|
1 What Should I Know About Drugs? |
|
|
1 | (36) |
|
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
Drugs Are Useful; Poisons Are Harmful |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
An Overview of Different Dosage Forms |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
What Is a Placebo Effect? |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Do Drugs Work the Same for Everyone? |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
|
6 | (7) |
|
Are Drug Names Just Medical Jargon? |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Problems Associated with Use of Brand-Names |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
The Difference Between a Brand-Name Drug and a Generic Drug |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Problems Associated with Use of Generics |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Problems Associated with Traditional Drug Class Names |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
1.3 How Do Drugs Get to Market? |
|
|
13 | (7) |
|
How Did Drug Development Work in the Past? |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Caution When Buying Drugs Abroad |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
How Does Drug Development Work? |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
Real-World Testing of Drugs |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Getting Information on Drugs |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
1.4 How Do Drugs Work in Your Body? |
|
|
20 | (6) |
|
What Is the Basis of Drug Effects? |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Receptors as Target No. 1 |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
The Cell Nucleus as Target No. 5 |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Is It Good or Bad if a Drug Has Only One Target? |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Is It Good or Bad if a Drug Has Many Targets? |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
How Do Adverse Drug Reactions Occur? |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
1.5 How Do Drugs Travel Through the Body? |
|
|
26 | (11) |
|
The Path of a Drug Through the Body |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Other Forms of Drug Administration |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Risks of Taking Many Drugs (Polypharmacy) |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
Interaction of Foods with Drugs |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
Reduce Drug Doses in Kidney Failure |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Treating Infants and Young Children |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
2 Painkillers (Analgesics) |
|
|
37 | (22) |
|
2.1 Overview and Nonopioid Analgesics |
|
|
37 | (11) |
|
How Pain Arises and How It Is Assessed |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
|
38 | (5) |
|
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Risks for the Stomach, Blood Pressure, and Kidney |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Use of Acetylsalicylic Acid for Pain Is Outdated |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
Paracetamol: Toxic for the Liver |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
Metamizole: Effective but Not Available Everywhere |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
|
|
48 | (11) |
|
How Do Opioid Analgesics Work? |
|
|
48 | (4) |
|
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Many Effects of Opioid Analgesics |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
Addiction to Opioid Analgesics |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Tramadol: Popular and Overrated |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Buprenorphine: Less Effective Than Morphine |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Morphine: The Gold Standard |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Fentanyl: Versatile but Risky |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
3 Drugs for Gastrointestinal Disorders |
|
|
59 | (22) |
|
3.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
|
|
59 | (9) |
|
How Does Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Develop? |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Proton Pumps in the Stomach Are the Most Important |
|
|
|
Target for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
What Are the Causes of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease? |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
What Options Do You Have for Self-Treatment? |
|
|
62 | (3) |
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Self-Medication with Proton Pump Inhibitors |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
How Your Doctor Treats Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
What Are the Risks of Taking a Proton Pump Inhibitor for Many Years? |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
When Is Metoclopramide Used? |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
|
68 | (5) |
|
How Does Peptic Ulcer Disease Develop, and How Is It Treated? |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
How Does Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Treatment Cause Peptic Ulcer Disease? |
|
|
70 | (2) |
|
What to Do if You Take Cortisone, Acetylsalicylic Acid, or Clopidogrel |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
3.3 Constipation and Diarrhea |
|
|
73 | (8) |
|
How Does Constipation Occur? |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Why You Should Not Take Laxatives Regularly |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
Which Drugs Can Cause Constipation? |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Which Laxative Should You Take? |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
4 Drugs for Respiratory Diseases |
|
|
81 | (20) |
|
|
|
82 | (13) |
|
How Do Allergies and Asthma Develop? |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
From Harmless to Life Threatening |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
|
84 | (5) |
|
Drugs for Wheals, Conjunctivitis, and Rhinitis |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Short-Acting and Long-Acting Beta Receptor Agonists |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Anaphylactic Shock |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
4.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
|
95 | (6) |
|
How Does Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Develop? |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
Short-Acting Beta Agonists and Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Long-Acting Beta Agonists and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Oxygen and Lung Transplantation |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
5 Drugs for Cardiovascular Diseases |
|
|
101 | (28) |
|
|
|
102 | (9) |
|
What Is High Blood Pressure? |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
How Do I Know I Have High Blood Pressure? |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
What Are the Consequences of Untreated High Blood Pressure? |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
What Are the Risk Factors for Developing High Blood Pressure? |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Which Drugs Are Used for High Blood Pressure? |
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
How Is High Blood Pressure Treated During Pregnancy? |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
5.2 Heart Attacks and Strokes |
|
|
111 | (11) |
|
How Do Heart Attacks and Strokes Occur? |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
How Are Heart Attacks and Strokes Treated? |
|
|
113 | (4) |
|
Primary and Secondary Prevention |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
When Statins Aren't Enough |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Alternatives to Vitamin K Antagonists |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
5.3 Chronic Heart Failure |
|
|
122 | (7) |
|
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Eliminate Causes and Exercise as Best You Can |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
6 Drags for Metabolic Disorders |
|
|
129 | (26) |
|
|
|
130 | (10) |
|
How Does Diabetes Develop? |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
132 | (3) |
|
Which Adverse Drug Reaction Can Occur with Insulin Treatment? |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
What Do I Need to Consider When Dosing Insulin? |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
How Is Type 2 Diabetes Treated? |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Metformin, the Gold Standard |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Gliptins and Incretin Mimetics |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (8) |
