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Criminology 2nd New edition [Hardback]

4.12/5 (233 ratings by Goodreads)
(London School of Economics and Political Science, UK)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 1082 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 2291 g, 141 Line drawings, color; 302 Halftones, color; 91 Tables, color; 443 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jan-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415628938
  • ISBN-13: 9780415628938
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Formāts: Hardback, 1082 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 2291 g, 141 Line drawings, color; 302 Halftones, color; 91 Tables, color; 443 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jan-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415628938
  • ISBN-13: 9780415628938
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Tim Newburns bestselling Criminology provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction for students of the subject, providing the basis for all undergraduate degree courses or modules, and for new postgraduates, in Criminology.









This second edition includes:





















a complete update of the text, including more cross referencing and links to further reading, both in print and online;













a new chapter on Green Criminology;













coverage of all major areas of Criminology and Criminal Justice, as well as guidance on how to research, and dissertation/long essay writing;













a brand new website, which includes answers for all Review Questions in the text, interactive questions for self-study for students and assignable questions and customisable PowerPoints for instructors (http://www.routledge.com/cw/newburn) see inside cover for further details.









Extensively illustrated and fully updated, this authoritative text is written by a leading criminologist and experienced teacher. Criminology is essential reading for all students of Criminology and Criminal Justice.

Recenzijas

Criminology offers an authoritative introduction to classic and contemporary criminological themes and debates. It is clearly written, accessible and replete with good examples. This textbook will be an indispensable guide to students through the ins and outs of criminology.



Katya Franko Aas, University of Oslo, Norway









Since its publication in 2007, Criminology has firmly established itself as the definitive introduction to the subject. With this second edition, Tim Newburn has significantly updated the volume with new material (e.g. on `hate crime and `green criminology) and included analyses of the most noteworthy criminal(ized) events of the last five years. Lecturers value this book for its comprehensiveness and authority; students appreciate its relevance, accessibility and lively, unpatronizing tone. Criminology remains a remarkable achievement by one of the most respected scholars in the field.



Yvonne Jewkes, Professor of Criminology, University of Leicester, UK









As usual Newburn provides a great overview of the subject area which draws out the key debates. If students wanted to access one resource ... then I would recommend this. Newburns research is up to date and whilst he provides a good level of information he also directs readers to useful resources and further research so that students can widen the scope of their reading.



