Preface |
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v | |
The Author |
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ix | |
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Sustainability Through Green Science and Technology |
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1 | (34) |
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1 | (3) |
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As We Enter the Anthropocene |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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The Economics of Sustainability |
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3 | (1) |
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Natural Capital and the Quality of Life |
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4 | (2) |
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Sustainability and the Common Good |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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The Goals and Priorities of Green Science and Technology |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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The Eco-Economy and Eco-Efficiency |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Green Products and Services |
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16 | (1) |
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Twelve Principles of Green Science and Technology |
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17 | (18) |
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Depletion of Earth's Resources and Environmental Destruction |
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18 | (1) |
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Number of People Times Demand Per Person |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Energy: Key to Sustainability |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Maintenance and Enhancement of Biological and Food Productivity |
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23 | (1) |
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Reduction of Material Demand |
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24 | (1) |
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Minimization of Toxic, Dangerous, Persistent Substances |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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The Achievement of Sustainability |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (4) |
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The Five Environmental Spheres |
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35 | (26) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (5) |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (4) |
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51 | (5) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (5) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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Green Chemistry, Biology, and Biochemistry |
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61 | (38) |
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61 | (1) |
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Introduction to Chemistry: Atoms and Elements |
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61 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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Elements and the Periodic Table |
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63 | (3) |
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Chemical Compounds and Chemical Bonds |
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66 | (3) |
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Chemical Compounds with Covalent Bonds |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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Dealing with Matter Quantitatively: The Mole |
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69 | (1) |
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Chemical Reactions and Equations |
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69 | (1) |
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Physical Properties and States of Matter |
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70 | (2) |
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Thermal Properties of Matter |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Dissociation of Acids and Bases in Water |
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74 | (1) |
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Hydrogen Ion Concentration and pH |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Molecular Geometry in Organic Chemistry |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (5) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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Cells: Basic Units of Life |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Metabolism and Control in Organisms |
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86 | (4) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Biochemicals and Biochemistry |
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90 | (9) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Hormones |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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Water: A Unique Substance Essential for Life |
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99 | (22) |
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99 | (1) |
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Water as an Essential Resource |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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Sedimentation by Flowing Water |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Impoundment and Transfer of Water |
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112 | (2) |
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Water: A Very Useful Green Substance |
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114 | (1) |
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Water Technology and Industrial Use |
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115 | (6) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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Aquatic Biology, Microbiology, and Chemistry |
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121 | (28) |
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121 | (3) |
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Physical and Chemical Factors in Aquatic Life |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Life at the Interface of Seawater with Freshwater and with Land |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth |
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129 | (2) |
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Microorganisms and Elemental Transitions |
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131 | (3) |
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Microbial Degradation of Organic Matter |
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133 | (1) |
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Acid-Base Phenomena in Aquatic Chemistry |
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134 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Phase Interactions and Solubility |
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136 | (5) |
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137 | (1) |
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Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate Species in Water |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
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Metal Ions and Calcium in Water |
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143 | (1) |
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Calcium and Hardness in Water |
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143 | (1) |
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Complexation and Speciation of Metals |
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144 | (5) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (32) |
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Water Pollution: Green Water May Not Be So Green |
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149 | (1) |
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Nature and Types of Water Pollutants |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (3) |
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Organically Bound Metal Water Pollutants |
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151 | (1) |
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Heavy Metal Pollutants and Green Technology |
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152 | (1) |
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Inorganic Water Pollutants |
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153 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Water Pollutants That are Just Too Nutritious |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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Oxygen-Demanding Substances |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (4) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) |
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161 | (1) |
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Radioactive Substances in Water |
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162 | (2) |
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Municipal Water Treatment and Green Ozone for Water Disinfection |
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164 | (2) |
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Treatment of Water for Industrial Use |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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Water as a Green Resource |
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169 | (3) |
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Alternative Green Uses of Water |
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172 | (1) |
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Water: A Most Useful Substance |
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173 | (2) |
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Hot Water: Pressurized Subcritical Hot Water |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (5) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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The Atmosphere: A Protective Blanket Around Us |
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181 | (24) |
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Living at the Bottom of a Sea of Gas |
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181 | (3) |
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The Protective Atmosphere |
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182 | (1) |
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Atmospheric Chemistry and Photochemistry |
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183 | (1) |
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Formation of Ions in the Atmosphere |
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183 | (1) |
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Composition of the Atmosphere and Atmospheric Weather |
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184 | (2) |
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The Properties of Gases and the Gas Laws |
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186 | (1) |
