| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Author index |
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xxi | |
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1 The foundations and application of medical ethics |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Historical background |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 General ethical theories and principles |
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2 | (6) |
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1.4 Modern medical ethics |
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8 | (5) |
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13 | (2) |
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2 Legislation for assisted reproductive technologies |
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15 | (14) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2 Legislation and regulations |
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16 | (2) |
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2.3 Legislative motivations |
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18 | (2) |
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2.4 Evidence-based legal policy |
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20 | (2) |
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2.5 The focus of legislation |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (4) |
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3 Reproductive rights as an integral part of women's rights |
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29 | (14) |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2 Granting women equal rights: the origin of discrimination |
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30 | (13) |
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3.2.1 Cornerstones of women's rights |
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32 | (1) |
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3.2.1.1 Dignity, body integrity, and freedom from violence |
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32 | (2) |
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3.2.1.2 Equality and empowerment |
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34 | (1) |
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3.2.1.3 Full, unconditional access to health care services |
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35 | (1) |
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3.2.2 A right to treat infertility |
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36 | (7) |
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43 | (10) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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4.3 Legal and historical aspects |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (4) |
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5 Informed consent for treatment of fertility |
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53 | (10) |
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53 | (1) |
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5.2 The right to experience parenthood and its standing |
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54 | (1) |
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5.3 The informed-consent doctrine |
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55 | (1) |
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5.3.1 The doctrine and its nature |
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55 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Application of the doctrine to fertility treatments |
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55 | (1) |
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5.4 Mutual consent of spouses |
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56 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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5.4.2 The good of the child and consideration of parental capability |
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57 | (1) |
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5.5 Validity of the consent |
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58 | (2) |
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5.5.1 Effect of the initial consent |
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58 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Withdrawal of patient consent |
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59 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Physician's withdrawal of consent |
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59 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Consent after death |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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6 Specific ethical and legal aspects of ART practice in eastern European countries |
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63 | (24) |
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63 | (1) |
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6.2 Situation in eastern European countries |
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63 | (19) |
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63 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Legal regulation of ART |
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64 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Coverage or reimbursement of ART |
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65 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Marital status in ART |
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66 | (1) |
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6.2.5 The number of transferred embryos in ART |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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6.2.11 In vitro maturation of oocytes |
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74 | (1) |
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6.2.12 Welfare of the child |
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75 | (1) |
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6.2.13 Multifetal-pregnancy reduction |
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76 | (1) |
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6.2.14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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6.2.16 Research on the embryo |
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79 | (2) |
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6.2.18 Gamete intrafallopian transfer |
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81 | (1) |
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6.2.19 The moral status of the embryo |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (5) |
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7 Sperm donation and sperm-bank management |
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87 | (8) |
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87 | (1) |
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7.2 Limiting the number of donor offspring |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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7.3 Minimizing the risk of infection and genetic complications from sperm donors |
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89 | (1) |
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7.4 Age requirements for sperm donors |
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89 | (1) |
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7.5 Anonymity versus nonanonymity of sperm donors |
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90 | (2) |
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7.5.1 Anonymous sperm donation |
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90 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Nonanonymous sperm donation |
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91 | (1) |
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7.6 Sperm-donor compensation |
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92 | (1) |
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7.7 Informed consent and counseling |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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8 Oocyte donation: medical and legal perspectives |
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95 | (16) |
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8.1 Introduction: Indications for egg donation |
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95 | (1) |
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8.2 Preparation of donor and recipient |
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96 | (2) |
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8.3 Outcome determining factors |
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98 | (1) |
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8.4 Obstetric and perinatal outcomes |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (6) |
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8.6.1 The new Israeli legislation |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (4) |
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9 Egg donation: ethical considerations and regulatory context |
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111 | (10) |
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111 | (1) |
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9.2 The regulatory context |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Meeting demand: remuneration and other programs |
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113 | (1) |
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9.3.2.1 Financial compensation |
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113 | (1) |
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9.3.2.2 Egg-sharing programs |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Nontraditional patients and access to donated eggs |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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9.5 Donor identity and disclosure |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (3) |
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10 Medical, ethical, and legal aspects of fetal reduction |
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121 | (10) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (5) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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11 Fertility treatments in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients |
