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E-grāmata: Ethical Dilemmas in Assisted Reproductive Technologies [De Gruyter E-books]

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  • Formāts: 412 pages, 30 Tables, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Aug-2011
  • Izdevniecība: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110240214
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Ethical Dilemmas in Assisted Reproductive TechnologiesPalielināt
  • Formāts: 412 pages, 30 Tables, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Aug-2011
  • Izdevniecība: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110240214
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Wiley OnlineMore info about De Gruyter e-books
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110240214

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) include the artificial or partially artificial methods to achieve pregnancy. These new technologies lead to substantial changes regarding of ethical and legal aspects in reproductive medicine. The book focuses on current hot topics about ethical dilemmas in ART, e.g. about the duties of ethical committees, guidelines regarding informed consent, ethical and legal aspects of sperm donation, embryo donation, ethics of embryonic stem cells, therapeutical cloning, patenting of human genes, commercialization.

Preface xvii
Author index xxi
1 The foundations and application of medical ethics
1(14)
Avraham Steinberg
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Historical background
1(1)
1.3 General ethical theories and principles
2(6)
1.4 Modern medical ethics
8(5)
1.5 Conclusion
13(2)
2 Legislation for assisted reproductive technologies
15(14)
Bernard M. Dickens
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Legislation and regulations
16(2)
2.3 Legislative motivations
18(2)
2.4 Evidence-based legal policy
20(2)
2.5 The focus of legislation
22(3)
2.6 Human rights
25(4)
3 Reproductive rights as an integral part of women's rights
29(14)
Giuseppe Benagiano
Sabina Carrara
Valentina Filippi
3.1 Introduction
29(1)
3.2 Granting women equal rights: the origin of discrimination
30(13)
3.2.1 Cornerstones of women's rights
32(1)
3.2.1.1 Dignity, body integrity, and freedom from violence
32(2)
3.2.1.2 Equality and empowerment
34(1)
3.2.1.3 Full, unconditional access to health care services
35(1)
3.2.2 A right to treat infertility
36(7)
4 Right to reproduce
43(10)
Harpreet Kaur
Kamini A. Rao
4.1 Socioeconomic issues
43(2)
4.2 Religious issues
45(1)
4.3 Legal and historical aspects
45(3)
4.4 Moral aspects
48(1)
4.5 ART-related aspects
49(4)
5 Informed consent for treatment of fertility
53(10)
Yosi Green
5.1 Introduction
53(1)
5.2 The right to experience parenthood and its standing
54(1)
5.3 The informed-consent doctrine
55(1)
5.3.1 The doctrine and its nature
55(1)
5.3.2 Application of the doctrine to fertility treatments
55(1)
5.4 Mutual consent of spouses
56(2)
5.4.1 Joint process
56(1)
5.4.2 The good of the child and consideration of parental capability
57(1)
5.5 Validity of the consent
58(2)
5.5.1 Effect of the initial consent
58(1)
5.5.2 Withdrawal of patient consent
59(1)
5.5.3 Physician's withdrawal of consent
59(1)
5.5.4 Consent after death
60(1)
5.5 Conclusion
60(3)
6 Specific ethical and legal aspects of ART practice in eastern European countries
63(24)
Jiri Dostal
6.1 Introduction
63(1)
6.2 Situation in eastern European countries
63(19)
6.2.1 Number of centers
63(1)
6.2.2 Legal regulation of ART
64(1)
6.2.3 Coverage or reimbursement of ART
65(1)
6.2.4 Marital status in ART
66(1)
6.2.5 The number of transferred embryos in ART
67(1)
6.2.6 Cryopreservation
68(2)
6.2.7 Posthumous ART
70(1)
6.2.8 Gamete donation
71(1)
6.2.9 Anonymity
72(1)
6.2.10 Micromanipulation
73(1)
6.2.11 In vitro maturation of oocytes
74(1)
6.2.12 Welfare of the child
75(1)
6.2.13 Multifetal-pregnancy reduction
76(1)
6.2.14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
