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xi | |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xiv | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xvi | |
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xviii | |
| Introduction |
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1 | (9) |
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1 From umpire to referee: the early development of officiating in Association football |
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10 | (18) |
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10 | (2) |
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Initial development of rule-making and the need for an arbitrator |
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12 | (2) |
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Football, rules and the public-school influence |
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14 | (1) |
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The use of umpires outside the public schools |
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15 | (2) |
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`Umpires' and `referees' in the development of Association football |
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17 | (2) |
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The formation of the Football League |
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19 | (1) |
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Emergence of the referee and the transformation of power |
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19 | (1) |
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Violence, game management and support for referees |
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20 | (3) |
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The FA Referees' Committee and the Referees' Union (Association) reformed |
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23 | (5) |
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2 Beyond amateurism: the emergence of refereeing as a profession |
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28 | (19) |
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The introduction of referee classifications |
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28 | (4) |
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Amateur and professional class-based struggles |
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32 | (6) |
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The `professional' referee and the growth of Association football |
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38 | (3) |
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Referees as an occupational grouping: divisions and difficulties |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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FIFA, refereeing and the English representatives |
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43 | (4) |
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3 Governing the referee: training, assessment and organisation |
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47 | (25) |
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Advising the referees -- guidance from governing bodies |
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47 | (2) |
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The FA memorandum, 1935 -- for the guidance of referees and linesmen |
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49 | (3) |
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The National Referees Conference 1945 -- a concerted focus on referee training, examination and promotion |
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52 | (2) |
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Referee training, assessment and promotion, 1945--1950 |
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54 | (2) |
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Referee grading, assessment and appointments, 1950--1960 |
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56 | (4) |
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Assessors, training courses and referee fitness |
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60 | (2) |
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The relationship between the FA and the RA |
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62 | (2) |
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Further training, promotion and assessment, 1960--1980 |
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64 | (2) |
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Administration of training and referee fitness from the 1970s |
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66 | (6) |
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4 Twenty-first-century refereeing: structures, management and the preparation of officials |
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72 | (35) |
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Refereeing in England in 2017 -- development pathways |
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72 | (3) |
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The National Referee Development Programme |
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75 | (1) |
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The `fast track' programme |
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76 | (2) |
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Managing the `fast track' programme |
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78 | (2) |
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Elite structure of refereeing in England |
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80 | (1) |
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`Professional' or `full-time' referees |
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81 | (4) |
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Physical training and fitness |
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85 | (4) |
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Current referees: a physical comparison with players |
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89 | (3) |
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Improvement in fitness levels -- an English example |
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92 | (1) |
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Managing elite referees in England |
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93 | (3) |
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Refereeing structures in Italy |
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96 | (1) |
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Pathways and promotion in the Italian system |
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97 | (3) |
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Refereeing structures in Spain |
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100 | (2) |
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Pathways and promotion in the Spanish system |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (3) |
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5 Refereeing in England, Spain and Italy: cross-cultural comparisons |
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107 | (22) |
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Physical training and testing in England |
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107 | (1) |
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Physical training and testing in Spain and Italy |
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108 | (4) |
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Technical training in England |
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112 | (2) |
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Technical training in Spain and Italy |
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114 | (2) |
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Psychological training in England, Spain and Italy |
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116 | (3) |
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Match preparation and referees' approaches in England |
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119 | (3) |
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Match preparation and referees' approaches in Spain |
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122 | (1) |
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Match preparation and referees' approaches in Italy |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (3) |
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6 UEFA and FIFA on the uniformity of refereeing standards |
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129 | (17) |
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The history of standardisation in England |
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129 | (1) |
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Standardisation and refereeing `abroad' |
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130 | (1) |
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UEFA and FIFA and the drive for `top-down' standardisation of refereeing in football |
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131 | (4) |
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The implementation of `top-down' standardisation in domestic leagues |
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135 | (4) |
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Standardisation within European and international tournaments |
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139 | (1) |
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Differences between leagues and European/international tournaments |
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140 | (2) |
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Continuing anomalies: difficulties with standardisation |
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142 | (4) |
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7 `In the spotlight': media reporting and its consequences |
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146 | (20) |
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Introduction and growth of the sports/media relationship |
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146 | (2) |
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Television and the increased finances in football |
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148 | (1) |
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W. P. Harper -- the impact of the media on a referee |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Moral panic, folk devils and referees |
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153 | (2) |
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The increased scrutiny of referees' decision-making |
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155 | (1) |
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Pressure created by the media |
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156 | (2) |
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Are the English media negative? |
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158 | (2) |
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Italian referees and the media relationship |
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160 | (1) |
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Spanish referees and the media relationship |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (4) |
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8 Referees' performance: practices and problems |
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166 | (23) |
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Culture and cultural comparisons |
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166 | (4) |
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Differences between leagues |
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170 | (4) |
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`It's easier to referee in Europe': domestic and European differences |
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174 | (3) |
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Players, `cheating' - the struggle with simulation: an international issue? |
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177 | (1) |
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Referees' errors and dealing with errors |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (4) |
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Spanish and Italian assessment reports |
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185 | (4) |
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9 Raising standards and reducing differences: policy issues |
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189 | (24) |
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The `fast track' programme and the opposition |
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189 | (2) |
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Differences in the structure and organisation of referee training and support networks |
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191 | (3) |
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Physical training and standardisation |
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194 | (1) |
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Training and support networks: preparation and performance |
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195 | (2) |
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Technical training: dealing with errors and changing performance |
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197 | (2) |
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Relationships with UEFA and FIFA: a lack of engagement? |
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199 | (2) |
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Pre-match preparation becoming pre-match judgement |
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201 | (2) |
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Referees under pressure: dealing with media attention |
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203 | (3) |
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Problems with player behaviour |
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206 | (2) |
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Referees' assessment: a comparative summation |
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208 | (5) |
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10 Future directions for elite refereeing |
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213 | (23) |
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The introduction and further use of technology in football - implications for referees |
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213 | (11) |
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224 | (2) |
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Recommendations, actions and outcomes |
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226 | (7) |
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233 | (3) |
| Index |
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236 | |