Bernie Heath, University of Portsmouth, UK

Part 1 Understanding crime and criminology
1(110)
1 Understanding crime and criminology
3(18)
What is criminology?
4(1)
An interdisciplinary subject
5(1)
Defining criminology
5(1)
Understanding crime
6(2)
Crime and the criminal law
8(1)
Crime as a social construct
8(1)
Historical variation
9(2)
Crime and politics
11(1)
End of the bipartisan consensus
11(1)
Managerialism
12(1)
Centralisation
13(1)
Penal populism
13(2)
Criminology in Britain
15(3)
Further reading
18(3)
2 Crime and punishment in history
21(28)
Introduction
22(1)
The emergence of a modern criminal
justice system
22(1)
Policing
23(2)
The `new police'
25(1)
Resistance and reform
26(3)
Into the twentieth century
29(1)
The victim and prosecution
30(1)
The formalisation of the prosecution process
30(2)
The courts
32(1)
The decline of the profit motive
33(2)
Punishment
35(1)
Capital punishment
35(2)
Transportation
37(1)
Imprisonment
38(2)
Probation
40(2)
Crime and violence in history
42(1)
Levels of crime
42(1)
Perceptions of crime
43(6)
Questions for further discussion
46(1)
Further reading
46(1)
Websites
46(3)
3 Crime data and crime trends
49(34)
Introduction
50(1)
Measuring crime
51(1)
Official statistics
51(1)
England and Wales: Criminal Statistics
52(1)
United States: Uniform Crime Reports
52(1)
Assessing official statistics
53(2)
The impact of legislation
55(1)
Understanding `attrition'
56(4)
Limitations of official statistics
60(1)
Victimisation surveys
61(1)
The Crime Survey for England and Wales
62(4)
Local crime surveys
66(2)
Other victimisation surveys
68(1)
Assessing victimisation surveys
68(1)
Comparing official statistics and victimisation surveys
68(2)
Crime trends
70(6)
Data on offenders
76(1)
Self-report studies
77(2)
Assessing the self-report method
79(4)
Questions for further discussion
80(1)
Further reading
80(1)
Websites
80(3)
4 Crime and the media
83(28)
Introduction
84(1)
Academic study of the media
85(1)
Media representations of crime
85(1)
Newsworthiness
85(1)
The crime content in the media
86(2)
Violent crime in the news
88(2)
Are the media criminogenic?
90(3)
Media effects
93(1)
Media and fear of crime
94(2)
Moral panics
96(1)
Mods and rockers
97(1)
Drug use and deviancy amplification
98(2)
Mugging
100(1)
Criticisms of moral panic theory
101(1)
Policing and the media
102(1)
The relationship between the police and the media
102(1)
The representation of policing
103(2)
Crime and the internet
105(3)
Policing cybercrime
108(1)
Representing terror
108(3)
Questions for further discussion
110(1)
Further reading
110(1)
Websites
110(1)
Part 2 Understanding crime: theories and concepts
111(238)
5 Classicism and positivism
113(18)
Introduction
114(1)
Classical criminology
114(2)
Beccaria
116(1)
Jeremy Bentham
117(1)
The impact of classicism
118(2)
Positivism and criminology
120(1)
Defining positivism
121(1)
Cesare Lombroso
122(3)
Ferri and Garofalo
125(1)
Charles Goring
126(1)
Somatyping
127(1)
The impact of positivism
128(3)
Questions for further discussion
129(1)
Further reading
129(1)
Websites
129(2)
6 Biological postitivism
131(16)
Introduction
132(1)
Genetic factors
132(1)
Eugenics and `feeble-mindedness'
133(2)
Twin studies
135(1)
Adoption
136(1)
Chromosomal anomalies
137(1)
Genetics and offending
138(1)
Biochemical factors
138(1)
Central nervous system
138(1)
ADHD and brain dysfunction
139(1)
Neurotransmitters
140(1)
Laterality
140(1)
Autonomic nervous system
141(1)
Hormones/testosterone
141(1)
Nutrition
142(1)
Assessing biological positivism
143(4)
Questions for further discussion
144(1)
Further reading
144(1)
Websites
144(3)
7 Psychological positivism
147(22)
Introduction
148(1)
Psychoanalysis and crime
149(1)
Bowlby and `maternal deprivation'
150(1)
Learning theories
151(1)
Differential association
151(1)
Operant learning
152(1)
Social learning theory
153(4)
Rational choice
157(1)
Routine activity theory
157(1)
Cognitive theories
158(1)
Yochelson and Samenow
158(1)
Piaget, Kohlberg, moral development and offending
159(2)
Eysenck's biosocial theory
161(2)
Intelligence and offending
163(2)
Assessing psychological positivism
165(4)
Questions for further discussion
166(1)
Further reading
166(1)
Websites
167(2)
8 Durkheim, anomie and strain
169(18)
Introduction
170(1)
Durkheim and criminology