|
What Is the Task of the Thyroid Gland? |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
How Do I Know I Have Hyperthyroidism? |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
How Is Hyperthyroidism Treated? |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
How Do I Know I Have Hypothyroidism? |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
How Is Hypothyroidism Treated? |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Misuse of Thyroid Hormones |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
Stay Away from "Natural" Thyroid Hormones |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
|
148 | (7) |
|
How Does Osteoporosis Develop? |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
Diseases and Drugs That Can Lead to Osteoporosis |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
What Is the Basic Treatment for Osteoporosis? |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
|
155 | (14) |
|
7.1 Hormone Replacement Therapy |
|
|
155 | (6) |
|
The Female Sex Hormones Estrogen and Progesterone |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
What Happens to Hormones During Menopause? |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
How to Treat Menopausal Symptoms |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Consider Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, Statins, and Antihypertensives |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
|
161 | (8) |
|
What Makes a Penis Erect? |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
How Does Erectile Dysfunction Occur? |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction with Sildenafil |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
Sexual Activity in Patients with Angina Pectoris |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Caution with Methylphenidate and Antipsychotics |
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
8 Drugs for Neurological Disorders |
|
|
169 | (16) |
|
|
|
169 | (6) |
|
Parkinson's Disease, a Neurodegenerative Disorder |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
How Does Parkinson's Disease Develop? |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
Parkinson's Syndrome Caused by Antipsychotics |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
How Is Parkinson's Disease Treated? |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Risks of Too Much Dopamine |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Options When Levodopa Fails |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of Acetylcholine |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
|
175 | (10) |
|
How Do Epilepsies Develop, and How Are They Treated? |
|
|
176 | (4) |
|
Mechanisms of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Rules for Treatment with Antiepileptic Drugs |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Use of Antiepileptic Drugs in Other Neurological and |
|
|
|
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Phenytoin, and Valproic Acid |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
9 Drugs for Mental Disorders |
|
|
185 | (32) |
|
9.1 Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder |
|
|
185 | (5) |
|
How Does Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Develop? |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
How Can Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Be Treated? |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
|
190 | (11) |
|
How Do I Know If I or Someone Else Is Suffering from Depression? |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
How Does Depression Develop? |
|
|
191 | (4) |
|
Who Diagnoses and Treats Depression? |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
How Is Depression Treated? |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Antidepressants Have Many Uses |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Are Antidepressants Ineffective? |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Do Antidepressants Cause Addiction? |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
How to Choose an Antidepressant |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
How to Start Treatment for Depression |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
How Is Depression Treated When Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Do Not Work? |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
What Can Be Done If This Therapy Doesn't Help Either? |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
What to Do If Nonselective Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors Do Not Help |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Avoid Chocolate, Cheese, and Red Wine if You Take Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Other Drugs for Severe Depression |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Ten Reasons for Taking an Antidepressant for Depression |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Herbal Remedies for Depression |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
201 | (5) |
|
How Does Bipolar Disorder Develop? |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Why Patients Should Take Lithium for Bipolar Disorder |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Lithium |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Caution with Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and a Low-Sodium Diet |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder with Antiepileptic Drugs |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
|
206 | (11) |
|
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Crystal Meth and Cannabis as Triggers of Schizophrenia |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Ten Reasons for Taking Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Antipsychotics for Emergency and Long-Term Therapy |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
"Antagonists at Many Receptors" Explains Therapeutic Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Problems in Use of Antipsychotics |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Other Uses of Antipsychotics |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Avoid Antipsychotics in Dementia |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
10 Drugs for Eye Diseases |
|
|
217 | (12) |
|
|
|
217 | (7) |
|
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
How Does Glaucoma Develop? |
|
|
218 | (3) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Alternatives to Prostaglandins |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Which Drugs Can Worsen Glaucoma? |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
What to Do in Acute Glaucoma |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
10.2 Wet Macular Degeneration |
|
|
224 | (5) |
|
What Is Macular Degeneration? |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
How Does Wet Macular Degeneration Develop? |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
How Is Wet Macular Degeneration Treated? |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Bevacizumab as an Alternative to Aflibercept and Bevacizumab |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
11 Drugs for Cancer and for Autoimmune and Infectious Diseases |
|
|
229 | (24) |
|
|
|
229 | (7) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Adverse Drug Reactions due to Cytostatics |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Cytostatics and Childbearing |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (7) |
|
What Are Autoimmune Diseases? |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Any Organ Can Be Affected |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
T Cells as a Focus of Therapy |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
"Cortisone" and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases with Cortisone |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Risks Associated with Low-Dose Methotrexate |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases with Inhibitors of T Cell Function |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Specific (and Expensive) Approaches |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (10) |
|
How Do Infectious Diseases Develop? |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
No Therapy Without a Proper Diagnosis |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics: A Misleading Term |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Antibiotic Treatment and Adverse Drug Reactions |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
How Are Viral Infectious Diseases Treated? |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
| Glossary of Important Pharmacological Terms |
|
253 | (14) |
| Further Reading |
|
267 | |
