Author biographies |
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xiii | |
Foreword |
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xxxi | |
Introduction |
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xxxiii | |
Part One The concept of energy communities and their regulatory framework |
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1 | (150) |
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1 A taxonomy of energy communities in liberalized energy systems |
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3 | (22) |
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3 | (1) |
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2 A heterogeneous set of collective actors |
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4 | (2) |
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3 A taxonomy to inform policy and regulatory debates |
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6 | (1) |
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4 Well-established energy communities |
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7 | (7) |
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14 | (7) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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2 The EU policy framework for energy communities |
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25 | (18) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (5) |
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3 Other relevant policy developments |
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32 | (1) |
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4 Energy communities in European Member States |
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33 | (6) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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3 Energy communities: a U.S. regulatory perspective |
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43 | (16) |
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43 | (2) |
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2 The regulator, the legislator, and the North American regulatory policy framework |
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45 | (3) |
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3 Evaluating EC entry in already served markets |
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48 | (4) |
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4 Can ECs be "market driven" and "welfare enhancing"? |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (3) |
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4 Developing a legal framework for energy communities beyond energy law |
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59 | (14) |
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59 | (2) |
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2 EU law on the purpose of energy communities |
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61 | (1) |
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3 The energy community "Schoonschip" in Amsterdam |
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61 | (3) |
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4 In search of novel legislation for energy communities |
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64 | (4) |
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5 The way forward: transposing EU law on energy communities in the Netherlands |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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5 Alignment of energy community incentives with electricity system benefits in Spain |
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73 | (22) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (6) |
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4 Factors potentially favoring alignment |
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81 | (6) |
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5 Factors that potentially do not favor alignment |
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87 | (4) |
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6 Assessment and recommendations |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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6 The "virtual" model for collective self-consumption in Italy |
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95 | (12) |
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95 | (1) |
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2 Legislative and regulatory framework |
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96 | (3) |
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3 The Italian pilot regulation for collective self-consumption |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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7 Energy communities: a North American perspective |
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107 | (24) |
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107 | (2) |
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2 What is an energy community? |
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109 | (1) |
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3 Energy communities in North America |
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109 | (12) |
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4 The North American policy landscape |
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121 | (5) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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8 Energy communities: challenges for regulators and policymakers |
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131 | (20) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (7) |
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3 Regulatory challenges arising from energy communities |
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140 | (5) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
Part Two The appeal of energy communities to customers and citizens |
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151 | (58) |
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9 What motivates private households to participate in energy communities? A literature review and German case study |
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153 | (14) |
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153 | (1) |
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2 Preferences for energy communities identified in the scientific literature |
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154 | (2) |
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3 Preferences for energy communities identified in a German case study |
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156 | (5) |
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4 Motivations to participate in energy communities |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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10 Community energy initiatives as a space for emerging imaginaries? Experiences from Switzerland |
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167 | (16) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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3 Applying the concept of sociotechnical imaginary to Swiss community energy initiatives |
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170 | (2) |
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4 Evidence of emerging sociotechnical imaginaries |
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172 | (5) |
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5 Reflecting on community energy from a sociotechnical imaginaries perspective |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (4) |
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11 The construction of a citizen-centered ecosystem for renewable energies in France |
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183 | (12) |
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183 | (2) |
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2 Background to Enercoop and Enercoop Languedoc Roussillon |
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185 | (1) |
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3 The Enercoop Languedoc Roussillon ecosystem: linking and empowering energy communities based on citizens' collectives |
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186 | (2) |
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4 The main organizing alternative characteristics of the ELR ecosystem |
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188 | (2) |
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5 Recommendations for building an alternative renewable energy ecosystem |
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190 | (2) |
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6 Conclusion: the appeal of energy communities to citizens |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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12 Energy communities' social role in a just energy transition |
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195 | (14) |
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195 | (1) |
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2 Toward democratizing energy-energy communities' social role |
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196 | (2) |
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3 The energy justice framework |
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198 | (4) |
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4 Toward energy justice in energy communities |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (3) |
Part Three Enabling technologies, community design, and business models |
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209 | (130) |
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13 The digitalization of peer-to-peer electricity trading in energy communities |
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211 | (18) |
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211 | (2) |
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2 Digital enablers for energy communities |
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213 | (4) |
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3 Distributed ledger technologies in P2P energy markets |
