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E-grāmata: Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo [Taylor & Francis e-book]

Harvey S. Leff

Formāts: 330 pages, 177 Line drawings, black and white; 3 Halftones, black and white; 180 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 27-Aug-2020
Izdevniecība: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9780429330018

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Taylor & Francis e-book
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Formāts: 330 pages, 177 Line drawings, black and white; 3 Halftones, black and white; 180 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 27-Aug-2020
Izdevniecība: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9780429330018

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

More info about Taylor & Francis e-books

Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429330018

"Energy is typically regarded as understandable despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Yet entropy is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropy's connection with energy. However, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matter's entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked. Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points. Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy Analysis of energy and entropy of matter and photons, with examples ranging from rubber bands, cryogenic cooling, and incandescent lamps to Hawking radiation of black holes Unique coverage of numerical entropy, the 3rd law of thermodynamics, entropic force, dimensionless entropy, free energy, and fluctuations, from Maxwell's demon to Brownian ratchets, plus attempts to violate the second law of thermodynamics"--

Energy is typically regarded as understandable, despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Entropy, however, is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropy’s connection with energy. In fact, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matter’s entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked.

Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points.

Features:

Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy

Analysis of energy and entropy of matter and photons, with examples ranging from rubber bands, cryogenic cooling, and incandescent lamps to Hawking radiation of black holes

Unique coverage of numerical entropy, the 3rd law of thermodynamics, entropic force, dimensionless entropy, free energy, and fluctuations, from Maxwell's demon to Brownian ratchets, plus attempts to violate the second law of thermodynamics

Preface

Acknowledgments

xix

Chapter 1 Energy is Universal

(34)

1.1 Mysterious Invisible Energy

(5)

1.1.1 Internal energy

(3)

1.1.2 Brownian motion

(1)

1.2 Caloric: A Seductive Idea

(4)

1.3 Energy Transfers: Work, Heat, Mass

(7)

1.4 Imagined Systems With E = Constant

(2)

1.4.1 Rigid bodies

(1)

1.4.2 Frictionless surfaces

(1)

1.5 Dilute Gas Model: Ideal Gas

(2)

1.6 Energy Definitions, Units

(4)

1.7 Energy Transformation Examples

(10)

Chapter 2 Energy is Not Enough

(28)

2.1 The Work-Energy Theorem

(4)

2.1.1 Conservation of energy

(1)

2.1.2 Inadequacy of work-energy theorem

(3)

2.2 Heat Defined In Terms Of Work

(1)

2.3 Energy Is Not Sufficient

(1)

2.4 Dissipation, Energy Spreading, Equity

(8)

2.4.1 Energy exchanges & equity

(3)

2.4.2 Carnot cycle & reversibility

(5)

2.5 An Overview Of Temperature

(5)

2.5.1 International temperature scale

(3)

2.5.2 What is temperature?

(2)

2.6 Connecting Energy K Entropy

(9)

2.6.1 Clausius's main contributions

(2)

2.6.2 Clausius entropy & entropy increase

(1)

2.6.3 Systems not in equilibrium

(1)

2.6.4 Disgregation

(1)

2.6.5 Entropy as missing information

(2)

2.6.6 Confusion about entropy

(2)

Chapter 3 Entropy: Energy's Needed Partner

(32)

3.1 Composite Systems

(3)

3.2 Entropy & Probability

(5)

3.2.1 Why probabilities?

(2)

3.2.2 Boltzmann, probability & entropy

(3)

3.3 Entropy Vs. Energy Graphs

(5)

3.3.1 Concavity

(3)

3.3.2 Reflections on the entropy vs. energy curve

(1)

3.3.3 Equity revisited

(1)

3.4 Boltzmann Reservoir & Probability

(4)

3.4.1 Boltzmann reservoir

(1)

3.4.2 Boltzmann factor

(2)

3.4.3 Statistical mechanics

(1)

3.5 Helmholtz Free Energy

(15)

3.5.1 Understanding free energy

(3)

3.5.2 Available energy and exergy

(4)

3.5.3 Available energy with finite reservoirs

(2)

3.5.4 Entropic force

(6)

Chapter 4 Gases, Solids, Polymers

(58)

4.1 Ideal Gas Sackur-Tetrode Entropy

(7)

4.1.1 Quantum ideal gases

(5)

4.2 Nonideal Gases & The Virial Expansion

103

(9)

4.2.1 Liquid-vapour phase transition

104

(2)

4.2.2 Clausius--Clapeyron equation

106

(1)

4.2.3 Van der Waals gas

107

(4)

4.2.4 Virial expansion

111

(1)

4.3 Mixing Entropy Function

112

(8)

4.3.1 Mixing or expansion?

112

(3)

4.3.2 Mixing entropy function

115

(2)

4.3.3 Gibbs paradox & information

117

(1)

4.3.4 The role of information

118

(2)

4.4 Models Of Solids

120

(6)

4.4.1 Einstein model

120

(4)

4.4.2 Debye solid

124

(2)

4.5 Paramagnets & Ferromagnets

126

(12)

4.5.1 Ideal paramagnet

126

(3)

4.5.2 Negative temperature

129

(3)

4.5.3 Ferromagnets

132

(6)

4.6 Rubber Bands

138

(3)

4.6.1 Rubber band experiment

138

(2)

4.6.2 Model of a rubber band

140

(1)

4.7 Nuclear Binding Energy, Fission, Fusion

141

(2)

4.8 Jarzynski Free Energy Equality

143

(10)

4.8.1 Examples of the Jarzynski equality

149

(4)

Chapter 5 Radiation & Photons

153

(26)

5.1 Em Radiation & Temperature

153

(2)

5.2 Blackbody Radiation

155

(1)