77(1)
6.2.15 Surrogacy
78(1)
6.2.16 Research on the embryo
79(2)
6.2.18 Gamete intrafallopian transfer
81(1)
6.2.19 The moral status of the embryo
81(1)
6.3 Conclusions
82(5)
7 Sperm donation and sperm-bank management
87(8)
Dan Gong
Zheng Li
7.1 Introduction
87(1)
7.2 Limiting the number of donor offspring
88(1)
7.2.1 United States
88(1)
7.2.2 United Kingdom
88(1)
7.3 Minimizing the risk of infection and genetic complications from sperm donors
89(1)
7.4 Age requirements for sperm donors
89(1)
7.5 Anonymity versus nonanonymity of sperm donors
90(2)
7.5.1 Anonymous sperm donation
90(1)
7.5.2 Nonanonymous sperm donation
91(1)
7.6 Sperm-donor compensation
92(1)
7.7 Informed consent and counseling
93(1)
7.8 Conclusions
93(2)
8 Oocyte donation: medical and legal perspectives
95(16)
Sarit Avraham
Daniel S. Seidman
8.1 Introduction: Indications for egg donation
95(1)
8.2 Preparation of donor and recipient
96(2)
8.3 Outcome determining factors
98(1)
8.4 Obstetric and perinatal outcomes
98(1)
8.5 Ethical aspects
99(2)
8.6 Legislation
101(6)
8.6.1 The new Israeli legislation
104(3)
8.7 Summary
107(4)
9 Egg donation: ethical considerations and regulatory context
111(10)
Anna C. Mastroianni
Luigi Mastroianni Jr
9.1 Introduction
111(1)
9.2 The regulatory context
111(1)
9.3 Donating eggs
112(3)
9.3.1 Informed consent
112(1)
9.3.2 Meeting demand: remuneration and other programs
113(1)
9.3.2.1 Financial compensation
113(1)
9.3.2.2 Egg-sharing programs
114(1)
9.3.3 Other obligations
115(1)
9.4 Use of donated eggs
115(1)
9.4.1 Informed consent
115(1)
9.4.2 Nontraditional patients and access to donated eggs
115(1)
9.4.3 Age
116(1)
9.5 Donor identity and disclosure
116(2)
9.6 Conclusions
118(3)
10 Medical, ethical, and legal aspects of fetal reduction
121(10)
Mark I. Evans
David W. Britt
10.1 History
121(2)
10.2 Ethical issues
123(5)
10.2.1 Moral compromise
127(1)
10.3 Legal issues
128(1)
10.3.1 Recommendations
128(1)
10.4 Summary
129(1)
10.5 Acknowledgments
129(2)
11 Fertility treatments in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients
131(8)
Karen Olshtain-Pops
Shlomo Maayan
11.1 Introduction
131(1)
11.2 HIV and the male genital tract
132(1)
11.3 HIV and the female genital tract
133(1)
11.4 Assisted reproductive technologies in HIV-positive patients
133(1)
11.5 Semen processing
134(1)
11.6 Viral testing of spermatozoa
135(1)
11.7 Success rates
135(1)
11.8 Summary
135(4)
12 Pregnancies in perimenopause and beyond
139(10)
Yoel Shufaro
Joseph G. Schenker
12.1 Medical aspects and considerations
139(2)
12.1.1 Fertility fecundity and abortions
139(1)
12.1.2 Pregnancy-associated physiological changes
140(1)
12.1.3 Obstetrical and intrapartum complications
140(1)
12.1.4 Maternal mortality
141(1)
12.1.5 Neonatal outcome
141(1)
12.2 Oocyte-donation programs
141(1)
12.3 Ethical aspects
142(1)
12.3.1 The issue of choice
142(1)
12.3.2 The welfare of the child
143(1)
12.4 Coping with the medical risks
143(1)
12.5 Legislation, regulation, and religion aspects
144(1)
12.6 Summary
145(4)
13 Legal control of surrogacy - international perspectives
149(16)
K. Svitnev
13.1 Introduction
149(1)
13.2 Surrogacy-definition
149(1)
13.3 Surrogacy-history
149(1)
13.4 Legal control of surrogacy - international perspectives
150(3)
13.4.1 Prohibition of Surrogacy by legislation
150(1)
13.4.2 Counties - surrogacy no prohibited by law
151(1)
13.4.3 Surrogacy in China
152(1)
13.4.4 Non commercial surrogacy
152(1)
13.4.5 Greece Law
152(1)
13.4.6 South Africa
153(1)
13.5 Commercial surrogacy
153(5)
13.5.1 Former Countries of the Soviet Union
153(1)
13.5.2 India
154(1)
13.5.3 Surrogacy in USA
154(1)
13.5.4 Surrogacy in Russia
155(3)
13.6 Russian Public Opinion
158(1)
13.7 Surrogacy in Islamic Countries
158(1)
13.8 Cross-border Surrogacy
159(2)
13.9 Conclusions
161(4)
14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in assisted reproduction: medical, ethical, and legal aspects
165(10)
Anver Kuliev