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The Atmosphere as a Medium for the Transfer of Mass and Energy |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Influence of Ocean Currents |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Weather, Weather Fronts, and Storms |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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The Atmosphere as a Reservoir of Natural Capital |
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200 | (5) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (3) |
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Environmental Chemistry of the Atmosphere |
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205 | (38) |
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Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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Chain Reactions in the Atmosphere: Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals in the Atmosphere |
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208 | (2) |
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Oxidation Processes in the Atmosphere |
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210 | (2) |
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Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Environmental Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere |
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214 | (2) |
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Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen |
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216 | (2) |
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Ozone and the Ozone Layer |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |
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219 | (1) |
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Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Its Oxides |
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220 | (3) |
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Air Pollutant Nitrogen Compounds |
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221 | (1) |
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Atmospheric Reactions of NOx |
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222 | (1) |
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Harmful Effects of Nitrogen Oxides |
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222 | (1) |
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Ammonia as an Atmospheric Pollutant |
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223 | (1) |
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Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere |
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223 | (2) |
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Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere |
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223 | (1) |
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Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide |
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224 | (1) |
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Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide |
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224 | (1) |
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Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Inorganic Compounds |
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225 | (1) |
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Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride |
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225 | (1) |
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Water in Atmospheric Chemistry |
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226 | (1) |
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Atmospheric Particles and Atmospheric Chemistry |
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226 | (4) |
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Formation and Composition of Inorganic Particles |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Organic Particles in the Atmosphere |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere |
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230 | (5) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Photochemical Smog and Its Harmful Effects |
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235 | (8) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (4) |
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Sustaining an Atmosphere for Life on Earth |
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243 | (42) |
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Blue Skies for a Green Earth |
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243 | (2) |
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Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming |
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245 | (7) |
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247 | (1) |
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Radiative Forcing and Feedback Mechanisms |
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248 | (1) |
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Particles and Global Warming |
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249 | (1) |
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The Outlook for Global Warming |
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249 | (2) |
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Serious Concern over Changes in Climate |
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251 | (1) |
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Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming |
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252 | (4) |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Drought and Desertification |
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256 | (1) |
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Green Science and Technology to Combat Desertification |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (3) |
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Green Remedies for Acid Precipitation |
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262 | (1) |
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Stratospheric Ozone Destruction |
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263 | (4) |
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266 | (1) |
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The Nobel Prize in Environmental Chemistry |
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267 | (1) |
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Green Solutions to Stratospheric Ozone Destruction |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (7) |
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270 | (1) |
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The Urban Aerosol and Acid Fog |
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271 | (1) |
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Effects of Smog on Plants and Crops |
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271 | (2) |
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Green Solutions to the Smog Problem |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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Green Transportation Alternatives |
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276 | (1) |
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Catastrophic Atmospheric Events |
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276 | (3) |
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276 | (2) |
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Visitors from Outer Space |
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278 | (1) |
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Are There Green Remedies for Atmospheric Catastrophes? |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (6) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (38) |
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285 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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Sustainability of the Geosphere and Geodiversity |
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287 | (1) |
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The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere |
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287 | (2) |
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Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rock |
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287 | (1) |
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Structure and Properties of Minerals |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Interaction with the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere |
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293 | (2) |
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Life Support by the Geosphere |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (3) |
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Physical and Chemical Aspects of Weathering |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Water on and in the Geosphere and Water Wells |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Geospheric Sources of Useful Minerals |
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301 | (3) |
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Deposits from Igneous Rocks and Magmatic Activity |
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302 | (1) |
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Deposits from Hydrothermal Activity |
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302 | (1) |
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Deposits Formed by Sedimentary or Metamorphic Processes |
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303 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Mineral Resources |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Nonmetal Mineral Resources |
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307 | (5) |
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How Long Well Essential Minerals Last? |
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312 | (1) |
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Green Sources of Minerals |
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313 | (10) |
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Exploitation of Lower Grade Ores |
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315 | (1) |
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Remote Sources of Minerals |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (3) |
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Soil, Agriculture, and Food Production |
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323 | (38) |
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323 | (2) |
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Crop and Livestock Faming |
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324 | (1) |
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Influence of Agriculture on the Environment |
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324 | (1) |
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Agriculture and Sustainability |
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324 | (1) |
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Soil: Essential for Life, Key to Sustainability |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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Soil Formation and Horizons |
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326 | (3) |
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327 | (2) |
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Soil Macrostructure and Microstructure |
