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E-grāmata: Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo

  • Formāts: 328 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Aug-2020
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000170368
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  • Formāts: 328 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-Aug-2020
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000170368

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Energy is typically regarded as understandable, despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Entropy, however, is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropys connection with energy. In fact, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matters entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked.

Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points.

Features:











Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy





Analysis of energy and entropy of matter and photons, with examples ranging from rubber bands, cryogenic cooling, and incandescent lamps to Hawking radiation of black holes





Unique coverage of numerical entropy, the 3rd law of thermodynamics, entropic force, dimensionless entropy, free energy, and fluctuations, from Maxwell's demon to Brownian ratchets, plus attempts to violate the second law of thermodynamics

Recenzijas

"In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. JarzynskiThe author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals." R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3)

"Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leffs Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I dont say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy."

Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas

"Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject."

Harvey Goud, Clark University

"In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauers principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of key points that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications."

Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound

"Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities.

My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience."

Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021). "In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. JarzynskiThe author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals." R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3)

"Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leffs Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I dont say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy."

Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas

"Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject."

Harvey Goud, Clark University

"In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauers principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of key points that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications."

Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound

"Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities.

My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience."

Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021).

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 Energy is Universal
1(34)
1.1 Mysterious Invisible Energy
1(5)
1.1.1 Internal energy
2(3)
1.1.2 Brownian motion
5(1)
1.2 Caloric: A Seductive Idea
6(4)
1.3 Energy Transfers: Work, Heat, Mass
10(7)
1.4 Imagined Systems With E = Constant
17(2)
1.4.1 Rigid bodies
17(1)
1.4.2 Frictionless surfaces
18(1)
1.5 Dilute Gas Model: Ideal Gas
19(2)
1.6 Energy Definitions, Units
21(4)
1.7 Energy Transformation Examples
25(10)
Chapter 2 Energy is Not Enough
35(28)
2.1 The Work-Energy Theorem
35(4)
2.1.1 Conservation of energy
35(1)
2.1.2 Inadequacy of work-energy theorem
36(3)
2.2 Heat Defined In Terms Of Work
39(1)
2.3 Energy Is Not Sufficient
40(1)
2.4 Dissipation, Energy Spreading, Equity
41(8)
2.4.1 Energy exchanges & equity
41(3)
2.4.2 Carnot cycle & reversibility
44(5)
2.5 An Overview Of Temperature
49(5)
2.5.1 International temperature scale
49(3)
2.5.2 What, is temperature?
52(2)
2.6 Connecting Energy & Entropy
54(9)
2.6.1 Clausius's main contributions
54(2)
2.6.2 Clausius entropy & entropy increase
56(1)
2.6.3 Systems not in equilibrium
57(1)
2.6.4 Disgregation
58(1)
2.6.5 Entropy as missing information
59(2)
2.6.6 Confusion about entropy
61(2)
Chapter 3 Entropy: Energy's Needed Partner
63(32)
3.1 Composite Systems
63(3)
3.2 Entropy & Probability
66(5)
3.2.1 Why probabilities?
66(2)
3.2.2 Boltzmann, probability Szentropy
68(3)
3.3 Entropy vs. Energy graphs
71(5)
3.3.1 Concavity
71(3)
3.3.2 Reflections on the entropy vs. energy curve
74(1)
3.3.3 Equity revisited
75(1)
3.4 Boltzmann Reservoir & Probability
76(4)
3.4.1 Boltzmann reservoir
76(1)
3.4.2 Boltzmann factor
77(2)
3.4.3 Statistical mechanics
79(1)
3.5 Helmholtz Free Energy
80(15)
3.5.1 Understanding free energy
80(3)
3.5.2 Available energy and exergy
83(4)
3.5.3 Available energy with finite reservoirs
87(2)
3.5.4 Entropic force
89(6)
Chapter 4 Gases, Solids, Polymers
95(58)
4.1 Ideal Gas Sackur-Tetrode Entropy