14.1 Introduction
165(1)
14.2 Biopsy methods for preimplantation genetic diagnosis
166(1)
14.2.1 Polar-body biopsy
166(1)
14.2.2 Embryo biopsy
167(1)
14.3 Chromosomal aneuploidies in preimplantation development
167(2)
14.4 Chromosomal rearrangements
169(1)
14.5 Impact of PGD on IVF outcome
170(2)
14.6 Conclusion
172(3)
15 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of late-onset diseases
175(14)
Zoltan Papp
Tibor Varkonyi
Valeria Varadi
15.1 Introduction
175(2)
15.2 Embryo selection
177(1)
15.3 Huntington's disease
178(2)
15.4 Cardiovascular disorders
180(1)
15.5 Alzheimer's disease
181(1)
15.6 Genetic testing for cancer
181(1)
15.7 Breast cancer
182(3)
15.8 Genetic counseling
185(1)
15.9 Conclusion
185(4)
16 Bioethics of human embryonic stem cells and cloning for stem cells: an Israeli perspective
189(12)
Michel Revel
16.1 The scientific and medical aspects
189(1)
16.2 Ethical issues related to human embryo stem cells
190(5)
16.2.1 Pluralism of moral views on the preimplantation embryo
190(1)
16.2.2 Potentiality of human preimplantation embryo
191(1)
16.2.3 Personal status of the embryo
191(1)
16.2.4 Therapeutic aims of human ES cells
192(1)
16.2.5 Pluralism of decisions on human ES cell production and research in various countries
192(2)
16.2.6 A case study: ethical regulations on human ES cell research in Israel
194(1)
16.3 Ethical views on cloning to obtain autologous ES cells
195(6)
16.3.1 Bioethical arguments
195(1)
16.3.2 National and international resolutions
196(1)
16.3.3 Case study: regulations in Israel regarding cloning for ES cells
197(4)
17 The future of human embryonic stem cell research: medical, legal, and ethical perspectives
201(8)
Outi Hovatta
Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg
17.1 Introduction: Human embryonic stem cell research
201(1)
17.2 The first possible clinical applications of cells differentiated from hESC
201(1)
17.3 Challenges in clinical treatment using hESC-derived cells
202(2)
17.3.1 Microbial contamination
202(1)
17.3.2 GMP and EU tissues and cells directive
202(1)
17.3.3 Immunogenicity
203(1)
17.3.4 Tumorigenicity
203(1)
17.4 iPS cells versus hESC
204(1)
17.5 Legal and ethical aspects of hESC research
204(2)
17.6 Conclusions
206(3)
18 Preservation of fertility in children with cancer: medical, ethical, and legal aspects
209(10)
Ginny Ryan
18.1 Introduction
209(1)
18.2 Population at risk
210(1)
18.3 Medical and surgical options for fertility preservation
211(1)
18.4 The ethical propriety of fertility-preservation options
212(2)
18.5 Autonomy, justice, and treating pediatric patients
214(1)
18.6 Ethical and legal issues with unused tissue and gametes
214(1)
18.7 Posthumous reproduction
215(1)
18.8 Conclusion
216(3)
19 Fertility preservation for cancer patients: a review of current options and their advantages and disadvantages
219(14)
Shauna Reinblatt
Barnis Ata
Einat Shalom-Paz
Seang Lin Tan
Hananel Holzer
19.1 Introduction
219(1)
19.2 Cancer and fertility preservation
219(1)
19.3 Current options for fertility preservation
220(1)
19.4 Medical options: GnRH agonists
220(1)
19.5 Surgical options: ovarian transposition and cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue
221(2)
19.5.1 Ovarian transposition
221(1)
19.5.2 Cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue
222(1)
19.6 ART: in vitro fertilization and in vitro maturation
223(4)
19.6.1 Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation
223(1)
19.6.1.1 Embryo cryopreservation
223(1)
19.6.1.2 Oocyte cryopreservation
224(1)
19.6.2 Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation without prior ovarian Stimulation
225(1)
19.6.3 IVM embryo cryopreservation
226(1)
19.6.4 IVM-oocyte vitrifi cation
226(1)
19.6.5 Fertility preservation: the McGill experience
227(1)
19.7 Conclusion
227(6)
20 Sexual orientation and use of assisted reproductive technology: social and psychological issues
233(12)
Rachel G. Riskind
20.1 Introduction
233(1)
20.2 A note about terminology