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329 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Inorganic and Organic Matter in Soil |
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331 | (2) |
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The Inorganic Components of Soil |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil |
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333 | (5) |
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Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil |
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333 | (3) |
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Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilizers |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Adjustment of Soil Acidity |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Wastes and Pollutants in Soil |
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339 | (2) |
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Degradation of Pesticides in Soil |
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340 | (1) |
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Biodegradation and the Rhizosphere |
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341 | (1) |
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Soil Loss and Deterioration |
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341 | (3) |
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Factors in Soil Sustainability |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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Soil Conservation and Restoration |
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344 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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Shifting Cultivation: Slash and Burn |
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346 | (1) |
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Process Intensification in Agriculture |
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347 | (1) |
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Sustainable Agricultural Management |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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Protein from Plants and Animals |
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351 | (1) |
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Agricultural Applications of Genetically Modified Organisms |
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352 | (9) |
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The Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (3) |
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Geospheric Hazards and Sustaining a Green Geosphere |
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361 | (30) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (3) |
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Tsunamis from Earthquakes |
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364 | (1) |
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Mitigating Earthquake Effects |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (2) |
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Mitigating Effects of Volcanoes |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (3) |
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Mass Movements and Landslides |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (4) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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The Crysosphere and Vanishing Permafrost |
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375 | (1) |
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Construction on the Geosphere |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (4) |
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Excavations Below the Surface |
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379 | (1) |
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Green Underground Storage |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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Modifying the Geosphere to Manage Water |
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382 | (1) |
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Derelict Lands and Brownfields: Recycling Land |
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383 | (8) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (4) |
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The Biosphere: Ecosystems and Biological Communities |
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391 | (32) |
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391 | (2) |
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Organisms and Green Science and Technology |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (2) |
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What is a Biological Community? |
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396 | (1) |
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Physical Characteristics and Conditions |
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397 | (2) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (1) |
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Survival of Life Systems, Productivity, Diversity, and Resilience |
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403 | (2) |
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Relationships Among Species |
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405 | (3) |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (1) |
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Human Actions to Preserve and Improve Life on Earth |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (1) |
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Organisms Interacting with Foreign Chemicals |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (6) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (3) |
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Toxic Effects on Organisms and Toxicological Chemistry |
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423 | (24) |
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Toxic Substances and Green Science and Technology |
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423 | (3) |
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423 | (3) |
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Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism |
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426 | (1) |
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Dose-Response Relationships |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
|
Reversibility and Sensitivity |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase |
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, Immune System Effects, and Reproductive Effects |
|
|
435 | (5) |
|
|
437 | (3) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (7) |
|
Assessment of Potential Exposure |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (4) |
|
Bioproductivity for a Greener Future |
|
|
447 | (32) |
|
From Biomaterials to Petroleum and Back Again |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Genetic Material and Its Manipulation |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
Genome Sequencing and Green Science and Technology |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
Biomaterials and Their Processing |
|
|
457 | (4) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
Feedstocks from Cellulose Wastes |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Chemical Production by Biosynthesis |
|
|
469 | (5) |
|
Bioconversions of Synthetic Chemicals |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid from Toluene |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Production of 5-Cyanovaleramide |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers |
|
|
474 | (5) |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
The Anthrosphere as Part of the Global Environment |
|
|
479 | (46) |
|
The Earth as Made by Humans |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Constructs in the Anthrosphere |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
Transportation and the Telecommuter Society |
|
|
485 | (3) |
|
The Communications Revolution |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
Technology and Engineering |
|
|
490 | (6) |
|
|
490 | (3) |
|
|
493 | (3) |
|
Acquisition of Raw Materials |
|
|
496 | (3) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Materials from Earth's Crust: Mining |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Agriculture: The Most Basic Industry |
|
|
499 | (4) |
|
|
503 | (2) |
|
Classification of Industries |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Automation, Robotics, and Computers in Manufacturing |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
Thinking Small: Micromachines and Nanotechnology |
|
|
513 | (3) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
|
516 | (9) |
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
|
521 | (4) |
|
Industrial Ecology for Sustainable Resource Utilization |
|
|
525 | (40) |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
The Old, Unsustainable Way |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Earth Systems Engineering and Management |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
The Emergence of Industrial Ecology |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Materials Flow and Recycling in an Industrial Ecosystem |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Environmental Impacts and Wastes |
|
|
538 | (3) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Wastes and Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity |
|
|
541 | (5) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Efficient Material Utilization |
|
|
542 | (4) |
|
Diversity and Robust Character of Industrial Ecosystems |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop |
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Life-Cycle Assessment and Scoping |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
Desirable Characteristics of Consumables |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Desirable Characteristics of Recyclables |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Desirable Characteristics of Service Products |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Products, Processes, and Facilities |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Key Factors in Design for Environment |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Materials in Design for Environment |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
Increased Safety with Smaller Size |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Twelve Principles of Green Engineering |
|
|
557 | (8) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
|
562 | (3) |
|
Adequate, Sustainable Energy: Key to Sustainability |
|
|
565 | (42) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Energy Devices and Conversions |
|
|
569 | (5) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources |
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
Petroleum and Natural Gas |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (4) |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source |
|
|
588 | (3) |
|
Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Energy from Moving Air and Moving Water |
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
The Surprising Success of Wind Power |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (6) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
The Unrealized Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels |
|
|
598 | (3) |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (6) |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
|
604 | (3) |
Index |
|
607 | |