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E-grāmata: Elite Soccer Referees: Officiating in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A

(University of Portsmouth, UK)
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Soccer is undeniably the most popular sport in the world. While we know much about its high profile players and their increasing wealth and global influence, we know little about referees and the ways in which refereeing has changed throughout the history of the sport.

This book provides an in-depth exploration of the evolution of the match official. It presents a comparative analysis of elite Association Football referees in England, Spain and Italy as well as offering insights into the involvement of UEFA and FIFA in referee training. Drawing on archive material, the book documents the historical development of refereeing and sheds new light on the practice of elite refereeing in the present day. Including exclusive interviews with elite and ex-elite referees, as well as professional soccer managers and members of the broadcast media, it considers the current role of match officials as well as the challenges and controversies they encounter.

Elite Soccer Referees: Officiating in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A is fascinating reading for all students and scholars with an interest in soccer, sport history, sport policy, sport management and the sociology of sport.

Recenzijas

"Always central to the development of football, referees have not been well served in scholarly treatments of the game. This book puts that right by offering an important and timely assessment of the training, management and assessment of referees at the highest levels of elite soccer in Europe. Its cross-cultural focus delivers fresh insights. Based on sound scholarship and an understanding of the range of problems facing twenty-first century refereeing, this is a thorough and up-to-date analysis. It will interest anyone studying sport as well as football fans more generally." - Matthew Taylor, Professor of History, International Centre for Sports History and Culture, De Montfort University, UK

List of figures
xi
List of tables
xiii
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xvi
List of abbreviations
xviii
Introduction 1(9)
1 From umpire to referee: the early development of officiating in Association football
10(18)
Early forms of football
10(2)
Initial development of rule-making and the need for an arbitrator
12(2)
Football, rules and the public-school influence
14(1)
The use of umpires outside the public schools
15(2)
`Umpires' and `referees' in the development of Association football
17(2)
The formation of the Football League
19(1)
Emergence of the referee and the transformation of power
19(1)
Violence, game management and support for referees
20(3)
The FA Referees' Committee and the Referees' Union (Association) reformed
23(5)
2 Beyond amateurism: the emergence of refereeing as a profession
28(19)
The introduction of referee classifications
28(4)
Amateur and professional class-based struggles
32(6)
The `professional' referee and the growth of Association football
38(3)
Referees as an occupational grouping: divisions and difficulties
41(1)
Payment for referees
42(1)
FIFA, refereeing and the English representatives
43(4)
3 Governing the referee: training, assessment and organisation
47(25)
Advising the referees -- guidance from governing bodies
47(2)
The FA memorandum, 1935 -- for the guidance of referees and linesmen
49(3)
The National Referees Conference 1945 -- a concerted focus on referee training, examination and promotion
52(2)
Referee training, assessment and promotion, 1945--1950
54(2)
Referee grading, assessment and appointments, 1950--1960
56(4)
Assessors, training courses and referee fitness
60(2)
The relationship between the FA and the RA
62(2)
Further training, promotion and assessment, 1960--1980
64(2)
Administration of training and referee fitness from the 1970s
66(6)
4 Twenty-first-century refereeing: structures, management and the preparation of officials
72(35)
Refereeing in England in 2017 -- development pathways
72(3)
The National Referee Development Programme
75(1)
The `fast track' programme
76(2)
Managing the `fast track' programme
78(2)
Elite structure of refereeing in England
80(1)
`Professional' or `full-time' referees
81(4)
Physical training and fitness
85(4)
Current referees: a physical comparison with players
89(3)
Improvement in fitness levels -- an English example
92(1)
Managing elite referees in England
93(3)
Refereeing structures in Italy
96(1)
Pathways and promotion in the Italian system
97(3)
Refereeing structures in Spain
100(2)
Pathways and promotion in the Spanish system
102(2)
Promotion of referees
104(3)
5 Refereeing in England, Spain and Italy: cross-cultural comparisons
107(22)
Physical training and testing in England
107(1)
Physical training and testing in Spain and Italy
108(4)
Technical training in England
112(2)
Technical training in Spain and Italy
114(2)
Psychological training in England, Spain and Italy
116(3)
Match preparation and referees' approaches in England
119(3)
Match preparation and referees' approaches in Spain
122(1)
Match preparation and referees' approaches in Italy
123(3)
Conclusions
126(3)
6 UEFA and FIFA on the uniformity of refereeing standards
129(17)
The history of standardisation in England
129(1)
Standardisation and refereeing `abroad'
130(1)
UEFA and FIFA and the drive for `top-down' standardisation of refereeing in football
131(4)
The implementation of `top-down' standardisation in domestic leagues
135(4)
Standardisation within European and international tournaments
139(1)
Differences between leagues and European/international tournaments
140(2)
Continuing anomalies: difficulties with standardisation
142(4)
7 `In the spotlight': media reporting and its consequences
146(20)
Introduction and growth of the sports/media relationship
146(2)
Television and the increased finances in football
148(1)
W. P. Harper -- the impact of the media on a referee
149(2)
Positive press coverage
151(1)
The 1932 FA Cup Final
152(1)
Moral panic, folk devils and referees
153(2)
The increased scrutiny of referees' decision-making
155(1)
Pressure created by the media
156(2)
Are the English media negative?
158(2)
Italian referees and the media relationship
160(1)
Spanish referees and the media relationship
161(1)
Conclusions
162(4)
8 Referees' performance: practices and problems
166(23)
Culture and cultural comparisons
166(4)
Differences between leagues
170(4)
`It's easier to referee in Europe': domestic and European differences
174(3)
Players, `cheating' - the struggle with simulation: an international issue?
177(1)
Referees' errors and dealing with errors
178(3)
Referees' assessment
181(4)
Spanish and Italian assessment reports
185(4)
9 Raising standards and reducing differences: policy issues
189(24)
The `fast track' programme and the opposition
189(2)
Differences in the structure and organisation of referee training and support networks
191(3)
Physical training and standardisation
194(1)
Training and support networks: preparation and performance
195(2)
Technical training: dealing with errors and changing performance
197(2)
Relationships with UEFA and FIFA: a lack of engagement?
199(2)
Pre-match preparation becoming pre-match judgement
201(2)
Referees under pressure: dealing with media attention
203(3)
Problems with player behaviour
206(2)
Referees' assessment: a comparative summation
208(5)
10 Future directions for elite refereeing
213(23)
The introduction and further use of technology in football - implications for referees
213(11)
The five-official system
224(2)
Recommendations, actions and outcomes
226(7)
Further research
233(3)
Index 236
Tom Webb is a senior lecturer in sports management and development at the Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
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