233(1)
20.3 Routes to parenthood among nonheterosexual adults
234(1)
20.4 Legal issues surrounding sexual orientation and family formation
234(1)
20.5 Sexual orientation and incidence of parenthood
235(1)
20.6 Sexual orientation and plans for parenthood
235(1)
20.7 Studies of sexual orientation and plans for parenthood
236(1)
20.8 Outcomes for children of lesbians and gay men
237(1)
20.9 Relationships with peers
237(1)
20.10 Child behavior problems
238(1)
20.11 Gender development
238(1)
20.12 Conclusions and future directions
239(1)
20.13 Assisted reproduction among nonheterosexual adults
239(1)
20.14 Barriers to ART use by nonheterosexual adults
239(2)
20.15 Donor-insemination decisions
241(1)
20.16 Recommendations for clinical practice
242(1)
20.17 Conclusion
243(2)
21 Access to fertility treatment by lesbian couples
245(12)
Simon Marina
Fernando Marina
David Marina
21.1 Introduction
245(1)
21.2 Legal changes
246(3)
21.3 Assisted reproduction
249(1)
21.4 Being a lesbian and a mother
250(1)
21.5 Donor anonymity
250(2)
21.6 Ethical assessment
252(2)
21.7 A Child with two mothers
254(3)
22 ART practice and tourism
257(12)
Marcia C. Inhorn
Pasquale Patrizio
22.1 Introduction
257(1)
22.2 Background and methods
258(1)
22.3 Major findings
259(6)
22.3.1 The United Arab Emirates
261(1)
22.3.1.1 Reproductive travel to the UAE
261(1)
22.3.1.2 Reproductive travel from the UAE
262(1)
22.3.1.3 Reproductive travel to and from the UAE
263(1)
22.3.2 The East Coast of the United States
263(2)
22.4 Conclusion
265(4)
23 A savior child conceived by PGD/HLA: medical and ethical aspects
269(20)
Edwin C. Hui
23.1 Introduction
269(1)
23.2 Medical indications and social acceptance of PGD
269(3)
23.2.1 Chromosomal abnormalities
269(1)
23.2.2 Monogenic diseases
270(1)
23.2.3 Adult-onset diseases and cancer-predisposing genes
270(1)
23.2.4 Creating a "savior child"
271(1)
23.3 Other possible applications of PGD: savior embryos, gender selection, and designer babies
272(2)
23.3.1 Savior embryos
272(1)
23.3.2 Gender selection
273(1)
23.3.3 Designer babies
273(1)
23.4 Legislation and professional guidelines for the uses of PGD/HLA
274(1)
23.5 Ethical considerations
274(15)
23.5.1 Embryo wastage
275(1)
23.5.2 Moral status of the human embryo
275(2)
23.5.3 Harm of embryo biopsy
277(1)
23.5.4 The condition of absolute medical necessity
277(2)
23.5.5 PGD SC and family ethics
279(2)
23.5.6 Well-being of the savior child
281(2)
23.5.7 PGD, parental interests and public access
283(6)
24 Posthumous reproduction: ethical and legal perspectives
289(8)
Bethany Spielman
24.1 Introduction
289(1)
24.2 The source
290(3)
24.2.1 What counts as consent?
290(1)
24.2.2 Coercion
291(1)
24.2.3 Minors as sources
292(1)
24.3 Requesters of retrieval
293(1)
24.4 Reproductive partners
294(1)
24.5 Children
295(1)
24.6 Summary
295(2)
25 Human reproductive cloning: ethical perspectives
297(12)
David A. Jensen
25.1 Introduction
297(1)
25.2 The potential value of HRC
297(4)
25.3 Ethical concerns with HRC
301(5)
25.4 HRC and the value of our unique genetic make-up
306(1)
25.5 Conclusion
307(2)
26 ART practice - religious views
309(12)
Joseph G. Schenker
26.1 Introduction
309(1)
26.2 The Jewish law
310(4)
26.2.1 Torah
310(1)
26.2.2 The Mishnah
311(1)
26.2.3 The Talmud
311(1)
26.2.4 Post-Talmudic codes
311(1)
26.2.5 Responsa
311(1)
26.2.6 Orthodox Judaism
312(1)
26.2.7 Reform Judaism
312(1)
26.2.8 Conservative
313(1)
26.3 Christian denominations
314(3)
26.3.1 Roman Catholic Church
314(1)
26.3.2 Anglican Church
315(1)
26.3.3 The Protestant Church
316(1)
26.3.4 Eastern Orthodox Church
316(1)
26.4 Hinduism
317(1)
26.5 Buddhism
318(3)
27 A Catholic ethical perspective on human reproductive technology
321(12)
Norman Ford
27.1 Catholic position on respect for the human embryo
321(6)
27.1.1 Biblical perspective
321(1)
27.1.2 Christian tradition
321(1)
27.1.3 Embryo defined
322(1)
27.1.4 Catholic Christian teaching
322(2)
27.1.5 A person from conception