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131 | (8) |
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131 | (1) |
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11.2 HIV and the male genital tract |
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132 | (1) |
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11.3 HIV and the female genital tract |
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133 | (1) |
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11.4 Assisted reproductive technologies in HIV-positive patients |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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11.6 Viral testing of spermatozoa |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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12 Pregnancies in perimenopause and beyond |
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139 | (10) |
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12.1 Medical aspects and considerations |
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139 | (2) |
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12.1.1 Fertility fecundity and abortions |
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139 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Pregnancy-associated physiological changes |
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140 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Obstetrical and intrapartum complications |
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140 | (1) |
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12.1.4 Maternal mortality |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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12.2 Oocyte-donation programs |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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12.3.1 The issue of choice |
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142 | (1) |
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12.3.2 The welfare of the child |
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143 | (1) |
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12.4 Coping with the medical risks |
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143 | (1) |
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12.5 Legislation, regulation, and religion aspects |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
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13 Legal control of surrogacy - international perspectives |
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149 | (16) |
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149 | (1) |
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13.2 Surrogacy-definition |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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13.4 Legal control of surrogacy - international perspectives |
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150 | (3) |
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13.4.1 Prohibition of Surrogacy by legislation |
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150 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Counties - surrogacy no prohibited by law |
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151 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Surrogacy in China |
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152 | (1) |
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13.4.4 Non commercial surrogacy |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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13.5 Commercial surrogacy |
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153 | (5) |
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13.5.1 Former Countries of the Soviet Union |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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13.5.4 Surrogacy in Russia |
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155 | (3) |
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13.6 Russian Public Opinion |
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158 | (1) |
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13.7 Surrogacy in Islamic Countries |
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158 | (1) |
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13.8 Cross-border Surrogacy |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (4) |
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14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in assisted reproduction: medical, ethical, and legal aspects |
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165 | (10) |
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165 | (1) |
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14.2 Biopsy methods for preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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14.3 Chromosomal aneuploidies in preimplantation development |
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167 | (2) |
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14.4 Chromosomal rearrangements |
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169 | (1) |
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14.5 Impact of PGD on IVF outcome |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (3) |
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15 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of late-onset diseases |
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175 | (14) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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15.3 Huntington's disease |
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178 | (2) |
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15.4 Cardiovascular disorders |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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15.6 Genetic testing for cancer |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (4) |
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16 Bioethics of human embryonic stem cells and cloning for stem cells: an Israeli perspective |
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189 | (12) |
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16.1 The scientific and medical aspects |
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189 | (1) |
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16.2 Ethical issues related to human embryo stem cells |
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190 | (5) |
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16.2.1 Pluralism of moral views on the preimplantation embryo |
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190 | (1) |
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16.2.2 Potentiality of human preimplantation embryo |
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191 | (1) |
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16.2.3 Personal status of the embryo |
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191 | (1) |
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16.2.4 Therapeutic aims of human ES cells |
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192 | (1) |
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16.2.5 Pluralism of decisions on human ES cell production and research in various countries |
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192 | (2) |
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16.2.6 A case study: ethical regulations on human ES cell research in Israel |
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194 | (1) |
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16.3 Ethical views on cloning to obtain autologous ES cells |
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195 | (6) |
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16.3.1 Bioethical arguments |
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195 | (1) |
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16.3.2 National and international resolutions |
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196 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Case study: regulations in Israel regarding cloning for ES cells |
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197 | (4) |
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17 The future of human embryonic stem cell research: medical, legal, and ethical perspectives |
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201 | (8) |
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Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg |
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17.1 Introduction: Human embryonic stem cell research |
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201 | (1) |
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17.2 The first possible clinical applications of cells differentiated from hESC |
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201 | (1) |
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17.3 Challenges in clinical treatment using hESC-derived cells |
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202 | (2) |
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17.3.1 Microbial contamination |
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202 | (1) |
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17.3.2 GMP and EU tissues and cells directive |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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17.4 iPS cells versus hESC |
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204 | (1) |
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17.5 Legal and ethical aspects of hESC research |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (3) |
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18 Preservation of fertility in children with cancer: medical, ethical, and legal aspects |
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209 | (10) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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18.3 Medical and surgical options for fertility preservation |
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211 | (1) |
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18.4 The ethical propriety of fertility-preservation options |
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212 | (2) |
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18.5 Autonomy, justice, and treating pediatric patients |