170(1)
Durkheim and social change
171(1)
Durkheim, suicide and anomie
172(2)
Assessing Durkheim
174(1)
Merton and anomie
175(1)
Anomie and the `American dream'
176(2)
Assessing Merton's anomie theory
178(2)
Later strain theory
180(1)
Cloward and Ohlin
180(1)
General strain theory
180(2)
Messner and Rosenfeld
182(2)
Assessing strain theory
184(3)
Questions for further discussion
185(1)
Further reading
185(1)
Websites
185(2)
9 The Chicago School, subcultures and cultural criminology
187(28)
Introduction
188(1)
The Chicago School
188(2)
Social ecology
190(1)
Chicago School and crime
190(1)
The zonal hypothesis
191(1)
Shaw and McKay: cultural transmission
192(1)
Chicago Area Project
193(1)
Differential association
193(1)
Differential reinforcement
194(1)
Assessing the Chicago School
195(1)
Cultures and subcultures
196(1)
Albert Cohen
197(1)
Cloward and Ohlin
198(1)
David Matza
199(1)
Subcultural theory
199(1)
American subcultural theory
200(1)
British subcultural theory
201(4)
Assessing subcultural theory
205(2)
Cultural criminology
207(1)
Crime as culture
208(1)
Culture as crime
208(1)
Media dynamics of crime and control
209(1)
A critique of cultural criminology
209(6)
Questions for further discussion
211(1)
Further reading
211(1)
Websites
212(3)
10 Interactionism and labelling theory
215(18)
Introduction
216(3)
The emergence of labelling theory
219(1)
Primary and secondary deviance
219(1)
Becker's outsiders
220(1)
Moral entrepreneurship
220(1)
Becoming a marijuana user
221(2)
Stigma
223(1)
Self-fulfilling prophecy
224(1)
Deviancy amplification
224(1)
Folk Devils and Moral Panics
224(1)
Braithwaite and `shaming'
225(2)
Assessing labelling theory
227(6)
Questions for further discussion
230(1)
Further reading
230(1)
Websites
230(3)
11 Control theories
233(18)
Introduction
234(1)
Reckless's containment theory
235(1)
Inner containment
236(1)
Neutralisation and drift theory
236(1)
Drift
237(1)
Social bond theory
237(1)
Four elements of the social bond
238(1)
Testing social bond theory
239(2)
Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime
241(1)
Low self-control
241(2)
Assessing the general theory of crime
243(1)
Tittle's control-balance theory
244(1)
Relating control-balance to crime
245(2)
Assessing control theory
247(4)
Questions for further discussion
248(1)
Further reading
249(1)
Websites
249(2)
12 Radical and critical criminology
251(18)
Introduction
252(1)
Crime and the underdog
252(1)
Marx and Marxism
252(2)
Willem Bonger
254(1)
American radicalism
255(1)
Vold and criminalisation
256(1)
Austin Turk
256(1)
William Chambliss
257(1)
From conflict to peacemaking
258(3)
Radical criminology in Britain
261(1)
The New Criminology
261(2)
Contemporary radical criminology
263(1)
Zemiology
264(1)
Assessing radical criminology
264(1)
Teleology
264(1)
Determinism
265(1)
Idealism
265(4)
Questions for further discussion
266(1)
Further reading
266(1)
Websites
266(3)
13 Realist criminology
269(16)
Introduction
270(1)
Left realism
270(1)
The critique of `left idealism'
271(1)
The nature of left realism
272(1)
What is to be Done about Law
& Order?
273(1)
Left realism and method
273(1)
Assessing left realism
274(2)
Right realism
276(1)
Thinking About Crime
276(1)
Distinguishing left and right realism
277(1)
Wilson and Herrnstein
278(1)
Murray and the `underclass'
279(2)
Assessing right realism
281(4)
Questions for further discussion
282(1)
Further reading
282(1)
Websites
282(3)
14 Contemporary classicism
285(22)
Introduction
286(1)
Rational choice theory
287(1)
Clarke and Cornish
287(1)
Bounded rationality
288(1)
Crime scripts
289(2)
Routine activity theory
291(1)
Routine activity and crime trends
292(2)
Routine activity theory elaborated
294(2)
Situational crime prevention
296(1)
Defensible space and problem-oriented policing
296(2)
Problem-oriented policing
298(1)
Crime and opportunity
298(2)
Crime science
300(2)
Assessing contemporary classicism
302(5)
Questions for further discussion
303(1)
Further reading
304(1)
Websites
304(3)
15 Feminist criminology
307(20)
Introduction
308(1)
Early criminology and the female offender
308(1)
Lombroso and Ferrero
309(1)
W.I. Thomas and Otto Pollak
310(1)
Sociological criminology and the continued invisibility of women
311(2)
The development of modern feminist criminology
313(1)