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217 | (3) |
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4 Local energy markets for energy communities |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (2) |
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14 Enabling business models and grid stability: case studies from Germany |
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229 | (16) |
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229 | (2) |
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2 Levels of coordination within distributed energy systems: basis for energy communities? |
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231 | (5) |
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3 The big picture: how different coordination entities interact with each other |
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236 | (4) |
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4 Pros and cons of a "federated" system architecture |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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15 The path to energy communities via local energy management and digital customer care |
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245 | (16) |
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245 | (1) |
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2 Roles and archetypes in energy communities |
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246 | (5) |
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3 Implementation of energy communities |
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251 | (5) |
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4 Case study of energy communities |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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16 Governing energy communities: the role of actors and expertise in business model innovation |
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261 | (16) |
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261 | (1) |
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2 Business models and energy communities |
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262 | (3) |
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3 "Do it yourself" energy communities |
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265 | (2) |
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4 "Form an alliance" energy communities |
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267 | (2) |
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5 "Someone else does it for you" energy communities |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (4) |
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17 Grid-friendly clean energy communities and induced intracommunity cash flows through peer-to-peer trading |
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277 | (26) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (5) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (10) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (3) |
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301 | (2) |
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18 Italian energy communities from a DSO's perspective |
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303 | (14) |
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303 | (1) |
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2 Power distribution networks and DSOs in Italy |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (6) |
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311 | (2) |
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5 The territorial extension of energy communities |
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313 | (3) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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19 Community energy design models in Brazil: from niches to mainstream |
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317 | (22) |
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317 | (1) |
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2 Energy community initiatives in Brazil |
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318 | (4) |
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3 Brazil's net metering program |
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322 | (10) |
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4 The future of energy communities in Brazil and their impact on social welfare |
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332 | (3) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
Part Four Case studies and implementation |
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339 | (110) |
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20 Institutional and policy context of energy communities in France and Italy: how to increase the welfare-enhancing capacity of the sector |
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341 | (22) |
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341 | (1) |
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2 The energy communities' movements in France and Italy |
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342 | (10) |
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3 The case studies: ECs from France and Italy |
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352 | (5) |
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4 How to increase the welfare-enhancing capacity of ECs |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (4) |
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21 Energy communities in Europe: a review of the Danish and German experiences |
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363 | (22) |
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363 | (1) |
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2 The analytical framework |
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364 | (2) |
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3 Energy communities in Denmark |
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366 | (6) |
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4 Energy communities in Germany |
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372 | (8) |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (3) |
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22 Platform-based energy communities in Germany and their benefits and challenges |
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385 | (14) |
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385 | (1) |
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2 The historical development of energy communities in Germany |
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386 | (3) |
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3 Defining energy service providers |
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389 | (2) |
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4 The power of digital platforms |
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391 | (1) |
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5 The opportunities and threats for energy service providers |
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392 | (4) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (2) |
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23 A community-based biomethane heat network: case study from Trier |
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399 | (20) |
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399 | (2) |
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2 How the idea got started |
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401 | (1) |
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3 Biomethane from biogas units for the CHP units |
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402 | (1) |
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4 Local heat network in downtown Trier |
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403 | (7) |
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5 Dynamic scenario simulator for interactive participation of residents |
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410 | (5) |
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6 Participation process for residents and stakeholders for building up an energy community |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (2) |
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24 Establishing energy communities in postcommunist states: the case of Bulgaria |
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419 | (16) |
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419 | (1) |
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2 Overview of the electricity sector in Bulgaria |
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420 | (4) |
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3 A brief history of the cooperative movement in Bulgaria |
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424 | (3) |
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4 Establishing energy communities in Bulgaria |
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427 | (4) |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (2) |
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25 Sustainable island energy systems: a case study of Tilos Island, Greece |
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435 | (14) |
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435 | (1) |
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2 The TILOS project-a brief description |
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436 | (3) |
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3 Technology solutions in the TILOS project |
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439 | (1) |
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4 Local citizen engagement |
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440 | (3) |
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5 Summary of results and extended work beyond the TILOS project |
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443 | (3) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (3) |
Epilogue |
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449 | (2) |
Index |
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451 | |