96(7)
4.1.1 Quantum ideal gases
98(5)
4.2 Nonideal Gases & The Virial Expansion
103(9)
4.2.1 Liquid-vapour phase transition
104(2)
4.2.2 Clausius-Clapeyron equation
106(1)
4.2.3 Van der Waals gas
107(4)
4.2.4 Virial expansion
111(1)
4.3 Mixing Entropy Function
112(8)
4.3.1 Mixing or expansion?
112(3)
4.3.2 Mixing entropy function
115(2)
4.3.3 Gibbs paradox & information
117(1)
4.3.4 The role of information
118(2)
4.4 Models Of Solids
120(6)
4.4.1 Einstein model
120(4)
4.4.2 Debye solid
124(2)
4.5 Paramagnets & Ferromagnets
126(12)
4.5.1 Ideal paramagnet
126(3)
4.5.2 Negative temperature
129(3)
4.5.3 Ferromagnets
132(6)
4.6 Rubber Bands
138(3)
4.6.1 Rubber band experiment
138(2)
4.6.2 Model of a rubber band
140(1)
4.7 Nuclear Binding Energy, Fission, Fusion
141(2)
4.8 Jarzynski Free Energy Equality
143(10)
4.8.1 Examples of the Jarzynski equality
149(4)
Chapter 5 Radiation & Photons
153(26)
5.1 Em Radiation & Temperature
153(2)
5.2 Blackbody Radiation
155(1)
5.3 The Photon Cas
156(7)
5.3.1 What is a photon gas?
156(3)
5.3.2 Photon gas equations & graphs
159(2)
5.3.3 Photon gas processes
161(2)
5.4 Kirchhoff's & Planck's Laws
163(16)
5.4.1 Incandescent lamps
167(4)
5.4.2 Cosmic microwave background radiation
171(1)
5.4.3 Hawking radiation from black holes
172(4)
5.4.4 What you see is not always what you get
176(3)
Chapter 6 Numerical Entropy
179(16)
6.1 Numerical Entropy
179(4)
6.2 Entropy Of Elements & Compounds
183(1)
6.3 Third Law Of Thermodynamics
184(5)
6.3.1 Nuances of entropy
184(1)
6.3.2 Three statements of the third law
185(2)
6.3.3 Metastable states and residual entropy
187(1)
6.3.4 Comparison of the third and other laws of thermodynamics
188(1)
6.3.5 The third law and model systems
189(1)
6.4 Entropy Units, Dimensionless Entropy
189(6)
6.4.1 Entropy's weird dimensions
190(1)
6.4.2 Dimensionless entropy
190(1)
6.4.3 Numerics
191(2)
6.4.4 Physical interpretation of tempergy
193(2)
Chapter 7 Language & Philosophy of Thermodynamics
195(18)
7.1 The Language Of Work & Heat
195(9)
7.1.1 Thing vs. process
195(2)
7.1.2 Analogy: Bank transact ions & W, Q, E
197(1)
7.1.3 More about, defining heating energy
198(2)
7.1.4 Isothermal, reversible volume changes
200(1)
7.1.5 Work and heat for friction processes
201(3)
7.2 Links Between Thermodynamics Laws
204(3)
7.2.1 Thermal equilibrium & zeroth law
204(1)
7.2.2 Heating & direction of energy flow
205(1)
7.2.3 Linkage between first and second laws
206(1)
7.3 The Language Of Entropy
207(6)
7.3.1 More about metaphors
207(6)
Chapter 8 Working, Heating, Cooling
213(38)
8.1 The Value Of Cycles
214(3)
8.1.1 What is a cycle?
214(1)
8.1.2 How Clausius used cycles
214(2)
8.1.3 Implications of cycles for entropy
216(1)
8.1.4 PV & TS diagrams
216(1)
8.2 Examples Of Cycles
217(12)
8.2.1 Reversible Carnot cycles
217(2)
8.2.2 Efficiency measures
219(2)
8.2.3 Reversible & irreversible Otto cycles
221(3)
8.2.4 Reversible & irreversible Stirling cycles
224(3)
8.2.5 Irreversible Carnot engine
227(2)
8.3 Irreversibility & 2nd Law Efficiency
229(2)
8.4 Combined-Cycle Heat Engines
231(3)
8.5 Lord Kelvin's Heat Pump
234(3)
8.6 Cooling & Cryogenics
237(14)
8.6.1 Cooling techniques
237(2)
8.6.2 Joule-Thomson process
239(3)
8.6.3 Liquid helium-4
242(3)
8.6.4 Helium-3
245(3)
8.6.5 Adiabatic demagnetisation
248(3)
Chapter 9 Sanctity of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
251(42)
9.1 Maxwell's Demon
252(13)
9.1.1 Statistical nature of the 2nd law
252(2)
9.1.2 The Szilard engine
254(3)
9.1.3 Measurement, memory, erasure
257(7)
9.1.4 Maxwell's demon, efficiency, powGr
264(1)
9.2 Thermodynamics & Computation
265(1)
9.3 More About Fluctuations
266(5)
9.3.1 Smoluchowski's trapdoor
266(3)
9.3.2 Feynman ratchet and pawl
269(2)
9.4 Brownian Ratchets
271(7)
9.4.1 Fluctuation phenomena
271(2)
9.4.2 Asymmetry & flashing Brownian ratchet
273(4)
9.4.3 Other Brownian ratchets
277(1)
9.4.4 Brownian ratchets & the 2nd law
277(1)
9.5 Attempts To Violate The 2nd Law
278(15)
9.5.1 Perpetual motion machines
278(3)
9.5.2 Challenges to the 2nd law
281(1)
9.5.3 Thermal electrons in a magnetic field
281(4)
9.5.4 Thermal electrons in a capacitor
285(1)
9.5.5 Theory of air column in gravitational field
286(3)
9.5.6 Spontaneous pressure differences
289(4)
Chapter 10 Reflections & Extensions
293(6)
10.1 Reflections
293(2)
10.2 Extensions
295(4)
10.2.1 Lieb-Yngvason formulation of thermodynamics
295(1)
10.2.2 Quantum mechanics and the second law
296(3)
Chapter 11 Appendices: Mathematical Identities
299(2)
11.1 Derivatives & Gibbs-Duhem Equation
299(2)
Subject Index 301(6)
Author Index 307
Harvey S. Leff is Professor Emeritus of Physics at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, California and Visiting Scholar at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. He has published widely in thermal physics, writing primarily for physics and chemistry teachers and students. With Andrew Rex, Leff co-edited Maxwell's Demon 2: Entropy, Classical and Quantum Information, Computing. He served as President of the American Association of Physics Teachers, and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers, and a Consulting Editor for the American Journal of Physics. When not doing physics, Leff plays drums in two bands, The Leff Trio and Jazz Up, and he is the former drummer in The Out-Laws of Physics.