Female emancipation and crime
313(1)
Carol Smart and feminist criminology
314(2)
Contemporary feminist criminology
316(1)
Understanding women's involvement in crime
317(2)
Women, prison and punishment
319(1)
The nature of women's imprisonment
319(2)
The criminalisation of women
321(1)
A feminist methodology?
321(1)
Feminist victimology
322(1)
Assessing feminist criminology
322(5)
Questions for further discussion
324(1)
Further reading
325(1)
Websites
325(2)
16 Late modernity, governmentality and risk
327(22)
The transition to late modernity
328(1)
Surveillance
328(1)
Changes in property relations
329(1)
A new regulatory state?
330(1)
Foucault and governmentality
331(1)
Discipline and Punish
332(1)
Governmentality theory
333(2)
The dispersal of discipline
335(1)
The discipline of Disney World
336(1)
Risk and the new culture of control
337(2)
Garland and The Culture of Control
339(2)
Risk, crime and criminal justice
341(2)
Assessing governmentality, the new penology and risk
343(1)
Governmentality
344(1)
The new penology
345(1)
Risk
345(4)
Questions for further discussion
346(1)
Further reading
346(1)
Websites
347(2)
Part 3 Understanding crime: types and trends
349(176)
17 Victims, victimisation and victimology
351(30)
Understanding victims and victimology
352(1)
The victim of crime
352(2)
The emergence of victimology
354(1)
Victim-precipitation
355(1)
Victim-blaming
356(1)
Approaches to victimology
356(1)
Positivist victimology
356(1)
Radical victimology
357(1)
Critical victimology
357(1)
The nature of victimisation
358(1)
The extent of victimisation
358(1)
Repeat victimisation
359(2)
Victimisation and the vulnerable
361(1)
Victimisation and the homeless
361(1)
Victimisation and the elderly
362(1)
The impact of victimisation
363(1)
Physical impact
364(1)
Behavioural impact
364(1)
Emotional and psychological impact
364(1)
Financial impact
365(1)
Fear of crime
365(3)
Victims policy
368(1)
Criminal injuries compensation
369(1)
Court-ordered compensation
369(1)
Feminism and `secondary victimisation'
370(2)
Child abuse
372(1)
Victim support
373(1)
Victims' rights?
374(1)
One stop shop and victim statements
375(1)
Rebalancing the criminal justice system?
376(5)
Questions for further discussion
378(1)
Further reading
378(1)
Websites
378(3)
18 White-collar and corporate crime
381(34)
Introduction
382(1)
Edwin Sutherland and white-collar crime
383(3)
Distinguishing between white-collar and corporate crime
386(1)
Exploring white-collar crime
387(1)
Theft at work
388(1)
Fraud
389(1)
Employment offences
390(1)
Consumer offences
391(1)
Food offences
392(1)
Environmental crime
392(1)
State-corporate crime
393(1)
Explaining white-collar and corporate crime
394(1)
Differential association
394(1)
Self-control
395(1)
Neutralisation
395(1)
Critical theory
395(2)
Shaming
397(1)
Understanding white-collar crime
397(1)
White-collar offenders
397(2)
Victims of white-collar crime
399(2)
The extent of white-collar crime
401(2)
The impact of white-collar crime
403(3)
Understanding impact: the qualitative dimension
406(1)
Controlling white-collar crime
407(3)
Regulating white-collar crime
410(1)
Self-regulation
411(4)
Questions for further discussion
412(1)
Further reading
413(1)
Websites
413(2)
19 Organised crime
415(30)
Defining organised crime
416(2)
Traditional forms of organised crime
418(1)
The Mafia
418(1)
Triads
419(1)
The Yakuza
419(1)
Organised crime in America
419(3)
The organisation of organised crime
422(1)
An alien conspiracy theory
423(1)
The ethnic succession thesis
423(1)
How organised was American organised crime?
424(3)
Organised crime in Britain
427(3)
Transnational organised crime
430(1)
Human trafficking and migrant smuggling
430(5)
Drugs trafficking
435(4)
Transnational crime control
439(1)
Transnational policing
439(1)
Europol
440(1)
Understanding organised crime
441(4)
Questions for further discussion
443(1)
Further reading
443(1)
Websites
443(2)
20 Violent and property crime
445(44)
Understanding violent crime
446(1)
Types of violent crime
447(1)
Homicide
447(1)
Trends in homicide
448(1)
Homicide offenders
449(2)
Victims of homicide
451(1)
Motive and relationship
452(1)
Use of weapons
452(1)
Homicide and social status
452(2)
Serial killers
454(2)
Robbery
456(1)
Armed robbery
456(3)
Street robbery
459(2)