324(1)
27.1.6 Ethics and destructive research on human embryos
324(1)
27.1.7 Morality and personalized natural law
325(1)
27.1.8 Secular ethics and the human embryo
326(1)
27.1.9 Challenge to find ethical alternatives
327(1)
27.2 Catholic ethics, marriage, and reproductive technology
327(3)
27.2.1 Catholic Christian position on children of the marriage union
327(1)
27.2.2 Assisted insemination
328(1)
27.2.3 Rights of children and natural parents
329(1)
27.2.4 Donor gametes
329(1)
27.2.5 Surrogacy
329(1)
27.2.6 Access to ART by single women and lesbians
330(1)
27.2.7 Human reproductive cloning
330(1)
27.3 Conclusion
330(3)
28 Islamic laws and reproduction
333(10)
Gamal I. Serour
28.1 Islamic laws
333(1)
28.2 Reproduction in Islam
333(1)
28.3 ART and Islam
334(1)
28.4 Islam and various ART practices
335(1)
28.5 Surrogacy
335(1)
28.6 Multifetal pregnancy reduction
335(1)
28.7 Pregnancy in postmenopause
335(1)
28.8 Sex selection
336(1)
28.9 Cryopreservation
337(1)
28.10 Embryo implantation following husband's death
337(1)
28.11 Embryo research
338(1)
28.12 Gene therapy
338(1)
28.13 Cloning
339(1)
28.14 ART practices in different Muslim countries
339(4)
29 Jewish law (halakha) and reproduction
343(20)
Joseph G. Schenker
29.1 Introduction
343(1)
29.2 Homosexuality
344(1)
29.3 Lesbianism
344(1)
29.4 Evaluation of the infertile couple
345(1)
29.5 The laws of niddah
345(1)
29.6 Infertility treatment
346(2)
29.7 The beginning of human life
348(2)
29.8 Artificial insemination by husband
350(1)
29.9 Artificial insemination by donor
350(1)
29.10 Oocyte donation
351(1)
29.11 Surrogacy
352(4)
29.11.1 Legalizing surrogacy in Israel
353(1)
29.11.2 The state-appointed permission committee
353(1)
29.11.2.1 Guidelines set by the committee for surrogacy
353(1)
29.11.2.2 Expenses
354(1)
29.11.2.3 Legal status of the newborn
354(1)
29.11.2.4 Surrogate mother's withdrawal from the agreement
354(1)
29.11.2.5 Legal rights of the surrogate mother
355(1)
29.11.2.6 Enforcement of the law
355(1)
29.11.2.7 Right to privacy
355(1)
29.11.2.8 Illegal financing
355(1)
29.11.2.9 Legal adoption
355(1)
29.12 Fetal reduction
356(1)
29.13 Gender preselection
357(1)
29.14 Cryopreservation
357(1)
29.15 Posthumous reproduction
358(1)
29.16 Cloning
359(1)
29.17 Preembryo research
360(3)
30 Commercialized assisted reproduction
363(8)
Filip Krepelka
30.1 Position of reproductive treatment in the economy
363(1)
30.2 Commercialization of assisted reproduction
363(1)
30.3 Divergent national policies toward reproductive treatment
363(1)
30.4 International economic integration and assisted reproduction
364(1)
30.5 Absence of effective restrictions on reproductive tourism
365(1)
30.6 Natural barriers to reproductive tourism
365(1)
30.7 Intellectual property and assisted reproduction
366(1)
30.8 Doing business in the reproductive industry
366(1)
30.9 Assisted reproduction in united Europe
367(4)
30.9.1 Case study: German patients in Czech centers
368(3)
31 The intersection between economic and ethical aspects of ART
371
Georgina M. Chambers
31.1 Introduction
371(1)
31.2 A framework for economic and ethical aspects of ART
372(1)
31.3 Distributive justice and funding of ART
373(4)
31.3.1 International differences in funding
373(3)
31.3.2 Provision of ART in developing countries
376(1)
31.3.3 Morally challenging funding decisions
377(1)
31.4 The cost of ART treatment
377(4)
31.4.1 Treatment costs
377(1)
31.4.2 The costs of multiple births
378(2)
31.4.3 Valuing ART treatment from an economic perspective
380(1)
31.5 The affordability of ART treatment and its implications
381(5)
31.5.1 Affordability and utilization
381(3)
31.5.2 Affordability and clinical practice
384(1)
31.5.2.1 It makes economic as well as clinical sense to reduce multiple-births
385(1)
31.6 Conclusion
386
Joseph G. Schenker, Hebrew University, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9783110240214_pe.html
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