Developing Spatial Data Infrastructures: From Concept to Reality [Hardback]

List of Figures		xv
List of Tables		xvii
Contributors		xix
Foreword		xxiii
Preface		xxv
Notes on Editors		xxix
Acknowledgments		xxxi
PART ONE Introduction and Background		1	(40)
SDIs -- Setting the Scene		3	(14)
Introduction		3	(1)
Building Spatial Data Infrastructures		4	(6)
Spatial Data in Developed and Developing Countries		5	(1)
SDIs and the ``Triple Bottom Line''		6	(1)
The Evolving SDI Concept		7	(1)
SDIs and Land Administration		7	(1)
SDIs and the Government, Private and Academic Sectors		8	(1)
SDIs and Users		9	(1)
Technology as an SDI Driver		9	(1)
Challenges Facing SDI Development		10	(4)
Developing an SDI Vision		10	(1)
Raising Community Awareness of Spatial Data		10	(1)
The Marine Dimension of SDIs		11	(1)
SDIs and Privacy		11	(1)
Strengthening Institutional Arrangements for SDI Development		12	(1)
Ensuring Capacity for SDI Development		13	(1)
SDI Research and Development		13	(1)
Conclusion		14	(1)
References		15	(2)
Spatial Data Infrastructures: Concept, Nature and SDI Hierarchy		17	(24)
Introduction		17	(1)
The Need for Spatial Data		17	(3)
Sharing Spatial Data		18	(1)
Spatial Data and Decision Support Systems		19	(1)
Spatial Data Infrastructure		20	(8)
SDI Nature and Characteristics		24	(1)
Partnerships		25	(1)
Different Views to Understanding and Development		25	(1)
The Importance of People		26	(1)
Dynamic Nature		27	(1)
Current SDI Initiatives (Global, Regional, National, State, Local)		27	(1)
SDI Hierarchy		28	(5)
The Theory of Hierarchy		29	(1)
Definition of Hierarchy		29	(1)
Purpose and Levels of a Hierarchical Structure		30	(1)
Hierarchical Reasoning		30	(1)
Principles of HSR		30	(1)
Properties of Hierarchies		31	(1)
Different Views on SDI Hierarchy		32	(1)
Applying Hierarchy Theory to SDI		33	(1)
Hierarchy Theory and an SDI Hierarchy		34	(1)
Relationships Among Different SDIs		34	(2)
Conclusion		36	(1)
References		37	(4)
PART TWO From Global SDI to Local SDI		41	(88)
Global Initiatives		43	(16)
Introduction		43	(1)
Global SDI-GSDI		43	(8)
GSDI Components and Organizational Model		45	(1)
The GSDI Steering Committee		45	(1)
The GSDI Association		46	(1)
GSDI Program and Business Plan		46	(1)
The SDI Implementation Guide (``Cookbook'')		47	(1)
GSDI for Decision Support		47	(1)
GSDI-Current Status of Development		48	(1)
The Global Level		48	(1)
The Regional Level		48	(1)
The National Level		49	(1)
Issues and Challenges		49	(1)
Future Plans and Discussion		50	(1)
Implementing the GSDI Association		50	(1)
Main Drivers in GSDI		51	(1)
Global Map		51	(5)
Components and Organizational Model		52	(1)
Institutional Arrangements		52	(1)
Technical Standards		53	(1)
Fundamental Data		53	(1)
SDI Current Status of Development		53	(2)
Issues and Challenges		55	(1)
Future Plans and Discussion		55	(1)
Evaluation of Global Initiatives		56	(1)
References		57	(2)
Regional SDIs		59	(20)
Introduction		59	(1)
European Umbrella Organization for Geographic Information (EUROGI)		59	(5)
Organizational Status		60	(3)
Issues and Challenges		63	(1)
Strengths		63	(1)
Weaknesses		63	(1)
Opportunities		64	(1)
Threats		64	(1)
Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP)		64	(6)
SDI Components and Organizational Model		65	(1)
Status of Development		66	(1)
Institutional Framework		66	(1)
Technical Standards		67	(1)
Fundamental Datasets		68	(1)
Access Network		69	(1)
Issues and Challenges		69	(1)
Future Plans and Discussions		70	(1)
Permanent Committee on SDI for the Americas (PCIDEA)		70	(4)
Organizational Status		72	(1)
Issues and Challenges		73	(1)
Comparative Evaluation		74	(2)
References		76	(3)
SDI Diffusion -- A Regional Case Study with Relevance to other Levels		79	(16)
Introduction		79	(1)
Asia and the Pacific Region and Regional SDI Activities: A Case Study		79	(3)
Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI Development		81	(1)
SDI Diffusion		82	(3)
Influencing Factors for Regional SDI Diffusion		85	(3)
Environmental Factors		86	(1)
Capacity Factors		87	(1)
SDI Organization Factors		88	(1)
SDI Development Models		88	(1)
New Strategies and Future Direction		89	(2)
Organizational Restructure		89	(1)
Redesign Future Strategy Based on Social System		90	(1)
Modify the SDI Conceptual Model		90	(1)
Adopting SDI Process-Based Model		91	(1)
Conclusion		91	(1)
References		92	(3)
National SDI Initiatives		95	(16)
Introduction		95	(1)
National SDI -- The Concept and Nature		95	(3)
Motivation for National SDI Development		96	(1)
Models for National SDI Development		97	(1)
Role and Relationships Within SDI Hierarchy		98	(2)
Generational Development of SDIs		100	(7)
First Generation of National SDI Initiatives		101	(1)
Second Generation of National SDI Initiatives		102	(3)
Comparative Analysis		105	(2)
Recommendations and Future Directions		107	(1)
References		108	(3)
State SDI Initiatives		111	(18)
Introduction		111	(1)
The Nature of Spatial Information at a State Level		112	(2)
State SDI -- Organizational Issues		114	(2)
The Operation of State SDI		116	(5)
Range of Datasets to Support State SDI		116	(1)
The Product		117	(1)
Access Policy		118	(1)
Value Adding Regime		119	(1)
Integration of State SDI Operations		119	(2)
Partnerships in State SDI		121	(3)
Types of Partnerships		121	(1)
Derivative Relationships -- Licensing, Royalties and Value Adding Resellers		122	(1)
An Evolving SDI Concept Based on Partnerships		123	(1)
Evaluation of State SDI Initiatives		124	(1)
Other Issues and Future Directions of State SDI		125	(1)
References		126	(3)
PART THREE Australian Case Study from National to Local		129	(52)
Development of the Australian Spatial Data Infrastructure		131	(16)
Introduction		131	(1)
ANZLIC -- The Spatial Information Council		132	(1)
ASDI Conceptual Model		133	(1)
ASDI Organizational Model		133	(6)
ANZLIC Organizational Model		135	(1)
Public Sector Mapping Agencies		135	(1)
Spatial Information Industry Action Agenda		136	(1)
Australian Spatial Information Business Association		137	(1)
Spatial Sciences Coalition		137	(1)
Australian Spatial Information Education and Research Association		138	(1)
Spatial Information Cooperative Research Centre		138	(1)
ASDI Implementation		139	(4)
Fundamental Datasets		139	(1)
Australian Spatial Data Directory (ASDD)		140	(2)
ASDI Clearinghouse Definition		142	(1)
Pricing Policy		142	(1)
Current Issues and Future Directions		143	(2)
References		145	(2)
State SDI Development: A Victorian Perspective		147	(18)
Introduction		147	(1)
State SDI in Victoria		147	(7)
Victorian Land Administration		147	(1)
Roles and Responsibilities for Developing Victorian SDI		148	(1)
State Spatial Information Policy		149	(1)
Victorian Spatial Information Strategy		150	(1)
Framework Data		151	(1)
Key Business Information		151	(1)
Custody		152	(1)
Metadata		152	(1)
Access Infrastructure		152	(1)
Pricing and Licensing		153	(1)
Spatial Accuracy		153	(1)
Awareness		154	(1)
Linkages to the National Spatial Information Sector		154	(2)
Growing the Private Sector		155	(1)
Participation in Standards Development		155	(1)
Jurisdictional Linkages		156	(1)
Key State SDI Initiatives		156	(4)
Victorian Online Title System (VOTS)		156	(1)
Vicmap		157	(1)
Property Information Project (PIP)		157	(1)
Online Service Delivery -- Land Channel		158	(1)
GPSnet		159	(1)
Victoria's SDI: Next Steps		160	(2)
Land Exchange		160	(2)
Conclusion		162	(1)
References		163	(2)
SDI Development: Roles of Local and Corporate SDIs		165	(16)
Introduction		165	(2)
The Concept of SDI		165	(2)
Local SDI Development at Geelong		167	(6)
History of Geelong SDI Development		167	(2)
Current Geelong SDI (Components and Organization Model)		169	(3)