Sexual offences
461(1)
Stalking
462(2)
Monitoring sex offenders
464(1)
Violent crime and weapons
465(2)
Trends in violent crime
467(1)
Contemporary trends
468(1)
Hate crime
469(1)
The emergence of `hate crime'
470(2)
Extent of hate crime and the criminal justice response
472(2)
What is the motivation behind hate crime?
474(1)
Why hate crime?
474(2)
Property crime
476(1)
Trends in property crime
476(1)
Burglary
477(1)
Trends in burglary
477(1)
Distraction burglary
478(1)
Burglars on burglary
479(1)
Crimes against retail and manufacturing premises
480(2)
Car crime
482(1)
Injuries and deaths on the road
482(1)
Measuring car crime
483(2)
Joyriding
485(1)
Thinking about violent and volume crime
486(3)
Questions for further discussion
486(1)
Further reading
487(1)
Websites
487(2)
21 Drugs and alcohol
489(36)
Introduction
490(1)
What are drugs?
491(1)
Changing official attitudes toward drugs
492(4)
Who uses drugs?
496(1)
Trends in drug use
497(1)
The normalisation debate
498(1)
Drugs and crime
499(1)
Drug use causes crime
500(1)
Crime causes drug use
501(1)
A common cause?
501(1)
A reciprocal relationship?
502(1)
No causal relationship?
502(1)
Drugs and criminal justice
502(1)
Coerced treatment and the Drug
Interventions Programme
503(2)
Drug testing
505(1)
Drugs and policing
506(4)
Alcohol
510(1)
Patterns of consumption
511(3)
Young people and alcohol
514(2)
Young people, alcohol and moral panic
516(1)
Binge drinking
517(1)
Alcohol, crime and criminal justice
517(1)
The legal situation
517(1)
Alcohol and crime
518(2)
Costs of alcohol misuse and alcohol-related crime
520(1)
Government alcohol policy
521(2)
Drugs, alcohol and crime
523(2)
Questions for further discussion
524(1)
Further reading
524(1)
Websites
524(1)
Part 4 Understanding criminal justice
525(268)
22 Penology and punishment
527(26)
What is punishment?
528(2)
Utilitarian or consequentialist approaches
530(1)
Deterrence
530(1)
General deterrence
530(1)
Individual deterrence
531(1)
Rehabilitation
532(1)
Incapacitation
533(3)
Retributivism
536(1)
Just deserts
537(2)
The sociology of punishment
539(1)
Emile Durkheim
540(1)
Max Weber
541(1)
Marxism
542(1)
Norbert Elias
543(1)
Michel Foucault
544(2)
The impact of Foucault
546(1)
Conclusion: an era of mass incarceration?
547(6)
Questions for further discussion
549(1)
Further reading
550(1)
Websites
550(3)
23 Understanding criminal justice
553(24)
Government and criminal justice
554(1)
Home Office
554(1)
Home Secretary
555(2)
Ministry of Justice
557(1)
Attorney General's Office
557(1)
The criminal justice system
557(1)
Major agencies, organisations and actors
558(1)
The police
558(1)
Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
558(1)
Probation
558(1)
Youth Offending Teams
558(1)
Prisons
559(1)
Criminal courts
559(1)
Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC)
559(1)
Community Safety Partnerships (CSPs)
560(1)
Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority (CICA)
560(1)
Forensic Science Service (FSS)
560(1)
Parole Board
560(1)
Volunteers in the criminal justice system
560(1)
Criminal justice in Scotland
561(1)
Is it really a system?
561(2)
The criminal justice process
563(3)
Fixed-penalty notices
566(1)
Expenditure and employment
566(1)
Management and oversight in criminal justice
566(1)
New public management
567(1)
Youth Justice Board
567(1)
Inspectorates
568(1)
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary for England, Wales and Northern Ireland (HMIC)
568(1)
Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI)
568(1)
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons for England and Wales (HMIP)
569(1)
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation for England and Wales (HMI Probation)
569(1)
Prisons and Probation Ombudsman
569(1)
Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC)
569(1)
Politics and criminal justice reform
570(1)
Understanding criminal justice
571(1)
Adversarial versus inquisitorial systems
571(2)
Due process versus crime control
573(4)
Questions for further discussion
575(1)
Further reading
575(1)
Websites
575(2)
24 Crime prevention and community safety
577(34)
Defining crime prevention
578(1)
Crime prevention as a policy issue
578(2)
`Five Towns' and `Safer Cities'
580(1)
Neighbourhood Watch
580(1)
From crime prevention to community safety