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214 | (1) |
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18.6 Ethical and legal issues with unused tissue and gametes |
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214 | (1) |
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18.7 Posthumous reproduction |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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19 Fertility preservation for cancer patients: a review of current options and their advantages and disadvantages |
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219 | (14) |
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219 | (1) |
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19.2 Cancer and fertility preservation |
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219 | (1) |
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19.3 Current options for fertility preservation |
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220 | (1) |
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19.4 Medical options: GnRH agonists |
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220 | (1) |
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19.5 Surgical options: ovarian transposition and cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue |
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221 | (2) |
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19.5.1 Ovarian transposition |
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221 | (1) |
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19.5.2 Cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue |
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222 | (1) |
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19.6 ART: in vitro fertilization and in vitro maturation |
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223 | (4) |
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19.6.1 Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation |
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223 | (1) |
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19.6.1.1 Embryo cryopreservation |
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223 | (1) |
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19.6.1.2 Oocyte cryopreservation |
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224 | (1) |
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19.6.2 Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation without prior ovarian Stimulation |
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225 | (1) |
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19.6.3 IVM embryo cryopreservation |
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226 | (1) |
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19.6.4 IVM-oocyte vitrifi cation |
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226 | (1) |
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19.6.5 Fertility preservation: the McGill experience |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (6) |
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20 Sexual orientation and use of assisted reproductive technology: social and psychological issues |
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233 | (12) |
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233 | (1) |
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20.2 A note about terminology |
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233 | (1) |
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20.3 Routes to parenthood among nonheterosexual adults |
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234 | (1) |
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20.4 Legal issues surrounding sexual orientation and family formation |
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234 | (1) |
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20.5 Sexual orientation and incidence of parenthood |
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235 | (1) |
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20.6 Sexual orientation and plans for parenthood |
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235 | (1) |
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20.7 Studies of sexual orientation and plans for parenthood |
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236 | (1) |
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20.8 Outcomes for children of lesbians and gay men |
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237 | (1) |
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20.9 Relationships with peers |
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237 | (1) |
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20.10 Child behavior problems |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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20.12 Conclusions and future directions |
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239 | (1) |
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20.13 Assisted reproduction among nonheterosexual adults |
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239 | (1) |
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20.14 Barriers to ART use by nonheterosexual adults |
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239 | (2) |
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20.15 Donor-insemination decisions |
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241 | (1) |
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20.16 Recommendations for clinical practice |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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21 Access to fertility treatment by lesbian couples |
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245 | (12) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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21.3 Assisted reproduction |
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249 | (1) |
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21.4 Being a lesbian and a mother |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (2) |
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21.7 A Child with two mothers |
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254 | (3) |
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22 ART practice and tourism |
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257 | (12) |
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257 | (1) |
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22.2 Background and methods |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (6) |
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22.3.1 The United Arab Emirates |
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261 | (1) |
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22.3.1.1 Reproductive travel to the UAE |
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261 | (1) |
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22.3.1.2 Reproductive travel from the UAE |
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262 | (1) |
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22.3.1.3 Reproductive travel to and from the UAE |
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263 | (1) |
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22.3.2 The East Coast of the United States |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (4) |
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23 A savior child conceived by PGD/HLA: medical and ethical aspects |
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269 | (20) |
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269 | (1) |
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23.2 Medical indications and social acceptance of PGD |
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269 | (3) |
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23.2.1 Chromosomal abnormalities |
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269 | (1) |
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23.2.2 Monogenic diseases |
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270 | (1) |
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23.2.3 Adult-onset diseases and cancer-predisposing genes |
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270 | (1) |
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23.2.4 Creating a "savior child" |
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271 | (1) |
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23.3 Other possible applications of PGD: savior embryos, gender selection, and designer babies |
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272 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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23.4 Legislation and professional guidelines for the uses of PGD/HLA |
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274 | (1) |
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23.5 Ethical considerations |
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274 | (15) |
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275 | (1) |
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23.5.2 Moral status of the human embryo |
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275 | (2) |
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23.5.3 Harm of embryo biopsy |
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277 | (1) |
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23.5.4 The condition of absolute medical necessity |
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277 | (2) |
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23.5.5 PGD SC and family ethics |
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279 | (2) |
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23.5.6 Well-being of the savior child |
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281 | (2) |
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23.5.7 PGD, parental interests and public access |
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283 | (6) |
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24 Posthumous reproduction: ethical and legal perspectives |
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289 | (8) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (3) |
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24.2.1 What counts as consent? |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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24.3 Requesters of retrieval |
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293 | (1) |