Linkages of Greater Geelong SDI Through Corporate SDI		172	(1)
Corporate SDI in Multi-Level SDI Development -- The Case of DNRE		173	(3)
Catchment and Water		173	(1)
Parks Flora and Fauna		174	(1)
Department Wide Effort		175	(1)
Some Patterns of SDI Development		176	(2)
Some Good Practices		177	(1)
Two Scales of SDI Development		177	(1)
Conclusions		178	(1)
References		179	(2)
PART FOUR Supporting Economic, Environmental and Social Objectives		181	(66)
Sustainable Development, the Place for SDIs, and the Potential of E-Governance		183	(12)
Introduction		183	(1)
Sustainable Development		183	(3)
Information		185	(1)
Good Governance		185	(1)
SDIs for Sustainable Development		186	(5)
Policies		187	(1)
Access		188	(1)
Standards		188	(1)
The Role of Partnerships		188	(1)
Data		189	(1)
SDI Design and Equity		190	(1)
The Potential of E-Governance		191	(1)
Conclusion		192	(1)
References		193	(2)
SDIs and Decision Support		195	(16)
Introduction		195	(1)
Decision Support for Sustainable Development		195	(2)
The Role of SDIs		196	(1)
The Challenges for SDIs		196	(1)
Spatial Decision Support and SDIs		197	(2)
Supporting the Decision Environment		199	(7)
The Data Environment		199	(1)
Availability		200	(1)
Accessibility		200	(1)
Applicability		201	(1)
The Technological Environment		202	(2)
The People Environment		204	(2)
The Developing Decision Support Status of SDIs		206	(2)
Decision Support in the Future of SDIs		208	(1)
References		208	(3)
Financing SDI Development: Examining Alternative Funding Models		211	(24)
Introduction		211	(1)
The Economic Issues of SDI Implementation		212	(1)
The Concept of SDI Funding Models		213	(3)
Funding Models of the First Generation of SDIs		215	(1)
Alternative Funding Models		216	(9)
Infrastructure Classification		217	(1)
Natural Monopoly		218	(1)
Funding Models for SDIs Classified as Classic Infrastructures/Natural Monopolies		219	(2)
Funding Models for SDIs Classified as Network Infrastructures		221	(3)
Government's Function in this Category		224	(1)
Customizing the Alternative Funding Models for Emerging Nations		225	(2)
Discussion		227	(2)
Future Directions		228	(1)
Conclusion		229	(1)
References		230	(5)
Developing Evaluation and Performance Indicators for SDIs		235	(12)
Introduction		235	(1)
Land Administration Systems and the Role of SDIs		236	(1)
Evaluation and a Framework for Evaluation		237	(4)
Evaluation of SDIs		241	(3)
Policy Level		241	(1)
Management Level		242	(1)
Operational Level		242	(1)
Influencing Factors		242	(1)
Assessment of Performance		243	(1)
Conclusions		244	(1)
References		245	(2)
PART FIVE Technical Dimension		247	(52)
Administrative Boundary Design in Support of SDI Objectives		249	(14)
Introduction		249	(1)
A Definition of the Spatial-Hierarchy Problem		250	(4)
The First Solution: Surface Modelling		251	(1)
The Second Solution: Data Interpolation		251	(1)
The Third Solution: Derived Boundaries		252	(1)
The Fourth Solution: Re-Aggregation		252	(2)
Administrative Boundaries Within SDI		254	(5)
Access		254	(1)
People		254	(1)
Data		255	(1)
Confidentiality		255	(1)
The Modifiable-Area-Unit Problem (MAUP)		255	(1)
Technical Standards		256	(1)
Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning (HSR) Applied to Administrative Boundaries		256	(1)
The Structure of Administrative Boundaries		257	(1)
Policy		258	(1)
Summary		258	(1)
Conclusion		259	(1)
References		260	(3)
SDI and Location Based Wireless Applications		263	(18)
Introduction		263	(1)
SDI as a Foundation for Location Based Services		263	(2)
Augmenting the SDI Model		265	(6)
Access Network		266	(1)
Policies		267	(1)
Standards		268	(1)
Data		269	(1)
People		270	(1)
Framework to Facilitate Wireless Applications		271	(1)
SDI Requirements		271	(1)
User Environment		272	(1)
Case Study -- Public Transport Application		272	(4)