581(1)
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
582(2)
From community safety to crime reduction
584(2)
Reviewing the Crime and Disorder Act
586(1)
Anti-social behaviour
587(1)
Broken Windows
588(2)
The anti-social behaviour and respect agendas
590(2)
Crime prevention in practice
592(1)
Situational crime prevention
592(5)
Displacement
597(1)
Social and community crime prevention
598(1)
Criminality prevention
598(1)
Risk-focused prevention
598(1)
The Perry Pre-School Project
599(1)
Cognitive-behavioural interventions with young people
599(1)
Community approaches to prevention
600(1)
Operation Ceasefire
600(1)
Mentoring
601(3)
Analysis for crime prevention
604(1)
Hot spots
604(1)
Repeat victimisation
604(2)
Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project
606(5)
Questions for further discussion
608(1)
Further reading
608(1)
Websites
609(2)
25 Policing
611(40)
The organisation of policing
612(4)
Understanding policing
616(1)
What do the police do?
617(1)
Criminal investigation
618(1)
National Intelligence Model (NIM)
619(1)
Investigation and forensics
619(2)
Police powers
621(1)
Stop and search
621(1)
Arrest
622(1)
Detention at the police station
623(1)
Right to silence
624(1)
Models of policing
625(1)
Community policing
626(1)
Problem-oriented policing
626(1)
Intelligence-led policing
626(1)
A brief history of policing
627(1)
Emergence of the `new police'
627(1)
The Royal Commission on the Police
628(1)
Problems of legitimacy
629(2)
Centralisation
631(1)
Key themes in policing
632(1)
Police culture
632(2)
Zero-tolerance policing
634(2)
Police corruption
636(1)
The causes of police corruption
637(3)
Police governance
640(3)
Plural policing
643(3)
A revolution in policing?
646(5)
Questions for further discussion
647(1)
Further reading
648(1)
Websites
648(3)
26 Criminal courts and the court process
651(26)
Introduction
652(1)
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)
652(1)
Sufficient evidence
653(1)
The public interest
654(1)
Downgrading of charges
655(1)
Discontinuance
656(1)
Magistrates' courts
656(1)
The magistracy
657(1)
The Crown Court
658(1)
The judiciary
658(2)
Juries
660(1)
Pre-trial decisions
661(1)
Bail and remand
661(1)
Bail
662(1)
Remand
663(1)
Offending while on bail
664(1)
Mode of trial decision
665(2)
Defendants' rights
667(1)
Pleas and bargaining
667(1)
Charge bargaining
668(1)
Plea bargaining
668(2)
Evidence
670(1)
Disclosure
670(1)
Exclusion
670(1)
Appeals
671(1)
Miscarriages of justice
672(1)
Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC)
673(4)
Questions for further discussion
674(1)
Further reading
674(1)
Websites
674(3)
27 Sentencing and non-custodial penalties
677(28)
Introduction
678(1)
Types of sentence
678(1)
Discharges
679(1)
Fines and other financial penalties
679(1)
Community punishment
679(1)
The Community Rehabilitation Order
679(1)
The Community Punishment Orders
680(1)
The Community Order
680(1)
The suspended sentence of imprisonment
680(1)
Sentencing policy
681(1)
The Criminal Justice Act 1991
682(1)
Sentencing reform after the 1991 Act
683(1)
The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997
684(1)
Sentencing reform under New Labour
684(1)
The Auld Review of Criminal Courts
685(1)
The Halliday Report
686(1)
Justice for All
686(1)
Criminal Justice Act 2003
687(1)
Trends in non-custodial sentencing
687(4)
Probation
691(1)
Punishment in the community
692(2)
Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public
694(1)
New Labour and probation
695(1)
The probation service and `what works'
695(1)
A national probation service
696(1)
The Carter Review and the emergence of NOMS
697(1)
The Coalition and a `rehabilitation revolution'?
698(2)
Conclusion
700(5)
Questions for further discussion
701(1)
Further reading
701(1)
Websites
702(3)
28 Prisons and imprisonment
705(34)
The rise of the prison
706(1)
Imprisonment in Britain
707(1)
Prison security
708(3)
Strangeways and Woolf
711(1)
Trends in imprisonment
712(3)
Imprisonment and penal politics
715(1)
International trends
716(3)
Capital punishment
719(2)
The prison system
721(1)
Types of prison
722(1)
Private prisons
722(1)
Life on the inside
723(2)
Prisoners
725(2)
Incarceration and social exclusion
727(1)
Violence in prison
728(1)
Prison officers
729(2)