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24.4 Reproductive partners |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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25 Human reproductive cloning: ethical perspectives |
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297 | (12) |
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297 | (1) |
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25.2 The potential value of HRC |
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297 | (4) |
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25.3 Ethical concerns with HRC |
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301 | (5) |
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25.4 HRC and the value of our unique genetic make-up |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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26 ART practice - religious views |
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309 | (12) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (4) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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26.2.4 Post-Talmudic codes |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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26.3 Christian denominations |
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314 | (3) |
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26.3.1 Roman Catholic Church |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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26.3.3 The Protestant Church |
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316 | (1) |
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26.3.4 Eastern Orthodox Church |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (3) |
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27 A Catholic ethical perspective on human reproductive technology |
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|
321 | (12) |
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27.1 Catholic position on respect for the human embryo |
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321 | (6) |
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27.1.1 Biblical perspective |
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321 | (1) |
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27.1.2 Christian tradition |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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27.1.4 Catholic Christian teaching |
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322 | (2) |
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27.1.5 A person from conception |
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324 | (1) |
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27.1.6 Ethics and destructive research on human embryos |
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324 | (1) |
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27.1.7 Morality and personalized natural law |
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325 | (1) |
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27.1.8 Secular ethics and the human embryo |
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326 | (1) |
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27.1.9 Challenge to find ethical alternatives |
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327 | (1) |
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27.2 Catholic ethics, marriage, and reproductive technology |
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327 | (3) |
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27.2.1 Catholic Christian position on children of the marriage union |
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327 | (1) |
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27.2.2 Assisted insemination |
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328 | (1) |
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27.2.3 Rights of children and natural parents |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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27.2.6 Access to ART by single women and lesbians |
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330 | (1) |
|
27.2.7 Human reproductive cloning |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (3) |
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28 Islamic laws and reproduction |
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333 | (10) |
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333 | (1) |
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28.2 Reproduction in Islam |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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28.4 Islam and various ART practices |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
|
28.6 Multifetal pregnancy reduction |
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335 | (1) |
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28.7 Pregnancy in postmenopause |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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28.10 Embryo implantation following husband's death |
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337 | (1) |
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|
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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28.14 ART practices in different Muslim countries |
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339 | (4) |
|
29 Jewish law (halakha) and reproduction |
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343 | (20) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
|
29.4 Evaluation of the infertile couple |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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29.6 Infertility treatment |
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346 | (2) |
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29.7 The beginning of human life |
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348 | (2) |
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29.8 Artificial insemination by husband |
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350 | (1) |
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29.9 Artificial insemination by donor |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (4) |
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29.11.1 Legalizing surrogacy in Israel |
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353 | (1) |
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29.11.2 The state-appointed permission committee |
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353 | (1) |
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29.11.2.1 Guidelines set by the committee for surrogacy |
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|
353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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29.11.2.3 Legal status of the newborn |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
29.11.2.4 Surrogate mother's withdrawal from the agreement |
|
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354 | (1) |
|
29.11.2.5 Legal rights of the surrogate mother |
|
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355 | (1) |
|
29.11.2.6 Enforcement of the law |
|
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355 | (1) |
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29.11.2.7 Right to privacy |
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355 | (1) |
|
29.11.2.8 Illegal financing |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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29.13 Gender preselection |
|
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
|
29.15 Posthumous reproduction |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
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359 | (1) |
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|
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360 | (3) |
|
30 Commercialized assisted reproduction |
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|
363 | (8) |
|
|
|
30.1 Position of reproductive treatment in the economy |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
30.2 Commercialization of assisted reproduction |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
30.3 Divergent national policies toward reproductive treatment |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
30.4 International economic integration and assisted reproduction |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
30.5 Absence of effective restrictions on reproductive tourism |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
30.6 Natural barriers to reproductive tourism |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
30.7 Intellectual property and assisted reproduction |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
30.8 Doing business in the reproductive industry |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
30.9 Assisted reproduction in united Europe |
|
|
367 | (4) |
|
30.9.1 Case study: German patients in Czech centers |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
31 The intersection between economic and ethical aspects of ART |
|
|
371 | |
|
|
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
31.2 A framework for economic and ethical aspects of ART |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
31.3 Distributive justice and funding of ART |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
31.3.1 International differences in funding |
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
31.3.2 Provision of ART in developing countries |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
31.3.3 Morally challenging funding decisions |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
31.4 The cost of ART treatment |
|
|
377 | (4) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
31.4.2 The costs of multiple births |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
31.4.3 Valuing ART treatment from an economic perspective |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
31.5 The affordability of ART treatment and its implications |
|
|
381 | (5) |
|
31.5.1 Affordability and utilization |
|
|
381 | (3) |
|
31.5.2 Affordability and clinical practice |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
31.5.2.1 It makes economic as well as clinical sense to reduce multiple-births |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | |
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