
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21.11 Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines (MCSGs) |
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406 | (1) |
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21.12 Personal offender mitigation |
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406 | (1) |
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21.13 Discount for timely guilty pleas |
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406 | (1) |
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21.14 What constrains sentencing? |
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407 | (2) |
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21.15 The Crown Court's sentencing powers |
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409 | (1) |
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21.16 What informs the process of sentencing? |
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410 | (1) |
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21.17 Victim personal statements |
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410 | (1) |
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21.18 Taking other offences into consideration |
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411 | (5) |
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22 Specific Types of Sentence and the Plea in Mitigation |
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416 | (34) |
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417 | (1) |
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22.2 When can a discretionary custodial sentence be imposed? (ss. 221--232 Sentencing Code) |
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417 | (1) |
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22.3 Custody between the ages of 18 and 21 |
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418 | (1) |
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22.4 Length of custodial sentence |
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418 | (3) |
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22.5 Suspended sentence of imprisonment (ss. 286--305 Sentencing Code) |
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421 | (1) |
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22.6 Concluding remarks on discretionary custodial sentences with reference to SC guidelines |
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421 | (1) |
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22.7 Fixed4ength sentences |
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422 | (1) |
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22.8 Sentencing dangerous offenders |
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422 | (4) |
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22.9 Community order (ss. 200--220 Sentencing Code) |
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426 | (1) |
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22.10 Community sentences under the Sentencing Code |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (3) |
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431 | (1) |
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22.13 Enforcement of community orders under the Code (Sch. 10) |
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431 | (1) |
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22.14 Deferring sentence (ss. 3--13 Sentencing Code) |
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432 | (1) |
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22.15 Fines (ss. 118--132 Sentencing Code) |
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432 | (2) |
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22.16 Compensation orders (ss. 133--146 Sentencing Code) |
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434 | (1) |
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22.17 Conditional discharge (ss. 80--82 Sentencing Code) |
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435 | (1) |
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22.18 Absolute discharge (s. 79 Sentencing Code) |
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435 | (1) |
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22.19 Bind over (ss. 376--378 Sentencing Code) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (2) |
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22.21 The plea in mitigation |
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438 | (1) |
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22.22 Structuring a plea in mitigation |
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439 | (4) |
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22.23 Advocacy and the plea in mitigation |
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443 | (1) |
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22.24 Professional conduct |
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443 | (7) |
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450 | (11) |
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450 | (1) |
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23.2 Reopening a case---s. 142 MCA 1980 |
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451 | (1) |
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23.3 Appeal to the Crown Court---s. 108 MCA 1980 (Crim PR, Part 34) |
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451 | (1) |
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23.4 Appeal by way of case stated---s. III MCA 1980 and s. 28 Senior Courts Act 1981 (Crim PR, Part 35) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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23.6 Appeal from the Crown Court (Crim PR, Parts 36 and 39) |
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454 | (2) |
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23.7 Appeal against sentence from the Crown Court (Crim PR, Part 39) |
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456 | (1) |
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23.8 Appeal to the Supreme Court (Crim PR, Part 43) |
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457 | (1) |
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23.9 Attorney General's references (Crim PR, Part 41) |
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457 | (1) |
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23.10 Criminal cases review commission |
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457 | (1) |
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23.11 Does the prosecution enjoy a right to appeal? |
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458 | (3) |
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461 | (49) |
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24 Youth Justice---Introduction |
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463 | (12) |
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463 | (1) |
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24.2 The terminology of youth justice |
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464 | (1) |
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24.3 The youth justice organisations |
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465 | (1) |
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24.4 The statutory aims of the youth justice system |
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466 | (1) |
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24.5 Parental responsibility |
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467 | (1) |
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24.6 Police station detention and the young person |
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467 | (2) |
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24.7 Dealing with a young client---a defence perspective |
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469 | (1) |
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24.8 Preventing juvenile offending |
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470 | (2) |
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24.9 The decision to prosecute or to divert |
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472 | (1) |
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24.10 The procedure upon charge |
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473 | (1) |
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24.11 Funding the young person's right to legal representation |
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473 | (2) |
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25 Prosecuting Young Offenders |
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475 | (17) |
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475 | (1) |
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25.2 The young person's first court appearance |
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476 | (3) |
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25.3 Where will the young person be tried? |
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479 | (8) |
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25.4 Safeguarding the young person's right to a fair trial in the Crown Court |
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487 | (1) |
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25.5 Trial of a young person in the adult magistrates' court |
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487 | (1) |
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25.6 Proceedings in the youth court |
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488 | (4) |
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26 Sentencing Young Offenders |
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492 | (18) |
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493 | (2) |
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26.2 Sentencing procedure in the youth court |
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495 | (1) |
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26.3 Deferring sentence---s. 1 Sentencing Code 2020 |
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496 | (1) |
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26.4 Referral order---ss. 83--108 Sentencing Code and paras. 6.19--6.22 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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496 | (2) |
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26.5 Fine---ss. 118--132 Sentencing Code and paras. 6.17--6.18 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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498 | (1) |
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26.6 Conditional discharge---s. 80 Sentencing Code and para. 6.14 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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498 | (1) |
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26.7 Absolute discharge---s. 79 Sentencing Code and para. 6.13 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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498 | (1) |
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26.8 Reparation order---ss. 109--116 Sentencing Code and paras. 6.15--6.16 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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499 | (1) |
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26.9 Youth rehabilitation order (YRO)---ss. 173--199 Sentencing Code and paras. 6.23--6.41 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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499 | (4) |
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26.10 Detention and training order---ss. 233--248 Sentencing Code and paras. 6.50--6.53 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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503 | (1) |
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26.11 Endorsement or disqualification of the young offender's driving licence/record |
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504 | (1) |
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26.12 Compensation order---ss. 139--140 Sentencing Code |
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|
504 | (1) |
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26.13 Parenting orders---ss. 365--375 Sentencing Code and para. 3.3 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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505 | (1) |
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26.14 Parental bind over---ss. 376--378 Sentencing Code and para. 3.3 Sentencing Children and Young People---Overarching Principles---Definitive Guideline (2017) |
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|
505 | (1) |
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26.15 Criminal Behaviour Order (CBO) and an Anti-Social Behaviour Injunction (ASBI) |
|
|
505 | (1) |
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506 | (1) |
|
26.17 Sentencing the young offender in the adult magistrates' court |
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506 | (1) |
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26.18 Sentencing the young offender in the Crown Court |
|
|
506 | (1) |
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26.19 Sentencing a `dangerous' young offender |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
26.20 Crossing a significant age threshold between commission of an offence and sentence |
|
|
508 | (2) |
Appendix 1 Additional chapters |
|
510 | (1) |
Appendix 2 Extracts from R v Lenny Wise |
|
511 | (80) |
Appendix 3 Extracts from Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines |
|
591 | (32) |
Index |
|
623 | |