Release from prison
731(1)
Governance, accountability and human rights
732(1)
Independent inspection
732(1)
Grievance or complaints procedures
733(1)
Human rights and imprisonment
734(5)
Questions for further discussion
736(1)
Further reading
736(1)
Websites
736(3)
29 Youth crime and youth justice
739(28)
Youth crime
740(2)
Persistent young offenders
742(2)
Trends in youth crime
744(1)
Ethnic minority youth and crime
744(2)
Drug use and crime
746(2)
Victimisation
748(1)
Youth justice
749(1)
Childhood and punishment
749(1)
Emergence of a juvenile justice system
750(1)
The tide turns
751(1)
The punitive shift
752(2)
The rise of managerialism
754(1)
A new youth justice?
754(1)
Youth Offending Teams (YOTs)
755(1)
Non-custodial penalties
755(1)
Anti-social behaviour
755(3)
Referral orders
758(1)
Youth Offender Panels (YOPs)
758(1)
Contemporary youth justice
758(1)
Anti-social behaviour
759(1)
Criticisms of the anti-social behaviour agenda
759(1)
Young people and imprisonment
760(2)
Community alternatives
762(1)
Referral orders and restorative youth justice
763(1)
Young people, crime and justice
764(3)
Questions for further discussion
764(1)
Further reading
765(1)
Websites
765(2)
30 Restorative justice
767(26)
Introduction
768(1)
Conflicts as property
768(2)
Criminal justice and restorative justice
770(1)
Defining restorative justice
771(1)
The objectives of restorative justice
772(1)
Victim involvement
772(1)
Community involvement
773(1)
Offender reintegration
774(2)
Types of restorative justice
776(1)
Court-based restitutive and reparative measures
776(1)
Victim-offender mediation (VOM)
776(1)
Restorative conferencing
777(3)
Healing and sentencing circles
780(1)
Healing circles
780(1)
Sentencing circles
780(1)
Citizens' panels and community boards
780(2)
Assessing restorativeness
782(2)
The limits of restorative justice?
784(1)
Restorative justice and corporate crime
784(1)
Restorative justice and domestic violence
785(3)
Assessing restorative justice
788(5)
Questions for further discussion
792(1)
Further reading
792(1)
Websites
792(1)
Part 5 Critical issues in criminology
793(152)
31 Race, crime and criminal justice
795(34)
Introduction
796(1)
Sources of data
796(1)
Ethnicity and victimisation
797(1)
Victimisation and risk
797(1)
Fear of crime
798(1)
Racist hate crimes
798(4)
Racist offenders
802(1)
Community, conflict and cohesion
803(2)
Ethnicity and offending
805(1)
Self-reported offending
805(2)
Anti-social behaviour
807(1)
Drug use
807(2)
Experience of the criminal justice system
809(1)
Stop and search
810(1)
Racism and stop and search
811(1)
Ethnicity and policing
812(2)
From Scarman to Lawrence
814(2)
Cautioning, arrest and sentencing
816(2)
Ethnicity and imprisonment
818(1)
Treatment in custody
819(1)
Deaths in custody
819(2)
Views of the criminal justice system
821(1)
Minority representation in the criminal justice system
822(7)
Questions for further discussion
825(1)
Further reading
825(1)
Websites
826(3)
32 Gender, crime and justice
829(32)
Female and male offending
830(1)
Reasons for offending
831(3)
Women and the criminal justice process
834(1)
Cautioning, arrest and prosecution
834(1)
The use of custody
834(3)
Women in prison
837(1)
Mothers in prison
838(2)
Understanding women and criminal justice
840(1)
Women in the criminal justice system: the future
841(1)
Victimisation
842(1)
Fear of crime
842(1)
Violence against women
843(1)
Domestic violence
844(1)
The perpetrators
844(2)
Policing rape and domestic violence
846(1)
Policy changes
847(2)
Attrition
849(2)
Women's role in social control
851(1)
Women in the police
852(1)
Women in the probation and prison services (NOMS)
853(1)
Women and the legal professions
854(1)
Masculinity, men and victimisation
855(1)
Male victimisation
855(2)
Conclusion
857(4)
Questions for further discussion
857(1)
Further reading
857(1)
Websites
858(3)
33 Criminal and forensic psychology
861(36)
Psychology and criminology
862(2)
History of psychology and criminology
864(1)
Individual factors in crime
864(1)
Risk and protective factors
865(1)
Individual risk factors
865(1)
Family factors
866(1)
Socio-economic, peer, school and community factors
867(1)
Risk factors and crime prevention
867(1)
Developmental or life course criminology
868(1)
Sampson and Laub
869(1)
Moffitt's theory of offending types