5.3 The Photon Gas

156

(7)

5.3.1 What is a photon gas?

156

(3)

5.3.2 Photon gas equations & graphs

159

(2)

5.3.3 Photon gas processes

161

(2)

5.4 Kirchhoff's & Planck's Laws

163

(16)

5.4.1 Incandescent lamps

167

(4)

5.4.2 Cosmic microwave background radiation

171

(1)

5.4.3 Hawking radiation from black holes

172

(4)

5.4.4 What you see is not always what you get

176

(3)

Chapter 6 Numerical Entropy

179

(16)

6.1 Numerical Entropy

179

(4)

6.2 Entropy Of Elements & Compounds

183

(1)

6.3 Third Law Of Thermodynamics

184

(5)

6.3.1 Nuances of entropy

184

(1)

6.3.2 Three statements of the third law

185

(2)

6.3.3 Metastable states and residual entropy

187

(1)

6.3.4 Comparison of the third and other laws of thermodynamics

188

(1)

6.3.5 The third law and model systems

189

(1)

6.4 Entropy Units, Dimensionless Entropy

189

(6)

6.4.1 Entropy's weird dimensions

190

(1)

6.4.2 Dimensionless entropy

190

(1)

6.4.3 Numerics

191

(2)

6.4.4 Physical interpretation of tempergy

193

(2)

Chapter 7 Language & Philosophy of Thermodynamics

195

(18)

7.1 The Language Of Work & Heat

195

(9)

7.1.1 Thing vs. process

195

(2)

7.1.2 Analogy: Bank transactions & W, Q, E

197

(1)

7.1.3 More about defining heating energy

198

(2)

7.1.4 Isothermal, reversible volume changes

200

(1)

7.1.5 Work and heat for friction processes

201

(3)

7.2 Links Between Thermodynamics Laws

204

(3)

7.2.1 Thermal equilibrium & zeroth law

204

(1)

7.2.2 Heating & direction of energy flow

205

(1)

7.2.3 Linkage between first and second laws

206

(1)

7.3 The Language Of Entropy

207

(6)

7.3.1 More about metaphors

207

(6)

Chapter 8 Working, Heating, Cooling

213

(38)

8.1 The Value Of Cycles

214

(3)

8.1.1 What is a cycle?

214

(1)

8.1.2 How Clausius used cycles

214

(2)

8.1.3 Implications of cycles for entropy

216

(1)

8.1.4 PV & TS diagrams

216

(1)

8.2 Examples Of Cycles

217

(12)

8.2.1 Reversible Carnot cycles

217

(2)

8.2.2 Efficiency measures

219

(2)

8.2.3 Reversible & irreversible Otto cycles

221

(3)

8.2.4 Reversible & irreversible Stirling cycles

224

(3)

8.2.5 Irreversible Carnot engine

227

(2)

8.3 Irreversibility & 2Nd Law Efficiency

229

(2)

8.4 Combined-Cycle Heat Engines

231

(3)

8.5 Lord Kelvin's Heat Pump

234

(3)

8.6 Cooling & Cryogenics

237

(14)

8.6.1 Cooling techniques

237

(2)

8.6.2 Joule-Thomson process

239

(3)

8.6.3 Liquid helium-4

242

(3)

8.6.4 Helium-3

245

(3)

8.6.5 Adiabatic demagnetisation

248

(3)

Chapter 9 Sanctity of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

251

(42)

9.1 Maxwell's Demon

252

(13)

9.1.1 Statistical nature of the 2nd law

252

(2)

9.1.2 The Szilard engine

254

(3)

9.1.3 Measurement, memory, erasure

257

(7)

9.1.4 Maxwell's demon, efficiency, power

264

(1)

9.2 Thermodynamics & Computation

265

(1)

9.3 More About Fluctuations

266

(5)

9.3.1 Smoluchowski's trapdoor

266

(3)

9.3.2 Feynman ratchet and pawl

269

(2)

9.4 Brownian Ratchets

271

(7)

9.4.1 Fluctuation phenomena

271

(2)

9.4.2 Asymmetry & flashing Brownian ratchet

273

(4)

9.4.3 Other Brownian ratchets

277

(1)

9.4.4 Brownian ratchets & the 2nd law

277

(1)

9.5 Attempts To Violate The 2Nd Law

278

(15)

9.5.1 Perpetual motion machines

278

(3)

9.5.2 Challenges to the 2nd law

281

(1)

9.5.3 Thermal electrons in a magnetic field

281

(4)

9.5.4 Thermal electrons in a capacitor

285

(1)

9.5.5 Theory of air column in gravitational field

286

(3)

9.5.6 Spontaneous pressure differences

289

(4)

Chapter 10 Reflections & Extensions

293

(6)

10.1 Reflections

293

(2)

10.2 Extensions

295

(4)

10.2.1 Lieb-Yngvason formulation of thermodynamics

295

(1)

10.2.2 Quantum mechanics and the second law

296

(3)

Chapter 11 Appendices: Mathematical Identities

299

(2)

11.1 Derivatives & Gibbs-Duhem Equation

299

(2)

Subject Index

301

(6)

Author Index

307

Harvey S. Leff is Professor Emeritus of Physics at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, California and Visiting Scholar at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. He has published widely in thermal physics, writing primarily for physics and chemistry teachers and students. With Andrew Rex, Leff co-edited Maxwell's Demon 2: Entropy, Classical and Quantum Information, Computing. He served as President of the American Association of Physics Teachers, and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers, and a Consulting Editor for the American Journal of Physics. When not doing physics, Leff plays drums in two bands, The Leff Trio and Jazz Up, and he is the former drummer in The Out-Laws of Physics.

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780429330018_pe.html

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