Use Case Scenarios		273	(3)
Discussion, Recommendations and Future Directions		276	(1)
References		277	(4)
Positional Frameworks for SDI		281	(18)
Introduction		281	(1)
SDI and Positional Accuracy		281	(2)
Opening the Lid on Geodesy		283	(4)
Reference Systems, Reference Frames and Geodetic Datums		283	(1)
Dynamic Datums		284	(1)
Height Datums		285	(1)
Coordinate Systems		285	(1)
Error		285	(1)
Positional Accuracy		286	(1)
Precision		287	(1)
Spatial Data Referencing		287	(2)
Adopting a Reference Frame to Support SDI		287	(1)
Global Reference Frames as a Basis for SDI		288	(1)
Transforming Between Different Reference Systems		289	(1)
Measuring and Recording Positional Accuracy		290	(2)
Case Studies		292	(4)
Case Study 1: The Geocentric Datum of Australia		292	(2)
Case Study 2: PCGIAP		294	(2)
Conclusions		296	(1)
References		297	(2)
PART SIX Future Directions		299	(14)
Future Directions for SDI Development		301	(12)
Introduction		301	(1)
Covering the SDI Landscape		301	(4)
SDI Development Issues		305	(4)
Access Networks		305	(1)
People		306	(1)
Data and Standards		306	(1)
Policies		307	(1)
External Developments		308	(1)
Relationships Between SDI Hierarchy, Issues and Different Models of SDI Development		309	(1)
Conclusion		310	(1)
References		311	(2)
Index		313

Professor Ian P. Williamson, is the Professor of Surveying and Land Information, Head, Department of Geomatics, and Director, Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) and Land Administration, at The University of Melbourne. His teaching and research is in the areas of cadastral, land and geographic information systems, land administration and SDI and he advises state and federal government, UN agencies and The World Bank in these areas.  He was Chairperson of Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) of the International Federation of Surveyors 1994-98, and is the current Director for United Nations Liaison for the FIG.  He is also Chairperson of Working Group 3 (Cadastre) of the United Nations-sponsored Permanent Committee on Geographic Information Systems Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific 2001-2004.

Dr Abbas Rajabifard, is Deputy Director of Centre for SDI and Land Administration, and a Research Fellow in the Department of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne. He holds PhD (Melb), MSc (ITC), Postgrad-Dipl (ITC), and BSurv (Tehran). He worked for the National Cartographic Centre (NCC), Iran (1990-98), where he was Head of the GIS Department, managing the National Topographic Database and National GIS in Iran. From 1994-1999 he has been an Executive Board member and National representative to the Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP). Since then he has been an active member of WG2 and is now Research coordinator in PCGIAP-Working Group 3. He has also been a member of the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping 1997-2001.

Ms Mary-Ellen F. Feeney, is completing her PhD at the Centre for SDI and Land Administration, The University of Melbourne. She is involved in lecturing, tutoring and course development in a number of subjects and has research interests in the development of SDI to support decision making at local through national levels. She is a member of the Global SDI and Decision Support System (DSS) Working Group. She holds BSc App.Geog.(Hons) (NSW), completing her research with the Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation (CSIRO) and University of NSW in 1997. She has held positions as CSIRO Research Assistant (1996-1997), Australian Hydrographic Service Cartographer (1998) and Technical Development Officer (1998-1999), and has been involved in the development of the Australian Digital Hydrographic Database, GIS infrastructure and capacity building for the Department of Defence.