869(1)
Mental disorder and crime
870(1)
The prevalence of mental disorders
871(1)
Mental disorder and offending
871(1)
Understanding mental disorder and crime
872(1)
Policing and psychology
873(1)
Offender profiling
874(3)
Assessing profiling
877(1)
Legal and ethical issues
878(1)
Crime analysis
878(2)
Investigative interviewing
880(1)
Confessions
881(2)
Lying and lie detection
883(1)
Statement validity analysis
884(2)
The courtroom and psychology
886(1)
Recall/eyewitness testimony
886(1)
Vulnerable witnesses
887(1)
Children as witnesses
888(1)
Juries
888(1)
Juries and evidence
889(1)
Juries and other influences
889(1)
Jury composition
889(1)
Decision-making
890(1)
Treatment of offenders and `What Works'
890(2)
Cognitive skills programmes
892(5)
Questions for further discussion
893(1)
Further reading
894(1)
Websites
894(3)
34 Green criminology
897(20)
Introduction
898(2)
Theoretical concerns
900(1)
Late modern capitalism and neo-liberalism
900(1)
Globalisation and risk
901(2)
Thinking about environmental harm
903(1)
Environmental harm
904(1)
Air pollution
904(1)
Deforestation
905(1)
Water pollution
906(1)
Resource depletion
906(2)
Animal abuse
908(1)
A green victimology?
908(1)
State, organised crime and the environment
909(1)
Regulation and control
910(7)
Questions for further discussion
914(1)
Further reading
914(1)
Websites
914(3)
35 Globalisation, terrorism and human rights
917(28)
Globalisation
918(1)
Globalisation and criminology
919(1)
Criminalising migration
919(2)
Terrorism
921(1)
What is terrorism?
922(1)
Terrorism in Britain
922(1)
The new international terrorism
923(1)
Special powers for special circumstances?
924(1)
Control orders and the PATRIOT Act
925(1)
Terrorism and the `new wars'
926(1)
Private military industry
926(1)
Privatised security in Iraq
927(2)
State crime
929(1)
Genocide
930(1)
Cambodia
930(1)
Rwanda
931(1)
Bosnia
931(1)
War as crime and war crimes
932(2)
Human rights
934(1)
Origins of human rights
934(1)
Human rights in the twentieth century
934(2)
Human rights in Britain
936(1)
The Human Rights Act 1998
937(2)
The impact of the Human Rights Act
939(2)
Criminology and human rights
941(1)
Dealing with human rights abuses
942(3)
Questions for further discussion
944(1)
Further reading
944(1)
Websites
944(1)
Part 6 Doing criminology
945
36 Understanding criminological research
947(26)
Introduction
948(1)
Research methods
948(1)
Surveys
949(2)
Questionnaire design
951(2)
Interviews
953(2)
Focus groups
955(2)
Ethnography
957(3)
Documentary analysis
960(1)
Case studies
960(1)
Sampling
961(1)
Random (or probability) sampling
961(1)
Stratified sampling
961(1)
Quota sampling
962(1)
Purposive sampling
962(1)
Convenience sampling
963(1)
Snowball sampling
963(1)
Statistics
963(1)
Descriptive statistics
964(1)
Numerical and categorical data
964(1)
Normal distribution
964(1)
Correlation
965(1)
Probability and significance
965(1)
Controversy: evaluation and experimentation
966(1)
Experimental methods
966(1)
Quasi-experimental methods
967(1)
Evaluation research
968(5)
Questions for further discussion
970(1)
Further reading
970(1)
Websites
971(2)
37 Doing criminological research
973
Introduction
974(1)
Choosing a topic
974(3)
Doing a literature review
977(2)
Selecting methods
979(1)
Theory and research
979(1)
Hypothetico-deductive theory
979(1)
Grounded theory
980(1)
Negotiating access
981(2)
Research governance/ethics
983(1)
Pilot research
984(1)
Writing
985(1)
Beginning to write
986(1)
Write clearly
986(1)
Decent prose
986(2)
Plagiarism
988(1)
Time management
989
Further reading
990
Tim Newburn is Professor of Criminology and Social Policy and Head of the Social Policy Department, London School of Economics. He is the author or editor of over 35 books, including:Permission and Regulation: Law and Morals in Post-war Britain(Routledge, 1991);The Future of Policing(with Rod Morgan, 1997);Private Security and Public Policing(with Trevor Jones, 1998);Policy Transfer and Criminal Justice(with Trevor Jones, 2007); Handbook of Policing(2008);and Key Readings in Criminology (2009). Tim Newburn is currently writing 'An Official History of Criminal Justice' (with David Downes and Paul Rock) and leads the LSEs involvement in their joint project with the Guardian newspaper, Reading the Riots.